Optical spectrum analyzer
An optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) 10 sequentially or selectively samples (or filters) a spectral band(s) 11 of light from a broadband optical input signal 12 and measures predetermined optical parameters of the optical signal (e.g., spectral profile) of the input light 12. The OSA 10 is a free-space optical device that includes a collimator assembly 15, a diffraction grating 20 and a mirror 22. A launch pigtail emits into free space the input signal through the collimator assembly 15 and onto the diffraction grating 20, which separates or spreads spatially the collimated input light, and reflects the dispersed light onto the mirror 22. A λ/4 plate 26 is disposed between the mirror 22 and the diffraction grating 20. The mirror reflects the separated light back through the λ/4 plate 26 to the diffraction grating 20, which reflects the light back through the collimating lens 18. The lens 18 focuses spectral bands of light (λ1–λN) at different focal points in space. One of the spectral bands 11 is focused onto a receive pigtail 28, which then propagates to a photodetector 30. A pivoting mechanism 34 pivots the diffraction grating 20 or mirror 22 about a pivot point 36 to sequentially or selectively focus each spectral band 11 to the receive pigtail 28. A position sensor 42 detects the displacement of the diffraction grating 24 or mirror.
Latest CiDRA Corporation Patents:
- Tumbler cell for mineral recovery using engineered media
- Apparatus And Method For Augmenting A Coriolis Meter
- APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING A STRATIFICATION METRIC OF A MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOWING WITHIN A PIPE
- Apparatus and method for measuring a parameter of a multiphase flow
- Wet Gas Metering Using A Differential Pressure And A Sonar Based Flow Meter
The present invention claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/454,184 (CC-0601PR), filed on Mar. 11, 2003, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/159,370 (CC-0514), filed May 31, 2002, which claimed the benefit of now abandoned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/295,459 (CC-0374), filed Jun. 1, 2001, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/351,824 (CC-0417), filed Jan. 24, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/364,420 (CC-0434), filed Mar. 16, 2002, which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates to an optical spectrum analyzer, and more particularly to an optical spectrum analyzer for characterizing the spectrum of a broadband optical input signal that includes a diffraction grating and reflector assembly for spatially spreading/separating the optical spectrum of the input signal and moving at least one of the grating and reflector assembly to sequentially or selectively select and characterize spectral portions of the input signal.
BACKGROUND ARTThe proliferation of smart amplifiers, dynamic gain equalizers and optical cross-connects has added tremendous functionality to current and next generation optical networks. These intelligent WDM networks require performance or channel monitors to monitor the spectrum of the optical channels, including channel power and channel identification. This spectrum information is particularly valuable considering the frequency at which the optical channels dynamically change.
Conventional network monitors, such as optical spectrum analyzers OSAs, provide comprehensive channel information, however OSAs are expensive, bulky and provide more capabilities or features than necessary for a telecommunications network.
One such OSA is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,405 entitled “Optical Spectrum Analyzer Having Double Pass Monochromator”. The optical spectrum analyzer includes double pass monochromator that has an input optical fiber for emitting a light beam, a diffraction grating for diffracting the input light beam to produce a spatially dispersed light beam, a slit for passing a selected portion of the dispersed light beam and an output optical fiber. A motor rotates the diffraction grating to detected each of the optical channels or wavelength bands. The position of the grating is sensed by a shaft encoder.
A similar double pass monochromator is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,805, entitled “Double Pass Monochromator”. The monochromator includes a diffraction means, a pair of concave mirrors, a return reflection means, a photodetector and a plurality of slits. The diffraction grating pivots about an axis of rotation.
Besides OSAs based on free space optics, grating-based channel monitors are known. One such channel monitor is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,995,255, entitled “Concatenated Fiber Grating Optical Monitor”. The monitor is a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical monitor, based on concatenated fiber gratings, that uses a modulator and detector.
