Abstract: An image coding method codes each block of a digital image divided into two-dimensional blocks, each block having a plurality of pixels. A coding mode for a target block is determined to output mode information of the target block. A codeword of the mode information of the target block is output, the codeword being determined based on a combination of the mode information of the target block and the mode information of previously coded blocks at a periphery of the target block, or a combination of the mode information of the target block and temporary mode information replacing the mode information of the blocks at the periphery of the target block when the blocks at the periphery are out of an image. Pixel data in the target block is coded according to the mode information of the target block.

Abstract: An image coding method coding each block of a digital image divided into two-dimensional blocks, each block having a plurality of pixels. A coding mode for a target block is determined to output mode information of the target block. A codeword table is selected from a plurality of codeword tables based on a combination of the mode information of previously coded blocks at a periphery of the target block. The tables correspond to combinations of the mode information of the previously coded blocks at the periphery of the target block, and have codewords respectively corresponding to coding modes available for the target block. A codeword is assigned a shorter codeword length when the coding mode for the target block is numerically predominant among the coding modes for the blocks at the periphery of the target block than when the coding mode for the target block is numerically inferior among the coding modes for the blocks at the periphery.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus comprises a noise detection means for performing noise detection on an input image; a noise removal means for removing noise from a predetermined region of the input image, on the basis of the result of the noise detection; a counting means for obtaining the ratio of an area targeted for noise removal to the predetermined region of the input image; a statistics calculation means for obtaining the statistics on the ratios obtained by the counting means over a predetermined period of time; an image generation means for generating an image indicating the statistics; and an image composition means for superimposing the image generated by the image generation means on the image outputted from the noise removal means to generate a composite image for display. Therefore, the viewer can easily know how much noise is removed from the predetermined region of the input image, for every predetermined period of time.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an image processing apparatus, in which an object image focused by a lens is split into a plurality of images by means of a light splitting section. These images are converted into image data items by a plurality of imaging devices which are arranged with their imaging area overlapping in part. The image data items are stored temporarily in an image storing section. A displacement detecting section detects displacement coefficients (rotation angle R and parallel displacement S) from the image signals representing the mutual overlap region of two images which are to be combined and which are represented by two image data items read from the image storing section. The position of any specified pixel of the image displayed is identified by the pixel signal generated by the corresponding pixel of any imaging device.

Abstract: In an image processing unit for performing an arithmetic operation between a reference image and a search image, a product-sum operation section comprises systoric array, a normalization and accumulation processing section and a correlation value memory control section. The product-sum operation section is used on a common basis for an operation for the addition of a square of a pixel value of a search image over a plurality of pixels and an operation for the addition of a multiplication of pixel values of pixels associated with the search image and the reference image over a plurality of pixels. An operation for a norm of the reference image is performed on a path (a reference image norm computing section) which is different from that of the product-sum operation section.

Abstract: First, a plurality of images are automatically selected by the digital camera and are combined into a single image. When the composite image is not approved as an image to be saved, i.e., when the user does not like the image, or the image is judged inappropriate, a plurality of image is again selected. Then, the image selection and image combination are repeated until a desired composite image is obtained, or until a suitable composite image is obtained. Then, the desired or suitable composite image is ultimately saved on the recording medium.

Abstract: A system and method of pointed position detection, a presentation system, and a program for accurately detecting a pointed position based on an infrared image or the like. The configuration comprises a CCD camera for taking an image of an image display region, and a processing section that functions as a position detection means which detects a pointed position of a pointing image within an image display region that has been formed by infrared light through an optical filter that passes only infrared light. A movement magnitude computation section within the processing section detects movement of a pointer implement, based on the infrared image that was formed by infrared light and taken by the CCD camera, and a pointing coordinate detection section detects the pointed position of that pointing image in a state in which movement of the pointer implement is halted.

Abstract: An apparatus for storing digital images has a storage device [(134, 136) ] for storing a current reference image and a plurality of differential images, and an image processing device [(132) ] coupled to the storage device. The image processing device receives an individual digital image, determines a difference between the individual image and the current reference image, and stores this difference as a differential image in the storage device. The apparatus also has reference image updating means [(132)] for determining when to generate a new reference image, for generating the new reference image, for replacing the current reference image with the new reference image, and for storing the new reference image as current reference image in the storage device [(134, 136)].

