Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for quantity controlled, continuous liquid exchange in distillation and absorption refrigerant circuits.In the method on the one hand the pressure of a volumetric liquid flow, to be supplied to the high pressure zone at a defined rate, of enriched starting solution is raised from a low level to a high pressure level, while on the other hand the mutually separated liquid flows (which in sum are equal in amount) to be removed from the high pressure zone, of the product condensate and of the depleted solution, are transferred from a high pressure level to a low pressure level. In a solution exchange apparatus the method utilizes mechanical energy of the liquid flows (which are to be depressurized and to be removed from the apparatus) and only requires a small external boosting device to overcome internal frictional and intercomponent leakage.

Abstract: In the tube (41) of a tube assembly of a crystallization apparatus, an insert (43) is provided which increases the effective surface in the interior of the tube (41). The insert has subsequent different sections (45, 46, 47). Seen in direction of flow the effective surface per unit of length of a subsequent section (46, 47) is larger than the effective surface of the previous section (45, 46). Because the heat removal by the coolant is a limiting factor for the kinetics of crystallization, the amount of crystals produced per unit of length of the tube is not substantially increased by the insert, but a smaller linear growth velocity is obtained at the surface of the crystals. This provides for better conditions for forming clean crystals. The inserts (343, 443 . . .

Abstract: Frostless type refrigerator/freezers having a plastic liner utilize a metal heat shield disposed between an evaporator and the liner. A defrost heater located below the evaporator is controllably energized to melt frost away from the evaporator. A metal clip of spring steel removably mounts a thermostat to the heat shield above the evaporator to sense the temperature above the evaporator to de-energize the heater when the frost is melted from the evaporator.

Abstract: An electronic system to keep the set air temperature inside a motor vehicle constant. It comprises an electronic thermostat, a radio transmitter to transmit the on/off signals of said thermostat, a radio receiver to capture said on/off signals which will drive a switching circuit 10 to turn on/off the vehicle air-conditioner, and a time delay network 9 to delay the on/off actions of said switching circuit. Said electronic thermostat comprises a temperature sensing circuit 1, a temperature setting circuit 2, a humidity sensing circuit 3 to compensate the set temperature, a comparator 4 to compare the two output voltages from said temperature sensing circuit and said temperature setting circuit, and a switching circuit 5 to turn on/off the transmitter. The thermostat and the transmitter are packed together and installed on the motor vehicle dashboard. The receiver and the time delayed switching circuit are packed together and installed under the hood of said motor vehicle.

Abstract: This invention relates to an integrated heat pump construction including a housing having mounted thereon a first air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger coil assembly, a blower assembly, a compressor, a second refrigerant-to-liquid heat exchange coil assembly and, a third refrigerant-to-potable liquid heat exchange coil assembly, wherein said compressor and said first, second and third heat exchange coil assemblies are connected together to form a heat pump circuit with potable liquid heating capacity.

Abstract: Recirculating coolant from an engine passes through tubes in a heat exchanger pressure vessel. A cooling medium is directed onto the exterior surfaces of the tubes, and the pressure within the vessel is reduced to lower the temperature of evaporation of the cooling medium. A thermostatic control reduces or prevents the flow of engine coolant to the tubes when the coolant temperature falls below the temperature of evaporation of the cooling medium.

Abstract: An improved self-defrosting refrigerator and power module therefore, inlcuding a food storage compartment and a refrigeration compartment adjacent and insulatable from the food storage compartment. A refrigeration system of novel design is mounted within the refrigeration power module which includes a compessor, a condensor coil, and evaporator coil, a defroster heater, circulation means for circulating frigid air through the passageways to cool the storage compartment during the refrigeration cycle and means for collecting and exhausting melted frost from the refrigeration power module, which is configured and adapted to prevent the passage of warm air into the module. A method for constructing the novel refrigeration apparatus and improving its cooling efficiency is also disclosed.