What is needed is a small, inexpensive optical spectral analyzer that provides an output signal indicative of the spectral profile of the optical input signal.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn object of the present invention is to provide a low cost optical spectrum analyzer for determining the spectral profile of an optical input signal that includes a diffraction grating and mirror assembly for spatially separating the optical input light and moving at least one of the grating and mirror to sequentially or selectively focus spectral bands of the input light to an optical pigtail and/or photodiode.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal is provided. The optical spectrum analyzer includes a collimator to collimate the input signal and a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths. A reflector reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element. A first mirror disposed adjacent to the reflector provides an optical reference signal indicative of the first relative position of the reflector. A pivoting mechanism rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, an optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal is provided. The optical spectrum analyzer includes a collimator to collimate the input signal and a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths. A reflector reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element, wherein the light dispersion element diffracts the reflected optical wavelengths back to the collimator. A pivoting mechanism rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a resonant optical filter for demodulating an optical input signal is provided. The resonant optical filter includes a collimator to collimate the input signal and a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths. A reflector reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element. A pivoting mechanism rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
Referring to
As shown, the broadband input signal 12 is provided to an optical fiber or a launch pigtail 14 having a capillary tube formed of glass, for example, that is attached to an end of the pigtail, such as by epoxying or collapsing the tube onto the pigtail. The input signal 12 exits the launch pigtail (into free space) and passes through the collimating lens 18, which collimates the light. The collimating lens may be an aspherical lens, an achromatic lens, a doublet, a GRIN lens, Fresnel lens, a laser diode doublet or any combination of lens to collimate the launch light.
The focal length of the collimating lens 18, for example, is approximately 40 mm. The collimated light is projected onto the diffraction grating 20, which spectrally disperses the collimated light, and images the dispersed light onto the mirror 22.
In one embodiment, the grating 20 is formed of a plate of silica or glass having a coating, wherein a plurality of grooves 24 (or lines) are etched, ruled or otherwise formed in the coating. In one embodiment, the diffractive grating 20 has a predetermined number of lines, such as 600 lines/mm, 830 lines/mm and 1200 lines/mm. The resolution of the spectrum analyzer improves as the number of lines/mm in the grating increases. The lines or grooves of the grating are parallel to the axis of rotation of the grating, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. The gratings 20 may be similar to those manufactured by Thermo RGL, part number 3325FS-660 and by Optometrics, part number 3-9601. Alternatively, the grating may be formed using holographic techniques, as is well known in the art, or volumetric phase holograms. Further, the light dispersion element may include a prism to disperse the light as the light passes therethrough, or a prism having a reflective surface or coating on its backside to reflect the dispersed light. In addition, the grating may be formed having surface reliefs and/or sol gel surface reliefs.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that a diffraction grating has a predetermined polarization dependence loss (PDL) associated therewith. The PDL of a diffraction grating 20 is dependent on the geometry of the etched grooves 24 of the grating. Consequently, means to mitigate PDL may be desired. One method of mitigating the PDL is to provide a λ/4 plate 26 between the mirror 22 and the diffraction grating 20. The fast axis of the λ/4 plate is aligned to be approximately 45 degrees to the direction or axis of the lines 24 of the diffraction grating 20. The mirror is angled to reflect the dispersed light back through the λ/4 plate to the diffraction grating. Consequently, the λ/4 plate rotates the plane of polarization of the light about the axis of the λ/4 plate when the light passes twice through. For example, the light disposed in the vertical polarization plane circularly polarizes the light after the first pass through the λ/4 plate. When the light passes through the λ/4 plate again, the light is further rotated to the horizontal polarization plane. Effectively, the λ/4 plate averages the polarization of the light to reduce or eliminate the PDL. While the channel monitor 10 of
Referring back to
The spectral analyzer 10 further includes a position sensor 42 for detecting the displacement of the diffraction grating 20 and provides a position signal 44 to the processing unit 38 indicative of the position or displacement of the diffraction grating. The position sensor may include a capacitive-based sensor, an inductive-based sensor, an encoder or other known displacement sensors. The processing unit, in response to the sensed signal 37 and the position signal 44, generates and provides an output signal 46 to the external device(s) 40, which is indicative of an optical parameter(s) of the respective input signal.
Referring to
While the optical spectrum analyzers 10, 50 of
While the optical spectrum analyzers 10,50,60 of
The photodetector 30 provides a signal to a transimpedance amplifier 78 that amplifies and conditions the signal, which is indicative of a parameter of spectral band being measured (e.g., power). The amplified signal 37 is then provided to the processing unit 38.
An actuator drive 80 provides a drive signal 88 to the actuator 66, which may operate in an open loop or closed loop mode. In the open loop mode, the actuator drive 80 provides a drive signal that energizes the actuator in discrete steps or continuously to pivot the grating 20 in a clockwise and counterclockwise direction at a predetermined rate and over a predetermined angular range.
The actuator drive may function independent of the processing unit 38, or alternatively, may function in response to a start signal (as shown in dashed lines) provided by the processing unit, which simply initiates the actuation of the drive 80 at the predetermined parameters. In addition, the processing unit 38 may further provide a signal to the actuator, which is indicative of the frequency and/or angular range of oscillation of the grating 20 about the pivot point 36, and thus enabling the operating parameters of the actuator (operating in the open loop) to be changed.