Abstract: An image recording apparatus for recording image data of an inspection object and inspection data corresponding to inspection results outputted at their own respective timings from an inspection apparatus which judges quality by an image recognition process is equipped with a temporary storage portion for temporarily storing the image data and the inspection data, a storage device, and a control portion for synchronizing the image data and the inspection data and storing the synchronized image data and inspection data in the storage device based on relative position data from a prescribed signal sent from the inspection apparatus, wherein the control portion accesses the temporary storage portion to acquire previous data for at least the prescribed signal.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus has a script interpreting section for obtaining a script wherein an execution order for a plurality of image processes, which is permitted in a simultaneous execution, is represented in a predetermined form, and for interpreting the execution order represented by the script; and an image processing section for executing the plurality of image processes in accordance with the execution order interpreted by said script interpreting section.

Abstract: The present invention provides a flexible bag comprising at least one sheet of flexible sheet material assembled to form a semi-enclosed container having an opening defined by a periphery. The opening defines an opening plane, and bag is expandable in response to forces exerted by contents within the bag to provide an increase in volume of the bag such that said the accommodates the contents placed therein.

Abstract: A package fabricated from a flexible sheet material capable of being sealed for closing off the interior of the package from ambient atmosphere is disclosed. The package has two or more side walls and a like number of side seams. The package has an open upper end portion terminating in a free edge. The inner surface of the side walls has a releasably securable adhesive adjacent the upper end portion in a pattern wherein the adhesive does not extend into the area of the side seams, thus increasing the structural integrity of the package.

Abstract: A closure element incorporated into a flexible bag to reclose a bag opening includes a resilient structure which carries an adhesive strip. The closure element is secured to one wall of the bag and the resilient strip seals the one wall to the respective other wall of the bag when the walls are pressed together and the resilient structure is compressed. The resilient structure is held compressed by the adhesive strip. In one embodiment, the resilient structure includes a base portion and a wing portion which deflects to allow the adhesive strip to make contact with the other wall. In another embodiment, the base portion deflects to flatten against the wing portion, the wing portion secured to the bag wall. The base portion and the wing portion can be provided with engageable elements which snap together or interlock to provide a closing feel to the closure strip as the adhesive strip seals the bag opening.

Abstract: A rolling guide device comprises: a track rail formed with a rolling member rolling surface extending along a longitudinal direction thereof; a movable rail formed with a loaded rolling member rolling surface extending along a longitudinal direction thereof so as to oppose to the rolling member rolling surface of the track rail; a track rail side rolling member circulation passage formed to the track rail so as to circulate the rolling members rolling between the track rail and the movable rail; a movable rail side rolling member circulation passage formed to the movable rail so as to circulate the rolling members rolling between the track rail and the movable rail; and a number of rolling members disposed and arranged in the track rail side rolling member circulation passage and the movable rail side rolling member circulation passage.

Abstract: A fluid bearing device achieves superior in wear resistance in starting and stopping and in manufacturing ability. The fluid bearing device includes a shaft having a flange portion, a sleeve opposing to the shaft across a fluid bearing clearance of a radial fluid bearing, a counterpart member opposing to at least one of plane of the flange portion across a fluid bearing clearance of a thrust bearing. The flange portion and the sleeve portion being formed of copper alloy of mutually difference composition.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide a thrust dynamic pressure bearing in which complex small holes or the like are not disposed so that the production cost is not increased, and negative-pressure suction which may be caused at start of rotation is prevented from occurring, thereby enabling the bearing to correctly function as a thrust dynamic pressure bearing.

Abstract: A method for fixing at least one bearing in place in a bearing retainer involves positioning the bearing in the depression, providing an elastic element which acts in the axial direction on the bearing either before or after the bearing is positioned in the depression so that the elastic element is supported on the bearing in a first axial direction, and deforming a partial area of the bearing retainer so that the deformed partial area of the bearing retainer supports the elastic element in a second axial direction which extends opposite the first axial direction. A bearing arrangement produced according to the present invention includes a bearing retainer having at least one depression in which is positioned a bearing, with a portion of the bearing retainer overlapping a portion of the bearing to form an interlocking connection between the bearing retainer and the bearing in an axial direction.