Abstract: A lateral type accumulator includes a hermetic container which is divided into an intake cell, a discharge cell and a storage chamber between the cells in a horizontal direction by an intake side plate and a discharge side plate, and intake pipe connected to the intake cell, a discharge pipe connected to the discharge cell, and a gas fluid passage from the intake cell to the discharge cell through the intake side and the discharge side plates. The mixture of a lubricating oil and a refrigerant including a gas element and a liquid element is drawn into the storage chamber through the intake pipe and the intake cell, and the mixture is separated into the gas element and a remaining mixture in the storage chamber, hereupon the gas element is discharged from the discharge pipe through the discharge cell along the gas fluid passage. The surface level of the lubricating oil and refrigerant is maintained greater than that in the intake and the discharge cells during the operation of an refrigerating circuit.

Abstract: A composite jewelry article is made from a selection of radial armed pieces which are stackable and joinable with a pin stud. The pieces offer an interchangeability of different parts to assemble infinite design combinations.

Abstract: Device for the offset displacement between two end positions, at which its offset movement is reversed, of a warp knitting machine guide bar shifted horizontally by a guide bar shaft and holding the yarn guides. A buffer is provided for at least one of the end positions, said buffer acting as an elastic stop with a short buffering path with respect to the needle division before the yarn guides can run up against the knitting needles.

Abstract: In the decatizing apparatus of the present invention the fabric to be treated is fed around a rotatable, heated cylinder between a backing cloth and a tension thrust belt. The presence of the backing cloth between the surface of the cylinder and the fabric prevents the production of an excessive greasy gloss effect on the surface of the fabric closest to the cylinder. A moistening device may be provided to moisten the backing cloth before it passes around the cylinder. A wide variety of decatizing effects can be achieved by adjusting the temperature of the belt and cylinder, the tension of the belt, and the moisture content of the backing cloth and fabric.

Abstract: A changeable key cylinder padlock including a padlock casing, a shackle moveable between a lower locking position and a upper release position, the casing having a central substantially cylindrical cavity therein located between the sockets shaped to receive and removably house a key lock cylinder. The lock cylinder located in the plug cavity has a first key position and is operable by a operator key and control key to rotate to second and third key positions respectively. Locking spheres are positioned when the lock cylinder occupies the first key position to hold the shackle in the lower locking position and release the shackle at the second and third key positions for movement to said upper release position.

Abstract: A security device for movable objects such as a bicycle includes a lock box that is attached to the movable object, a locking chain that physically secures the lock box and movable object to an immovable object such as a bike rack, and an electric alarm circuit. The alarm circuit is armed by a lock switch that closes the lock box and is set off by severing of the cable, which is an integral part of the alarm circuit. Alternatively, the cable and lock box include an optical conduction path which is sensitive to tampering and difficult to bypass.

Abstract: A steering lock is disclosed for blocking the rotary movement of a motor-vehicle steering shaft, with at least two locking bolts which are movable close to or at a short distance from one another and next to one another in guides and which, in a position blocking the steering shaft, reach into a recess in the steering shaft by means of a front end face and are movable away from the steering shaft into a non-blocking position in their longitudinal extension. The particular guide (17) is so wide that the locking bolt (13, 14) is tiltable in this. A side wall (19) of the locking-bolt guide (17) has a projection (21) or set-off portion, against which the locking bolt (13, 14) rests by means of a projection or an edge (22) in the blocking and tilted position, in order to secure the blocking position.

Abstract: A combination lock of the type adapted for changing of the combination by a change key, a lock case housing, a stack of a plurality of tumbler wheels loosely journaled on a tumbler post for rotation about its axis and each including an annular outer rim portion and an inner annular hub portion having teeth releasably intercoupling the hub portion and rim portion at any of a plurality of relative angular positions. The rim portions of the tumbler wheels have specially shaped peripheral gates to receive confronting portions of a fence on the fence lever when the tumbler wheels are properly aligned. The tumbler post is supported within the tumbler wheel hub portions for nonrotatable axial movement to shift the hub portions axially relative to the outer rim portions between coupled and decoupled relation.