In the closed loop mode, the processing unit 38 may provide drive signals to pivot the grating 20 to a selected position, in response to the position signal provided by the capacitive plates 68 and the capacitor sensor circuit 72. Alternatively, the processor may change the frequency and/or angular range of oscillation of the grating 20 in response to the position signal and/or input control command provided by a user.
In another embodiment of the present invention as shown in
One will appreciate that while multiple receive and launch pigtails 14,28,28a are shown having respective capillary tubes 17 attached thereto. The ends of each pigtail 14,28,28a may be attached within a single capillary tube 17 wherein the ends of the pigtails are disposed at a predetermined spacing and orientation.
One will also appreciate that increasing the number of lines/mm in the grating 20 and/or increasing the diameter of the optical light beams may improve the resolution of the optical spectrum analyzer of the present invention.
As a free-spaced optical device, the OSAs of the present invention are inherently sensitive to temperature, shock and vibration. In particular, the launch pigtail 14 and collimating lens 18 are sensitive to changes in the x-axis or horizontal direction, while the grating 20, the λ/4 plate 26 and the mirror 22 are sensitive to changes to rotation or tilt about the z-axis. To desensitize or reduce changes in the x-axis for the collimating lens and pigtail, the lens and pigtail are mounted within a tube or housing 76 to maintain the distance therebetween, as shown in
Another means to desensitize the effect of y-tilt of the mirror 22 is to provide a cylindrical lens 25 between λ/4 plate 26 and the grating 20 to reduce the dimension of the light beam in the y-axis or vertical direction.
While the optical spectrum analyzers 10, 50 of
Referring to
The separated light reflecting off the grating 20 passes through a collimating lens 122, which focuses each spectral band spatially apart as shown, and as described hereinbefore in
As described hereinbefore, the present invention contemplates rotating the mirror 22. Further, one will appreciate that while the grating 20 and/or the mirror 22 may be pivoted to select a spectral band for detection, the receive pigtails or photodetector 30 may be linearly translated to select the spectral band.
Referring to
The OSA 200 further includes a second optical detector 208 for sensing light reflecting off a pair of start mirrors 210 and a pair of stop mirrors 212 disposed adjacent to the diffraction grating 214. The start and stop mirrors 210, 212 and the second optical detector 208 provide feedback indicative of the angular position of the reflective element 202 at the start and stop points of its pivot cycle to a processing unit 216, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. Further in this particular embodiment, an actuator assembly 218 that pivots the reflective element 202 also functions as a position sensor for determining the rotational position of the pivoting mechanism, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
An optical fiber or a launch pigtail 220 provides the input signal 12 to a collimator assembly 222. The collimator assembly includes a collimator 224 (i.e., a collimating lens) for collimating the input signal 12 exiting the launch pigtail 220. The focal length of the collimating lens 224, for example, is approximately 40–45 mm, however, the focal length may be appropriate length. The collimating lens may be an aspherical lens, an achromatic lens, a doublet, a GRIN lens, Fresnel lens, a laser diode doublet or any combination of lens. While the collimating lens 224 is illustrated as a single lens one will appreciate the collimating may comprise a plurality of lens, similar to that manufactured by Edmunds Industrial Optics having part number NT332-315.
The collimator assembly 222 images the collimated light 226 onto the diffraction grating 214, which disperses the light 12 onto the reflective element 202 to thereby spectrally separate the wavelengths (or spectral bands) of the collimated light in the spectral plane or axis 227. The grating 214 may be similar to those manufactured by Thermo RGL, part number 3325FS-660 and by Optometrics, part number 3-9601. Alternatively, the grating may be formed using holographic techniques, as is well known in the art.
The reflective element 202 reflects the dispersed light 232 back to the diffraction grating 214, as indicated by arrows 236. The diffraction grating 214 further disperses the reflected light and diffracts the light back through the collimator assembly 222 as indicated by arrows 237. The collimating lens 224 focuses each spectral band at a different focal point in space, as best shown in
As described hereinbefore, one skilled in the art will appreciate that a diffraction grating 214 has a predetermined polarization dependence loss (PDL) associated therewith. Consequently, means to mitigate PDL may be desired. In the embodiment shown in
In the first pass through the λ/4 plate 228, the λ/4 plate circularly polarizes the separated light. When the light passes through the λ/4 plate again, the light is linearly polarized to rotate the polarization of the separated light by 90 degrees. Effectively, the λ/4 plate averages the polarization of the light 232 to reduce or eliminate the PDL. While the spectrum analyzer 200 of
Alternatively, the present invention contemplates using a tilted glass window to mitigate polarization dependent loss (PDL) in a retro-reflecting, diffraction grating based OSA, similar to the OSA 200 of
The reflective element 202 of the OSA 200 comprises a roof prism, which imparts a phase delay on the light beam 232, parallel to the axis of symmetry of the prism. To compensate for the phase delay, a λ/8 plate 234 may also be disposed between the prism 202 and the diffraction grating 214. If a λ/4 plate is used to compensate for PDL, the λ/8 plate is disposed optically between the prism 202 and the λ/4 plate. The λ/8 plate is oriented with its fast axis parallel to the axis of symmetry of the prism.