Abstract: A bearing assembly includes a head tube (10) through which a steerer tube (21) of the front fork (20) extends. A first annular flange (45) and a second annular flange (53) extend from an inner periphery of the head tube. An upper bearing (44) and a lower bearing (52) are respectively received in two ends of the head tube and contact the first annular flange and the second annular flange. A first ring (43) and a second ring (50) are respectively received in the head tube and press on the two bearings. A cap (41) is securely mounted to the steerer tube and compresses on the first ring and the second ring is positioned on a crown portion of the front fork.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for measuring a residual stress and a photoelastic effect of an optical fiber, which includes: a light source; a rotary type optical diffuser distanced from the light source in a predetermined distance for suppressing the spatial coherence of a light radiated in the light source; an optical condenser for condensing the radiated light passed through the optical diffuser into a spot where the optical fiber is located; a polarizer for polarizing the light passed through the optical condenser into a 45° linear polarized light from an axis of the optical fiber; a polarization analyzer, installed at 90° angle with respect to the polariscope and attached closely with the optical fiber, to prevent the penetration by the background image of the optical fiber; an optical fiber strain unit including a strain sensor for straining the optical fiber on the polarization analyzer toward a longitudinal direction and measuring the strain on the optical fiber; an object lens for magnifying the

Abstract: An optical gain equalizer is provided with an erbium doped optical fiber (EDF). The gain equalizer selects two lights out of wavelength division multiplexed light, controls pumping light to EDF based upon the result of the comparison of the levels and flattens the inclination of the gain of the wavelength division multiplexed light. Another optical gain equalizer is provided with EDF and a variable attenuator. The optical gain equalizer selects two lights out of wavelength division multiplexed light and attenuates the wavelength division multiplexed light based upon the result of comparing the levels of the two lights. The power of pumping light to EDF that amplifies wavelength division multiplexed light is controlled based upon this attenuation and the inclination of the gain of the wavelength division multiplexed light is flattened.

Abstract: To provide an optical cross-connect apparatus capable of, even in the case where a light switch becomes large-sized, supervising quality and management information of light signals passing through inside the apparatus with low-cost configuration. For each of the light signals inputted from n pieces of input port, path setting in a branch connection state is performed in order following a control signal from a control section by connecting any one of n pieces of output port with a predetermined supervising port at n×m light SW. Quality and management information are detected from light signals outputted from a supervising output port at a light signal detecting section, and the quality and the management information are supervised at a light signal supervising section.

Abstract: A cross-connect switch for fiber-optic communication networks employing a wavelength dispersive element, such as a grating, and a stack of regular (non-wavelength selective) cross bar switches using two-dimensional arrays of micromachined, electrically actuated, individually-tiltable, controlled deflection micromirrors for providing multiport switching capability for a plurality of wavelengths. Using a one-dimensional micromirror array, a fiber-optic based MEMS switched spectrometer that does not require mechanical motion of bulk components or large diode arrays can be constructed with readout capability for WDM network diagnosis or for general purpose spectroscopic applications.

Abstract: An optical filter including at least one multiport optical coupler formed on a gallium arsenide substrate, one connection port of the at least one multiport optical coupler receiving an input optical signal, and another connection port of the at least one multiport optical coupler outputting a filtered optical signal and at least one electrically tunable optical resonator, formed on the gallium arsenide substrate and connected to at least one of the at least multiport optical coupler.

Abstract: In the disclosed optical signal processing device, the digital-to-analog conversion of the input optical signals is realized in an optical region, without converting the input optical signals into electric signals for the purpose of signal processing, by splitting input optical signals into plural sets, delaying the split optical signals for mutually different delay amounts while adjusting amplitudes of these optical signals, combining these optical signals, and gating these optical signals on a time axis. It is also possible to realize the processing of the optical signals that are multiplexed on a time axis such as interchanges of time-slots similarly.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a generally small mode field diameter (“MFD”) optical fiber having a core bounded by a cladding, a cleaved end, and an expanded mode field diameter. The expanded mode field diameter is formed by thermally diffusing one or more dopants in the core of the small mode field diameter optical fiber using a highly localized heat source. The resulting adiabatic taper has an expanded mode field diameter that is optimized for connection to another optical fiber having a larger mode field diameter. The adiabatic taper is formed in the smaller mode field diameter optical fiber by aligning and abutting the cleaved ends of two fibers having different mode field diameter's to form a splice seam. The splice seam is offset a predetermined distance from the center of the region heated by a heat source to splice the fibers and expand the mode field diameters. As the mode field diameters expand, the splice loss across the splice is monitored.