Abstract: A key holder having one end provided with an end opening such that a key ring may be easily removed therefrom. The end opening is formed by a passage which connects to a key ring retaining opening, and the passage is normally closed by a spring biased plunger which is operable to open the passage.

Abstract: A method of controlling the profile of a sheet material while it is rolled between upper and lower working rolls that can be shifted axially and in opposite directions. The profile of each working roll that varies during the time interval between one changing of the working rolls and another is determined. On the basis of the determined roll profiles, the relationship between the amounts of shifting in the roll position and the configuration of the gap between the upper and lower rolls in the axial direction is determined, so as to determine the amount of shift in the roll position that will provide the smoothest possible configuration for the gap in the axial direction within the area of contact between the work and the working rolls. The upper and lower rolls are shifted axially in accordance with the determination of how to provide the smoothest possible configuration for the gap between rollers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making flange half shells and flanges made therefrom, whereby an optimum arrangement of the flanges should be obtained with respect to their use, for this purpose the flange half shells (1) are held together by means of clamps (2), whereby the clamps (2) engage into associated suitable slots (3) which are provided in the flange half shells (1). Furthermore, the flange half shells are extruded from a strand and therefore obtain a hardness which is adapted to the hardness of the mounting screws.

Abstract: A pipe mill and method comprises certain improvements in pipe mills of cage-type. Edge forming roll sets, usually mounted immediately downstream of the breakdown passes, are mounted for lateral movement to compensate for strip camber or lateral creep. In one form of the invention the edge forming rolls are adjustably fixed with respect to each other on a mounting plate which is suspended on a pivot. Movement of the edge forming rolls from side-to-side about the pivot is obtained by power steering each edge forming roll housing with the steering pivot located at the center of pressure of the edge forming roll set. The steering is controlled by a closed loop system utilizing sensors with a microprocessor. A taper pin lock holds the plate centered and against movement for threading purposes. Side push cylinder assemblies may be employed to center the plate for locking.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a core wire for use in laying optical fibers over a long distance produces a plurality of continuous corrugated deep grooves in a wire that are capable of holding therein the optical fibers longitudinally along the peripheral surface of the wire. An endless raw wire material of circular cross section is formed by the apparatus into a wire of square cross section through plastic processing and thereafter the wire is formed into a core wire of a flower patterned cross section with a plurality of petals having corrugated deep grooves in the periphery thereof continuously longitudinally thereof through a rolling device. In addition, the core wire so constructed is formed into a core wire with spiral corrugated deep grooves formed in the peripheral surface thereof. The rolling means has forming rolls equal in number to the number of ridges of the square wire, and each such roll having two perfect corrugated convex portions formed widthwise on the peripheral surface thereof.

Abstract: Apparatus for forming a flanged end on a tubular workpiece comprising a die having a throat therethrough connected at one end to an abutment surface of the die extending transversely on each side of the throat, a main frame connected to the die, a sub-frame mounted reciprocably on the frame longitudinally relative to the die, a pair of cheek pieces connected on the sub-frame and movable apart, and a wedge member mounted reciprocably on the sub-frame between the cheek pieces. The sub-frame is driven longitudinally relative to the main frame and the wedge member is driven longitudinally between the cheek pieces, whereby the cheek pieces can be separated by extending the wedge member longitudinally relative to the cheek pieces. The separated cheek pieces are then driven longitudinally towards the abutment surface.

Abstract: An electrical battery pole or terminal (50) is cold-produced by means of a process comprising axial compression at room temperature of an essentially cylindrical metal element (42) between a first and a second portion of die (1) and (2), travelling one opposite to the other, of which the first (1) forms that part which will be the protruding part (13) of the battery pole or terminal and the second (2) portion of die, by subjecting the lower part of the metal block to compression, forms the electrical battery pole's lower part, which is provided with shaped portions (35) forming a number of ribs.