The phase delay of the light beam, which is nominally parallel to the grooves 230 of the diffraction grating 214, is approximately 90 degrees or approximately 45 degrees per reflection. The λ/8 plate 234 imparts one eighth wave phase delay of approximately 45 degrees on the beam 232 just prior to entering the prism 202 and imparts an additional one eighth wave phase delay on the light beam exiting the prism, resulting in a 90 degrees phase delay equal to the one imparted by the prism. The net phase delay imparted by both the prism and λ/8 plate at the design wavelength is approximately 180 degrees.
Referring to
Consequently, the launch pigtail is tailored to function as an input aperture that delivers the input light 12 and tailored to act as a lens (or lens system) to define the divergence of the input light. Conversely, the first and second receive pigtails 204,242 function as a receive aperture that acts as a spatial and angular filter for the retro-reflected dispersed light 237, thus simplifying the opto-mechanical design by eliminating the need to stop all errant rays, such as a light absorbing plate having a slit to pass the light. The characteristics of the launch and receive pigtails, namely the numeral aperture (NA) and core diameter, are tailored to image the input signal 12 and receive the diffracted signal 237. For example, the pigtails may be formed of SMF-28 optical fiber.
It is important to consider the effect of adjacent channels on the diffracted signal 237 when measuring the PVR for very high channel count systems, wherein the non-adjacent channel isolation can greatly affect the performance of the PVR measurement by raising the noise floor of the system. Resolution bandwidth can be increased by increasing the NA of a single mode fiber, thereby reducing the aperture of the receive pigtails 204, 242. The adjacent channel isolation, however, is decreased due to wider cone angle of the receive aperture. Advantageously, the adjacent band isolation can be increased by decreasing the NA (cone angle) of the receive pigtails. The resolution bandwidth, however, is decreased because the input aperture diameter was increased.
As shown in
As shown in
The start and stop mirrors 210, 212, respectively provide the OSA 200 with a pair of optical reference signals (e.g., optical pulses 458,460), one of which is indicative of the start position and the other being indicative of the stop position of the scan cycle of the reflective element 202 during the operation of the OSA. A scan cycle is defined by the single sweep of the reflective element. As best shown in
The angles in the spectral plane 227 (or yaw) of the start mirrors 210 are the substantially the same to reflect a portion of the input light 12 from the launch pigtail 220 to the prism 202 and back to the second receive pigtail 242 when the prism is pivoted to the start position of the scan cycle. Similarly, the angles in the spectral plane 227 of the stop mirrors 212 are the substantially the same to reflect a portion of the input light 12 from the launch pigtail 220 to the prism 202 and back to the second receive pigtail 242 when the prism is pivoted to the stop position of the scan cycle. In one embodiment, the angles of the start and stop mirrors relative to the dispersive surface 254 of the diffraction grating 214 is approximately 29 degrees and 28 degrees, respectively.
Further, the angles in the spatial plane 258 (or pitch) of the upper start mirror and upper stop mirror are substantially the same, and the pitch angles of the lower start mirror and lower stop mirror are substantially the same. However, the pitch angles between the upper and lower mirrors 210,212 are different to receive the portion of the input light 12 and direct the input light to the second receive pigtail 242.
Similarly, the central portion of the input light 12 exits the launch pigtail 220 and disperses off the diffraction grating 214 to the first reflective surface 274 of the prism 202 along the optical path 272. The first reflective surface 274 reflects the dispersed light off the second reflective surface 276 of the prism back to the diffraction grating 214. The diffraction grating further diffracts the dispersed light and images the light through the collimating assembly to the first receive pigtail 204 as shown in
As shown in
Alternatively, as shown in
In
Consequently, the start and stop beams 270,282 received by the second receive pigtail 242 generate receptive optical pulses that provide wavelength reference markers disposed before the start position and after the stop position of a cycle of the scan of the OSA 200. The second photodetector 208 generates an output signal indicative of the start and stop optical pulses and provides the output signal to the processing unit 216. The first photodetector 206 provides a sensed signal, indicative of a parameter of the spectral band (i.e. power), to the processing unit 216, which interfaces with external device(s) 240. The feedback provided by the start and stop mirrors close the control loop to enable wavelength drifts from the collimating lens and/or the actuator/sensor to be eliminated. As a result, the system accuracy of the OSA is dependent on angular stability between the diffraction grating and its mount.