Abstract: Disclosed is a long-period optical fiber grating according to the present invention. The long-period optical fiber grating includes a plurality of sections. The sections have a different grating periodicity. The distribution of the grating periodicity is asymmetric around a central reference section. Also, the sections have their lengths twice, or longer, as the respective grating periodicity.

Abstract: To protect a waveguide or cable in an installation channel, a protective profile is inserted into the channel and has a substantially U-shaped cross-section when installed. To install this in the channel, an apparatus having a drum with a profile wound thereon has the profile unwound and guided by guide rolls to a press roll, which presses the profile into the channel to the desired depth. The profile can have a center portion provided with embedded reinforcing elements or even optical or electrical leads.

Abstract: To enable easy replacement of a soiled fingerprint reading window. To reduce the number of light sources and achieve miniaturization.

Abstract: A monomode optical fiber in a cable for an optical fiber transmission network with wavelength division multiplexing and a utilization range extending from 1300 nm to 1625 nm, and presenting at a wavelength of 1550 nm:

Abstract: A C-band optical amplifier includes a fiber with a monomode core, a multimode internal cladding and an external cladding. It further includes a pump for pumping the fiber. The fiber is not doped with ytterbium and the multimode cladding has a diameter less than 55 &mgr;m. The amplifier can be used for amplifying C-band signals in wavelength division multiplex transmission systems.

Abstract: A ridge waveguide-type optical semiconductor device and a method of fabricating the same. The method of fabrication includes forming a first clad layer, a core layer, a second clad layer and a contact layer, in the stated order on a semiconductor substrate, forming a strip-shaped etching mask on the contact layer, removing the contact layer and the second clad layer selectively by etching, using the etching mask, until the core layer is exposed, so as to form a ridge including etched second clad layer, and forming a semiconductor layer by crystal growth, so as to form a mode control layer on the exposed surface of the core layer. The semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate, a first clad layer formed on the substrate, a core layer serving as a waveguide, on the first clad layer, and a strip-shaped second clad layer on the core layer. A mode control layer is formed on the core layer, and insulating layers are formed on the mode control layer, at opposite sides of the second clad layer.

Abstract: An end seal assembly is mounted in a conduit or feedthrough body with a through bore of stepped diameter between its ends into which a fiber or wire-carrying metal cable extends. An inner end of the cable is stopped against a shoulder in the through bore, with at least one fiber or wire extending from the cable end out through the second end of the seal body. An end seal is seated at the outlet end of the seal body and has a through bore through which the or each fiber extends. The through bore is filled with epoxy material. The end seal is of a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion approximately equal to that of the epoxy material.

Abstract: A digital video playback apparatus which selectively reproduces video signals that are recorded by using a plurality of cameras each at different angles and method therefor. The digital video playback apparatus reads out first and second video steam data and first and second audio stream data, which are compressed and recorded on a recording medium. A demultiplexer separates a signal output of the digital playback apparatus into system information, the first and second video stream data, and the first and second audio stream data. First and second video decoders expand the first and second compressed video stream data outputs, respectively. First and second audio decoders decode the first and second audio stream data outputs from the demultiplexer and expand the first and second audio stream data decoded into original 4-channel audio signals, respectively. A key input section generates first and second angle selection signals.

Abstract: An extended play radio video cassette recorder (EPRVCR) capable of receiving and recording audio and video signals transmitted over a radio frequency channel is provided. The EPRVCR includes a videocassette recorder (VCR) and a tuner capable of receiving of radio frequency signals and television frequency signals electrically connected to the VCR. Method for broadcasting and receiving a composite video and audio signal over a radio frequency for subsequent recording by an extended play radio video cassette recorder is also provided. The method includes the steps of providing a VCR having a tuner capable of receiving radio frequency signals; broadcasting audio on a preselected baseband radio frequency; broadcasting a visual image on a subcarrier sideband of the preselected baseband frequency; and receiving the audio and visual image using the tuner of the VCR. The VCR is also capable of recording the audio and video image simultaneously onto a single video cassette.