Abstract: An insert for providing a reduced inside diameter for a structural tube, specifically an instrumentation guide tube, of a nuclear fuel assembly. The insert has forming lobes which coact with the structural tube to plastically deform the structural tube and mechanically lock it with respect to grid straps of a grid assembly. The insert also has centering lobes to prevent it from being expanded in other than a coaxial alignment with the structural tube. An expansion tool is provided for sequentially registering with and expanding sequential forming lobes in a simplified manner whereby all of the operations necessary to assemble the structural tube in the fuel assembly can be easily and accurately performed.

Abstract: A forging manipulator has two pairs of workpiece gripping arms which operate in respective mutually perpendicular planes. Each pair of arms is operable by a respective independent actuating mechanism, so that the respective pairs of arms can accommodate workpiece dimensions. The two actuating mechanisms comprise:a common bore in the gripper carrier of the manipulator, defining two co-axial fluid pressure cylinder disposed end to end,a respective annular piston in each of these cylinders,a respective hollow piston rod extending from each piston towards the gripper arms, one of these piston rods extending within the other piston rod, anda respective wedge at the forward end of each piston rod, for operating the corresponding pair of gripper arms on movement of the piston rod. The wedges slope in opposite directions, and the pistons move simultaneously in opposite directions.

Abstract: The guide channel structure comprises a plurality of sectors arranged side by side and having coaxially to support said bars respective pairs of jaw-like elements defining openable seats. The seats have different diameters substantially corresponding to the diameters of bars to be guided, and are individually selectively closeable or openable to permit the passage of smaller or larger diameter bars therethrough.

Abstract: A low range differential pressure transducer is connected in a closed fluid system which also contains a U-tube filled with oil in its upper portion and mercury in its lower portion. Under conditions of high line pressure similar quantities of oil are displaced within the closed system from one arm of the U-tube to the other, causing the mercury in the latter arm to be forced down while rising in the other arm. The difference in height between the levels of mercury is used in calculating the differential pressure. By connecting a number of U-tubes in series the cumulative differences between the levels of mercury in the arms of each U-tube can be used in calculating the differential pressure for a transducer designed to measure differential pressure over a wider range of low pressures.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing the surface properties of a material is disclosed. The apparatus includes an indentor which is suspended above the surface of a sample and dropped onto the sample. Several testing methods are also disclosed. Surface toughness is measured by dropping the indentor from a variable height and inspecting the surface for failure. Thin film strength is tested by making several drops from various heights and inspecting the surface for flaking of the layer. In addition, damping capacity can be measured by comparing the kinetic energy of the resulting from the drop of the indentor to the strain energy measured by a probe on the opposing surface of the sample.

Abstract: Circuits are described in which the sensing and the reference electrodes of a gas sensor housed within a gas monitor are connected together through the source and the drain of a field effect transistor (FET). The gate of the FET is connected to a power source to apply a first voltage to the gate when the monitor is operational and a second voltage, which is preferably zero, when the monitor is not operational, the resistance between the source and the drain of the FET being low when the second voltage is applied to the FET gate so that the sensing and reference electrodes are connected together in a short circuit. When the first voltage is applied to the FET gate, however, the short circuit is effectively broken. The circuit has output lines leading to an output device, e.g. for displaying information or an alarm. A resistor of large resistance is connected between the two output lines and, when a gas is sensed a large voltage change occurs across the resistor which can be used directly, i.e.

Abstract: A probe device is disclosed for checking threaded bores in a workpiece to detect various abnormal conditions including a broken tool or probe, absence of the workpiece or bore, or the threaded condition of the bore. The probe is affixed to a transversely mounted piston which is actuated by air pressure to move the probe sideways during a phase of the probing action in which a probe tip is moved against the surface to be tested, blockage of an air outlet occurring if the surface is unthreaded. The resulting increase in air pressure is detected by a pressure switch to enable operation of a fault signal. The probe tip is slidably mounted in the main body of the probe to be moved back as the probe is advanced towards the workpiece in the initial phase of the test if a bore is absent or a broken tool is lodged therein, with porting shutting off air flow to the tip air outlet to also cause an increase in back pressure enabling generation of a fault signal.