As shown in
The processing unit 216 comprises a pair of printed circuit boards (PCBs) 308,310, wherein one PCB 308 is mounted within the housing and the other PCB 310 disposed external to the housing. The two PCBs communicate via a ribbon cable 312 passing through a side wall of the housing via electrical glass to metal sealed pins to provide hermeticity.
Referring to
The grating mount 324 is generally U-shaped for supporting the rear surface 332 of the grating 214 and the upper and lower surfaces 334,336 thereof. The rear surface of the grating mount includes three protrusions or embedded pins 338 extending inwardly to engage the rear surface of the grating to provide a 3-point interface with the grating. The fingerstock springs 320 mounted to the forward walls press the grating firmly against the embedded pins 338. Prior to mounting the grating to the subframe, the grating surface is ablated around the outer periphery to remove the epoxy (or soft material) to provide a hard surface to engage the springs 320 mounted to the subframe.
The grating mount 324 is welded to the subframe 302 for maximum stability. In this embodiment, the start mirrors and stop mirrors 210,212 are integrally formed in the upper and lower walls 340,342 of the grating mount 324. The forward wall 326 has an opening 346 therein to permit the collimated input light from the collimating assembly 222 to be imaged onto the grating surface 348.
As best shown in
As best shown in
One end 367 of the leaf spring 368 is secured to the pivot subframe 352 and the opposing free end 369 includes a cylindrical contact 370 that extends through a hole 371 in the side wall of the bracket to engage the prism 202. An epoxy film adhesive 372 is used to secure the prism to the contact 370 and the opposing sidewall. The epoxy preform 372 is used for precise volume control during manufacture and repeatable low level distortion to the optical characteristics of the prism. The local epoxy bond region also allows glass to metal contact during the curing process, which provides for precision positioning.
Advantageously, the leaf spring 368 fixtures the prism 202 and allows for differential thermal expansion that may distort the optical characteristics of the grating and still provide additional support during the mechanical shock event. Prior to mounting the prism 202 to the pivoting mechanism 201, the λ/4 plate 228 and the λ/8 plate 234 are bonded to the front surface 374 of the prism 202.
A flex pivot 376, such as a Bendix pivot, is approximately centrally secured to the pivot subframe 352. The axial ends of the flex pivot are mounted to the cross members 354,380 of the optical subframe 302. Advantageously, the flex pivot 376 is flexible to permit the pivotal rotation in the spectral plane 227, but stiff in the spatial axis 258. This characteristic advantageously reduces the tilt sensitivity in the spectral plane of the OSA 300.
In
The control loop of the actuator assembly 218 includes circuitry 402 for detecting the back emf of the actuator 356, which provides this feedback to the processor 407 through interface circuitry 404, an A/DC 406 and the FPGA 386. The processor integrates the back emf signal to determine the position of the actuator 218. In response to the back emf, the start/stop signals and an actuator algorithm, the processor 407 provides a signal to a current pulse driver 408 through the interface circuit 404, which provides a drive signal having the desired amplitude to maintain rotational velocity of the pivoting mechanism 201. As described hereinbefore, the processor periodically provides the drive signal at the mechanical resonance of the pivot mechanism 201, which defines the scan cycle of the OSA 300.
While the position feedback of the prism 202 is provided by the back emf of the actuator 356, one will appreciate that a separate position sensor (not shown) may be used as described hereinbefore (e.g., a giant magnetic resistive (GMR) or capacitive sensor). The output of a separate position sensor is provided to position sensing circuitry, which generates a position output signal. An A/DC 406 converts the position output signal and provides the digitized signal to the processor 407. The processor 407 further includes communication circuitry 404 for interfacing with the external devices 240.
The optical spectrum analyzer 300 of
When a single optical detector 452 is used, preferably the spectral position of the start and stop pulses 458,460 may be located sufficiently outside of the spectral range of the signal 462 to not effect the power or shape of the spectral bands 11. For example,
One will appreciate, however, that each respective start and stop mirror 470,472 may be formed of separate upper and lower mirrors, as indicated by the dashed line 480, to enable the pitch angle of the upper and lower mirrors to be set to direct the reflected light to a desired receive pigtail, as described hereinbefore regarding the embodiment of the start and stop mirrors 210,212 of
In
While most of the embodiments of the start and stop mirrors 210,212 described hereinbefore have upper and lower reflective surfaces (or mirrors) when used with a prism 214, one will appreciate that a single start mirror and a single stop mirror may be used when the reflective element 214 comprises a flat reflective surface (e.g., a mirror).