Abstract: A video recording and playback apparatus and method by which accurate motion detection can be executed is disclosed. A noise reduction processing circuit performs noise reduction processing for video data inputted thereto from a switch and outputs resulting video data to a motion detection processing section and a video signal interpolation processing section. The motion detection processing section performs a motion detection process for the received video data and outputs a result of the motion detection to the video signal interpolation processing section. The video signal interpolation processing section performs an interpolation process for the video data inputted thereto from the noise reduction processing circuit based on the result of the motion detection received from the motion detection processing section and outputs resulting video data.

Abstract: An information reproducing apparatus includes a device operable to reproduce image signals recorded on a recording medium; a unit operable to set at least one image signal start point and end point for editing the recorded image signals; a storage device operable to store the image signal start points and end points thus set; and a controller operable to control the display of marks corresponding to the stored image signal start points and end points. The controller controls the display in such a manner as to display marks corresponding in number to the stored start and end points.

Abstract: An apparatus for reproducing a digitally encoded signal from a disk medium, comprises a transducer which transduces the digitally encoded signal. A memory is coupled to the transducer for storing the digitally encoded signal. A decoder is responsive to the digitally encoded signal for decoding a picture therefrom. A controller for the memory, wherein a first operational mode the controller controls the memory to read the stored digitally encoded signal from the memory responsive to a first sequence and in a second operational mode the controller controls the memory to read the stored digitally encoded signal from the memory in a second sequence.

Abstract: A coded picture data reproducing apparatus which is able to repetitively reproduce picture data starting at a designated start-frame is provided. The coded picture data reproducing apparatus is capable of reproducing predictively coded MPEG system picture data by using a correlation between frames and thus capable of repetitively reproducing frames across a designated start-position and an end-position. When a frame corresponding to a B-picture to be reproduced in preceding a frame corresponding to an I-picture, among picture data in GOPs in reproduction is designated as a start-frame, a controller Mp controls to execute the repetitive reproduction across the start-frame and an end-frame by controlling an optical pickup Pu, a memory Dmp for storing picture data and an MPEG decoder Mpg to fetch the B-picture of the frame corresponding to the decoded start-frame.

Abstract: A digital audio/video disk recorder allows faster than real time recordation of audio/video data and the recordation of audio/video data before the activation of a record function. A Random Access Memory (RAM) buffer records audio/video data on a continuous basis so that such data has been recorded before the record function has been activated. Time code data based upon time code generated by a time code generator, the time code data accurately reflecting the presence of pre-record data, is saved to disk storage along with the audio/video data recorded.

Abstract: A finder indication optical system, in which an indication device is provided, includes a correction surface provided in the finder indication optical system to correct an astigmatic difference thereof. The origin of the correction surface is defined on the optical axis; the optical axis defines an X-axis; the transverse direction of the correction surface, perpendicular to the X-axis, defines a Y-axis; the longitudinal direction of the correction surface, perpendicular to the X-axis, defines a Z-axis; the coordinates of the center of the correction surface are (&agr;,&bgr;); and the absolute value of curvature C in a section parallel with a X-Z plane, at the coordinates (y, z) of the correction surface, is |CZ(y, z)|. The correction surface is formed so that the absolute value |CZ(y, z)| of the curvature C increases as the absolute value of z at y=&agr; increases.

Abstract: A camera including a liquid crystal display in which an image formed by a photographing lens system of the camera is indicated; an ocular viewing optical system which includes a half-mirror surface and an eyepiece lens system, the half-mirror surface reflecting the image of the liquid crystal display toward the eyepiece lens system, so that the reflected image can be viewed through the eyepiece lens system; and a direct viewing optical system for viewing the image of the liquid crystal display through the half-mirror surface.

Abstract: A leading edge chuck provided at a leading edge clamp unit and a trailing edge chuck provided at a trailing edge clamp unit are removable from a rotating drum. Therefore, a direction in which the rotating drum rotates in order for printing plates to be mounted thereon, a direction of rotation when the printing plates are exposed, and a direction of rotation in order for the printing plates to be removed from the rotating drum may all be made into a same, single direction. Accordingly, labor impacting working effectiveness, such as switching the rotational direction of the rotating drum, can be eliminated, and image exposure can be conducted rapidly.