Abstract: A multimode testing device is disclosed for automatic testing of a threaded feature on a workpiece, comprised of a housing mounting a forward extending probe tip having an outlet supplied with air pressure via internal passages in the housing. In the first test mode, an obstruction test is made to detect the absence of the threaded feature or the presence of a broken tool, the obstruction test made by advance of the probe tip into the threaded feature. A contact of the probe tip with an obstruction causes blockage of an internal passage and an increase in back pressure therein which is detected by a pressure sensor. If no obstruction is detected, a second test mode is initiated by tilting the probe tip by an air cylinder operated actuator rod formed with cam surfaces interfit with complementary surfaces on a thrust rod mounted to push the probe tip sideways.

Abstract: To leak test a cavity in a test item, a pressurizing gas, at a preselected pressure is applied to the test item and the flow rate of the pressurizing gas during pressurization is recorded. This recorded flow rate is compared with a threshold level based on gas flow signature data for a reference test item. If the recorded gas flow exceeds the threshold level, an excessive leak signal is produced. This leak testing method significantly reduces the time required to perform low flow rate leak detection in large volume test items.

Abstract: Apparatus for leak testing an article by detecting with a vacuum detector the leakage of search gas through the article, the apparatus including a pumping system predominantly for evacuating the article under test together with an auxiliary pumping system for evacuating a search gas detector responsible to the search gas leaking through the article.

Abstract: An improvement in the test for air leaks of an air pressurized telephone cable is disclosed. The cable is of the type wherein a number of individually insulated conducting electrical strands are surrounded by a protective plastic tubing impermeable to water and maintained dry under air pressure. The cable is typically buried. The improvement comprises a capillary flow controller for the introduction of trace gas, such as helium into the cable. The trace gas is introduced into the system at a pressure exceeding twice and preferably 10 times the ambient dry air pressure within the cable. The capillary introduces the high pressure trace gas to the interior of the cable by leaking a relatively constant volume flow rate to a discharge chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for testing for gas leaks in waterproof gloves and glove inserts by applying gas under controlled pressure into a confined glove or insert and measuring bubbling or lack thereof in a suitable reservoir of liquid. The glove is not wet by liquid.

Abstract: The total mass flowrate of a multiphase fluid flowstream such as a water, oil and gas mixture being produced from subterranean wells is determined by passing the flowstream through an apparatus which forces a substantial change in direction of the fluid flowstream and wherein a pressure differential is measured across flow paths of known cross-sectional flow area. The total mass flow is determined from the cross-sectional flow areas, the measured total density of the flowstream and the differential pressure. A sample of the flowstream is withdrawn from the flow path, gas is separated from liquid and the liquid fraction of water is measured by passing the liquid mixture through a device which measures the dielectric constant of the liquid mixture using microwave radiation transmissivity or differential pressure between columns of the liquid mixture and a column of water of equal height is compared.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an uplift sensor for detecting uplift from a planar surface. The sensor comprises wedge-shaped bracket having an elongated member mounted therein which contacts the uplift and in response thereto depresses a hydraulic piston in a hydraulic cylinder thereby producing a hydraulic uplift signal. The sensor is provided with a spring operatively coupled between the elongated member and the mounting bracket for biasing the elongated member downwardly towards the uplift.

Abstract: A compact, efficient, self-contained dynamic surface roughness gage includes a staging frame that supports a reciprocatable arm that can be pivoted about an axis perpendicular to a V-shaped working surface at the underside of the frame between releasably fixed positions located 90.degree. apart to facilitate staging the gage on different workpiece configurations. The arm supports a probe comprising a skid and a stylus which is coupled by way of a special flexure to a stereo phonograph cartridge so that only the vibratory motions of the stylus in a direction perpendicular to the nominal plane of the frame working surface are coupled to the transducer. As the probe scans over a workpiece surface with the skid following the same track as the stylus, the two outputs from the transducer are summed to produce a single electrical analog of the vibratory motion of the stylus in that favored direction.