Further, one will recognize that only one mirror (e.g., a start mirror(s) or a stop mirror(s)) may be used to provide adequate position feedback of the optical assembly of the OSA 200, provided the OSA includes a position sensor (e.g., GMR, capacitive device, stop switch, encoder or other sensors described hereinbefore) having a substantially linear or known, stable response. In other words, any one of the start mirror(s) or stop mirror(s) may be substituted for a mechanical or electrical position sensor.
As described hereinbefore, the actuator assembly 201 is a resonant system that pivots about a flex pivot 376. As shown in
The support plate 502 also has three protrusions or embedded pins 512 extending from the rear surface 514 of the support plate for engaging the ruled surface 254 the diffraction grating 214. The support plate is welded to the optical subframe 352. Similar to the grating mount assembly 324 of
The bracket further includes a kinematic ball 522 (e.g., pin, protrusion, flatten ball) attached or embedded within the lower wall 524 (or upper wall 528) of the bracket 504 to engage and support the grating. A fingerstock spring 526 is mounted to the upper wall of the bracket opposite the ball 522 to retain and force the grating against the ball. The spring and ball are located on the bracket to be substantially centered on the grating. While fingerstock springs 516,518,526 have been described to retain the grating, one will recognize that any resiliently flexible device, element or material may be used.
The corresponding first and second photodetectors 452,606 provide respective optical signals to the processing unit 216, which are indicative of an optical parameter of the selected spectral band of each respective input signal 12,612. The start and stop mirrors 210,212 function substantially the same as described hereinbefore. One will recognize that the start and stop pulses are provided to only one of the receive pigtails 454,604.
As shown in
The present invention also contemplates another embodiment that increases the scan rate without increasing the pivot rate or frequency of the pivot mechanism 201. This embodiment includes an optical demultiplexer that divides each input optical signal 12 into at least two groups of input channels 11. Each group of input channels for each input signal is provided to respective launch pigtails that are spatially separated. Consequently, the scan time 682 of each input channel 11 is reduced. If two launch pigtails are provided for each input signal, then the scan time is reduced by one-half, as shown in
As shown in
The light passes through the transmissive grating four times, which has the advantageous effect of narrowing the filter function of the OSA 902 compared to the filter function of the OSA 200 of
While the embodiments of the present invention described hereinbefore have one or two receive pigtails, the present invention contemplates a plurality of receive pigtails less than the number of channels to be detected.
The present invention also contemplates pivoting or turning the collimating lens 222 of an OSA 200, for example, to selectively direct the spectral bands onto the ends of the receive pigtail(s) 204. One will appreciate that the present invention contemplates also contemplates translating the ends of the pigtail(s) 204 to detect each of the spectral bands.
While the present invention taps or uses a portion of the input signal 12 to provide light for the start mirror(s) 210 and/or stop mirror(s) 212, the invention contemplates an OSA 950 that provides a separate optical source 952 to illuminate the start/stop mirrors as shown in
Referring to
This embodiment also provides a wavelength reference 1014, thus eliminating the need for the start/stop mirrors described in other embodiments of the OSA. Removal of the start/stop mirrors reduces scatter and ghost modes, simplifies wavelength reference algorithms and hardware, and significantly improves manufacturability. As shown in
The reference signal 1026 provided by the wavelength reference is directed to the collimator assembly 222 via 3 dB coupler 1024. The reference signal is collimated 1002 and dispersed by the diffraction grating 214 onto the prism 202. The reference signal 1004 ia reflected back to the collimator and pigtail 1024 via the diffraction grating. The wavelength of the DFB lasers are set at the start and stop wavelengths similar to start/stop mirror signals shown in
Referring to
One can readily observe that the embodiments of the OSAs 1000, 1100, 1200 of
While the present invention has described a number embodiment of an OSA, the present invention contemplates that subsystem comprising the collimator assembly 222, diffraction grating 214, actuator assembly 201 and prism/waveplates 202,228,232 has functionality as a separate unit as a resonant spectral filter. This configuration can be used simple as a scanning optical filter from which the subsystem can used to build embedded spectrum analysis tools.
The OSA of the present invention is capable of scanning over a range of 300 nm. Further, the present invention contemplates that different wavelength ranges (e.g., Infra-red, near infra-red, visible light, etc.) may be input to the OSA for analysis thereof. To accomplish these broad wavelength ranges, it is understood that the diffraction grating may need to be tilted to provide the appropriate diffraction angle of the grating. This angle may be set at manufacturing or in the field.