Abstract: A substrate processing method for forming a resist film on a wafer with a base film being formed, and performing an exposure processing and a developing processing for the resist film to thereby form a desired resist pattern, has a base reflected light analyzing step of radiating a light of the same wavelength as an exposure light radiated during the exposure processing to the base film and analyzing a reflected light, before forming the resist film, and a processing condition control step of controlling at least one of a resist film forming condition and an exposure processing condition, based on the analysis of the reflected light. The method makes it possible to control a line width of a resist pattern with high precision.

Abstract: In an automatic processing apparatus for photographic-processing a film, the apparatus includes: a processing station for photographic-processing the film; a scanner for scanning the film on the way of a photographic-processing on the processing station; an image data memory device for storing image date acquired by the scanner; and an image output device for outputting the image data stored in the image data memory device in parallel with a following photographic-processing.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided that improve the registration between the color separation images. The systems and methods control the output of the image data for one or more of the color separation images and the velocity of an image-carrying member to remove or reduce registration offsets based on determined position and velocity of the image-carrying member. A position-determining sensor on an image-carrying member device module is used to determine the process-direction position of the image-carrying member to provide real time motion information. A position-determining controller determines the process-direction position of the image-carrying member by detecting a pattern of position-determining marks using the position-determining sensor and processing the detected data through averaging or correlation to eliminate detection errors.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming apparatus that has a plurality of image forming stations for forming an image on a recording material, each of the plurality of image forming stations having a memory, and writing device for writing data into the memories, wherein when the image is formed on the recording material without at least one of the image forming stations being used, the writing device writes use data into the memory of the station used and the memory of the station not used.

Abstract: A liquid developing device comprises a storage tank, a concentration sensor, a level sensor, a concentrated-ink supply pump, a carrier supply pump, an ink discharge pump, and a controller. The storage tank stores ink, including toner and carrier, for developing a photoconductor. The concentration sensor measures a concentration of ink to be supplied to the photoconductor. The level sensor measures the amount of ink stored in the storage tank. The concentrated-ink supply pump sends concentrated ink to the storage tank. The carrier supply pump sends carrier to the storage tank. The ink discharge pump discharges excessive ink from the storage tank. Based on measurement value and amount from the concentration tank and the level sensor, the controller controlls the concentrated-ink supply pump, the carrier supply pump, and the ink discharge pump, so that the concentration and amount of ink stored in the storage tank is retained at a predetermined level.

Abstract: A process cartridge detachably mountable to the main assembly of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, the process cartridge includes a first frame; a second frame connected with the first frame for rotation about a shaft; an electrophotographic photosensitive drum provided in the first frame; a developing member, provided in the second frame, for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum with a developer; and a development driving force receiving member for receiving a driving force for rotating the developing member from a main assembly of the apparatus when the process cartridge is mounted to the main assembly of the apparatus, the development driving force receiving member being disposed coaxial with the shaft.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, attachment/detachment guide pins 10 and 11 are disposed on a side face of a belt cartridge 12. Attachment/detachment guide grooves 30, 31, and 32 which guide the attachment/detachment guide pins 10 and 11 are disposed in a frame 29 of a main unit of an image forming apparatus. A belt tension applying mechanism including a tension link 13 and a spring 15 is disposed on the side of the apparatus main unit. When the belt cartridge 12 is to be attached to the apparatus main unit, the cartridge is attached along the attachment/detachment guide grooves 30, 31, and 32, so that the rotation shaft of a tension roller 4 is easily and surely engaged with the belt tension applying mechanism 13 and 15.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprises an image bearing member for bearing an electrostatic image; a developing means for developing the electrostatic image on said image bearing member by toners charged with a predetermined polarity; a transfer means for transferring a toner image on said image bearing member to a transferring material; an electrifying means for inject-charging the image bearing member having transfer residual toners; an electrical conductive member provided and spaced apart from said image bearing member in a moving direction of the image bearing member downstream further than said transfer means and upstream further than said electrifying means; and an electrical field forming means for forming an alternative electrical field between said electrical conductive member and said image bearing member.