Abstract: A mass airflow meter for positioning within a duct wherein a fluid flows, particularly an air intake of an internal combustion engine, includes a symmetrical body having an axial passageway and a radial passageway. The radial passageway has a temperature dependent element positioned therein and extends from the axial passageway at an acute angle to the downstream flow of air. Accordingly, the radial passageway provides inertial separation of airborne particulate and also provides isolation from air flowing backwards through the air intake.

Abstract: Several embodiments for mass airflow sensors are illustrated herein. In each case a sensing element (11) for the mass airflow sensor (10, 34, 50) is provided on a first portion (18) of a thin flexible film substrate (19) while an extension of this substrate provides integral electrical conductive metallizations (24) that connect the sensing element (11) to associated sensor electronic components (21) mounted on a second portion (23) of the film substrate remotely located from the first film portion. This eliminates the need for individual soldered wire connections to connect the sensing element to its associated electronics. In addition, housing portions (12, 13) for the sensor (10, 34, 50) mate together and provide protection for both the sensing element (11) and the sensor electronics (21) thereby providing an integral sensor module including the sensing element and its associated electronics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for accurately balancing a wheel/tire assembly. The assembly is mounted onto a shaft of a dynamic wheel balancer to rotate therewith. The shaft and wheel/tire assembly are spun while the balancer senses and stores a first set of information (readings) indicating imbalance. Next, the wheel/tire assembly is released and reoriented at a different angle, for example 180 degrees, on the shaft of the balancer, followed by respinning the wheel/tire assembly while the balancer takes a second set of readings indicating imbalance under these changed conditions. The values of both sets of readings are stored and then compared to note the difference therebetween. The difference represents a measure of the aggregate actual and "apparent" imbalance. For example, if the reorientation is 180 degrees, then the difference will be twice the actual imbalance. If the reorientation is less than 180 degrees, then the difference will be proportionately less than twice the actual imbalance.

Abstract: System and method for characterizing the resonant responses of a plurality of rotating blades in a turbo machine. The system comprises a plurality of controllable fluid jets disposed about a blade row for exciting rotating blades with selectable frequencies of vibration. The sequential excitation of blades at a plurality of narrowly spaced frequencies and the simultaneous sensing of blade responses sufficiently resolves the resonant center frequencies and harmonics thereof in order to detect changes in characteristic blade resonances.

Abstract: A coupling for vibration testing comprises a pair of connecting links to be attached to a shaker head and to a driven fixture, respectively. Each of these has an axial passage through it and a convex spherical distal bearing surface. These bearing surfaces face each other. A center element has an axial passage through it and has opposite concave spherical bearing surfaces that face against the convex spherical bearing surfaces of the two connecting links. A low-friction coating or layer, i.e., fiber-reinforced PTFE, is applied to the convex bearing surfaces of the connecting links and provides a low-friction sliding surface against the mating surfaces of the center element. A preload bolt extends through the axial passages of the device and exerts a compressive axial preloading stress which exceeds the maximum vibrational force likely to be encountered.

Abstract: A pressure sensing device of this invention has a first diaphragm for defining a first pressure transmission chamber within a housing assembly with a pressure transmission fluid sealed therein and a second diaphragm for defining a second pressure transmission chamber within the housing assembly with a pressure transmission fluid sealed therein. The pressures of first and second measuring fluids both act upon the side opposite to that on which the corresponding diaphragm faces the corresponding pressure transmission chamber. The first and second diaphragms are both formed of a metal sheet having the modulus of 2,000 to 15,000 Kg/mm.sup.2. A pressure-sensing element is disposed between the pressure transmission chambers to sense a differential pressure level between the pressure transmission chambers.