The OSAs described herein may be used with any other device wherein the spectral profile of the optical output of the device is important to determine. One example wherein the OSA of the present invention is particularly useful is spectroscopy applications, wherein the OSA is used to determine the spectral profile of a broadband light having passed through an unknown substance (e.g., gas) to determine the composition of the substance (gas).
The dimensions and geometries for any of the embodiments described herein are merely for illustrative purposes and, as such, any other dimensions may be used if desired, depending on the application, size, performance, manufacturing requirements, or other factors, in view of the teachings herein.
It should be understood that, unless stated otherwise herein, any of the features, characteristics, alternatives or modifications described regarding a particular embodiment herein may also be applied, used, or incorporated with any other embodiment described herein. Also, the drawings herein are not drawn to scale.
Although the invention has been described and illustrated with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, the foregoing and various other additions and omissions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. An optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal, the optical spectrum analyzer comprising:
- a collimator to collimate the input signal;
- a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths;
- a reflector that reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element;
- a first mirror disposed adjacent to the light dispersion element wherein the first mirror receives light from the reflector to provide an optical reference signal indicative of a first relative position of the reflector; and
- a pivoting mechanism that rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
2. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, further includes a first optical waveguide projects the optical signal and a second optical waveguide for receiving at least one of the spectrally-spaced optical wavelength bands.
3. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein a first optical waveguide projects the optical signal and receives at least one of the selected optical wavelength bands.
4. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, further includes an optical detector that senses a parameter of the at least one selected optical wavelength band and provides a sensed signal indicative of the parameter of the at least one selected optical wavelength band.
5. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, further includes a position sensor that provides a position signal indicative of the displacement of the reflector.
6. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the pivoting mechanism further includes an actuator for moving the reflector about a pivot point.
7. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the reflector is at least one of a flat mirror, a folded mirror, a roof prism and a reflecting dihedron.
8. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the light dispersion element is a diffraction grating.
9. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the collimator includes at least one of an aspherical lens, an achromatic lens, a doublet or a laser diode doublet.
10. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 2, further comprising a pair of optical detectors that respectively detect the output of the first and second optical waveguides.
11. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, further comprising an optical source to provide light for projecting onto and reflecting off of the first mirror.
12. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, further comprising at least a second optical waveguide for projecting a second input signal to the collimator to select an optical channel of the second input signal.
13. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 6, wherein the pivoting mechanism is a resonant actuator.
14. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 13, wherein the resonant actuator is a magnetic pulse drive.
15. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the light reflecting off the first mirror propagates substantially along the same optical path as the optical input signal.
16. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the light reflecting off the first mirror is a portion of the optical input signal.
17. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 1, wherein the light reflecting off the first mirror is provided by a separate light source.
18. An optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal, the optical spectrum analyzer comprising:
- a collimator to collimate the input signal;
- a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths;
- a reflector that reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element;
- a first mirror disposed adjacent to at least one of the reflector and light dispersion element that provides an optical reference signal indicative of a first relative position of the reflector;
- a second mirror disposed adjacent to the at least one of the reflector and light dispersion element to provide a second relative position of the reflector; and
- a pivoting mechanism that rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
19. An optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal, the optical spectrum analyzer comprising:
- a collimator to collimate the input signal;
- a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths;
- a reflector that reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element;
- a first mirror disposed adjacent to the reflector that provides an optical reference signal indicative of a first relative position of the reflector;
- a cylindrical lens disposed between the light dispersion element and the reflector; and
- a pivoting mechanism that rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
20. An optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal, the optical spectrum analyzer comprising:
- a collimator to collimate the input signal;
- a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths;
- a reflector that reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element, wherein the light dispersion element diffracts the reflected optical wavelengths back to the collimator; and
- a resonant actuator that rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
21. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, further includes a first optical waveguide projects the optical signal and a second optical waveguide for receiving at least one of the spectrally-spaced optical channels.
22. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, wherein a first optical waveguide projects the optical signal and receives at least one of the selected optical channels.
23. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, further includes an optical detector that senses a parameter of the at least one selected optical channel and provides a sensed signal indicative of the parameter of the at least one selected optical channel.
24. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, further includes a position sensor that provides a position signal indicative of the displacement of the reflector.
25. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 22, further comprising at least a second optical waveguide for projecting a second input signal to the collimator to select an optical channel of the second input signal.
26. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, wherein the resonant actuator moves the reflector about a pivot point.
27. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, wherein the reflector is at least one of a flat mirror, a folded mirror, a roof prism and a reflecting dihedron.
28. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, wherein the light dispersion element is a diffraction grating.
29. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, wherein the collimator includes at least one of an aspherical lens, an achromatic lens, a doublet or a laser diode doublet.
30. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 21, further comprising a pair of optical detectors that respectively detect the output of the first and second optical waveguides.
31. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 22, further comprising an optical switch to selectively provide one of a plurality of optical input signals to the first optical waveguide.
32. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, further including a coupling device to redirect the output signal back to the collimator to again diffract off the light dispersion element onto the reflector and reflected back to the dispersion element and collimator to provide a quadruple pass optical spectrum analyzer.
33. The optical spectrum analyzer of claim 20, wherein the resonant actuator is a magnetic pulse drive.
34. An optical spectrum analyzer for determining a parameter of an optical input signal, the optical spectrum analyzer comprising:
- a collimator to collimate the input signal;
- a light dispersion element that diffracts the collimated light into spectrally spaced optical wavelengths;
- a reflector that reflects the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths back to the light dispersion element, wherein the light dispersion element diffracts the reflected optical wavelengths back to the collimator; and
- a cylindrical lens disposed between the light dispersion element and the reflector; and
- a pivoting mechanism that rotates the reflector to spectrally move the spectrally-spaced optical wavelengths to select an optical wavelength band.
2723589 | November 1955 | Bullock et al. |
3069967 | December 1962 | White et al. |
3460892 | August 1969 | Dolin |
3563656 | February 1971 | Helms |
4111524 | September 5, 1978 | Tomlinson |
4211486 | July 8, 1980 | Magnussen et al. |
4355898 | October 26, 1982 | Dakin |
4453826 | June 12, 1984 | Witte |
4544241 | October 1, 1985 | LaBudde et al. |
4634880 | January 6, 1987 | Lindow et al. |
4664522 | May 12, 1987 | LeFebre |
4969739 | November 13, 1990 | McGee |
4973159 | November 27, 1990 | Sohma et al. |
4979123 | December 18, 1990 | Yang |
4991934 | February 12, 1991 | Hettrick |
5177560 | January 5, 1993 | Stimple et al. |
5233405 | August 3, 1993 | Wildnauer et al. |
5359409 | October 25, 1994 | Wildnauer et al. |
5532818 | July 2, 1996 | Tokumoto |
5594744 | January 14, 1997 | Lefevre et al. |
5699156 | December 16, 1997 | Carver |
5710627 | January 20, 1998 | Inoue et al. |
5796479 | August 18, 1998 | Derickson et al. |
5835210 | November 10, 1998 | Ershov |
5886785 | March 23, 1999 | Lefevre et al. |
5894362 | April 13, 1999 | Onaka et al. |
5923453 | July 13, 1999 | Yoneyama |
5995255 | November 30, 1999 | Giles |
6011623 | January 4, 2000 | MacDonald et al. |
6034767 | March 7, 2000 | Yoshikawa |
6040931 | March 21, 2000 | Miyazaki et al. |
6061129 | May 9, 2000 | Ershov et al. |
6166805 | December 26, 2000 | Mori et al. |
6204945 | March 20, 2001 | Iwata et al. |
6222954 | April 24, 2001 | Riza |
6263127 | July 17, 2001 | Dragone et al. |
6547145 | April 15, 2003 | Colley et al. |
6636306 | October 21, 2003 | He et al. |
20020021493 | February 21, 2002 | Kaneko |
1058095 | December 2000 | EP |
2344188 | May 2000 | GB |
WO 98052021 | November 1998 | WO |
WO 00036377 | June 2000 | WO |
WO 02099368 | December 2002 | WO |
Type: Grant
Filed: Mar 11, 2004
Date of Patent: Aug 7, 2007
Patent Publication Number: 20040246477
Assignee: CiDRA Corporation (Wallingford, CT)
Inventors: John A. Moon (Wallingford, CT), James S. Sirkis (Wallingford, CT), Ralph Jones (Guilford, CT), Charles R. Winston (Glastonbury, CT), David R. Fournier (Ashford, CT), Joseph Pinto (Wallingford, CT), Robert N. Brucato (Southington, CT), James R. Dunphy (South Glastonbury, CT), Christopher J. Chestnut (Ellington, CT)
Primary Examiner: F. L. Evans
Attorney: Robert D. Crawford
Application Number: 10/800,320
International Classification: G01J 3/06 (20060101); G01J 3/18 (20060101); G01J 3/30 (20060101);