Abstract: A pressure transducer is provided, in a preferred embodiment, with a pair of diaphragms (29, 28), each with a strain gauge, and with a rubber-like intermediate layer (33) therebetween. The layer (33) supports the first diaphragm (29) without interfering with its flexing up to a point where the layer (33) becomes non-resilient and transmits further flexing of the first diaphragm to the second diaphragm (28). The diameter of each diaphragm has to be about 2.75-3.75 times greater than that of its central flexing portion forming the bottom of a cavity (30) which, in the shown embodiment, is conical. The overall thickness of the diaphragm is preferably about 5 times greater than the thickness of the flexing portion to eliminate or at least substantially reduce the influence of parasitic stresses introduced by clamping forces holding the diaphragm in place.

Abstract: The mass flowmeter of the present invention comprises a conduit including a first sinuous section extending from an inlet leg and a second sinuous section extending from an outlet leg, wherein the first sinuous section includes a first smooth bend adjacent to the inlet leg and turning about a first direction, and a second smooth bend adjacent to the first smooth bend and turning about a second direction opposite to the first direction, and the second sinuous section includes a third smooth bend adjacent to the second smooth bend and turning about the second direction, and a fourth smooth bend intermediate the third smooth bend and the outlet leg and turning about the first direction, in which arrangement the first and second sinuous sections cross one another at least once at midsections thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and to means for determining the internal mechanical stress which is developed within an elongated article which passes from a ship via a wheel into the sea, and for determining the angle relation to vertical at which the article enters the sea. This is obtained by measuring two components of the resulting force acting on the wheel and from these measured components the values of stress and inclination angle are found. Other means such as acceleration compensating equipment, echosounder adapted equipment, paid-out length meter, and the like may be incorporated in the system. Movable mechanical arms are avoided and compensation of different error sources easily may be undertaken.

Abstract: This invention discloses an impulse sensor that detects change in force imposed on a force receiving member extending from the impulse sensor, which comprises a force receiving member extending from a thin flange forming a portion of the container vessel enclosing at least two Piezo electric elements wherein the first of the two Piezo electric elements disposed in an off-set relationship with respect to the central axis of the force receiving member is under a pressurized contact with the thin flange, while the second of the two Piezo electric elements disposed in a symmetric arrangement about the central axis of the force receiving member is under a pressurized contact with a rigid portion of the container vessel. The first Piezo electric element detects the impulses received by the force receiving member and other noise impulses transmitted through the container vessel wall while the second Piezo electric element detects the same noise impulses as those detected by the first Piezo electric element.

Abstract: A double or multiple bevel culet geometry is used on a diamond anvil in a high pressure cell apparatus to provide increased sample pressure and stability for a given force applied to the diamond tables. Double or multiple bevel culet geometries can also be used for sapphire or other hard crystal anvils. Pressures up to and above 5 Megabars can be reached.

Abstract: A reduction starter employing a planetary gear type reduction gear mechanism having an outer ring gear displaceable radially of a common axis of a central sun gear and an output shaft carrying planet gears for revolution about the common axis. The outer ring gear is formed by an internally toothed ring gear elastically deformable to assure uniform distribution of load torque to all planet gears. The tooth root bending stress of the ring gear is substantially equalized to the outer periphery bending stress thereof to improve the load performance of the planetary gear type reduction gear mechanism and thus reduce the size and weight of the starter. The outer ring gear has an outer rim of a radial thickness t and a plurality of radially inwardly extending teeth each having a height h. The rim thickness t is determined to'fall with a range of from +.ltoreq.0.8 h to +.gtoreq.0.4 h.

Abstract: A planetary gear system for the speed reduction output of a starter motor. The internal gear is made of an elastic resin and is separated from the casing of the system or a metal ring fitted in the casing by a predetermined gap. Thereby, the internal ring can deform over a range of shocks but is prevented from deforming by the casing or metal ring above this shock range.