Abstract: A torque converter includes a turbine impeller integrally connected to a pump impeller, a side-cover having a boss and covering the turbine impeller, and a turbine shaft extending through the boss and connected to the turbine impeller. A radial bearing and a one-way clutch are disposed axially adjacent to each other between the boss of the side-cover and the turbine shaft. The radial bearing serves to retain the boss and the turbine shaft concentrically, and the one-way clutch connects the turbine shaft and the side-cover to each other, when a back load is applied to the turbine shaft. Therefore, a load received by a clutch element of the one-way clutch such as a sprig between the turbine shaft and the side-cover is equalized. Thus, when a back load is applied to the turbine shaft, a slipping between the turbine impeller and the pump impeller is prevented, thereby providing a good engine brake effect.

Abstract: A multiplate lockup clutch for use in fluid, principally in a torque converter is provided with a multiplicity of friction plates. Each of the friction plates is provided on a friction surface thereof with at least one combined groove, preferably, a plurality of combined grooves. Each combined groove consists of a first groove and a second groove. The first groove extends from an inner circumferential edge to an outer circumferential edge of the friction plate and communicates an inner circumference and an outer circumference of the friction plate with each other. The second groove intersects the first groove and extends in a circumferential direction of the friction plate. As an alternative, a multiplate lockup clutch useful in fluid, primarily in a torque converter is provided with a multiplicity of friction plates, and each of the friction plates is shaped in a waveform as viewed in a circumferential direction thereof.

Abstract: A shift controller (56) used with a selective clutch assembly. The selective clutch assembly includes an automatic clutch device for automatically disengaging and engaging a clutch (3) with a clutch actuator (4), and a manual clutch device for disengaging and engaging the clutch (3) upon stamping of a clutch pedal (62). In order to shift a gear position of a transmission (2) by a so-called double clutching operation, the clutch (3) is disengaged, a transmission (2) is brought into a neutral condition, the clutch (3) is engaged, an engine revolution speed is amended, the clutch is disengaged again and a certain transmission gear is engaged. When the clutch pedal (62) is kept stamped for a predetermined period after start of the shifting, however, the shifting is prohibited.

Abstract: The invention concerns a sub-assembly of a hydrodynamic converter which is comprised of an overrunning clutch with bearing rings, a stator of with integrated overrunning clutch outer ring, as well as two thrust bearings.

Abstract: A face clutch coupling device between rotating members comprises a first clutch element and a second clutch element which have face teeth and are movable relative to one another between a disengagement position and an engagement position in which the rotating members are coupled for rotation with one another. The device also comprises braking means which are associated with the clutch elements and by virtue of which, when there is relative motion between the rotating members, a preliminary driving interaction of the rotating members is brought about in the engagement position.

Abstract: A baulkring-type synchronizer (18) for frictionally synchronizing and positive connecting gears (14,16) to a shaft (12). The synchronizer includes a cone clutch surfaces (24,48) and (26,50) which are engaged by an operator shift force and limit means (54,56) producing a counter force for decreasing the amount of operator shift force transmitted to cone clutch friction surfaces in response to the synchronizing torque exceeding a predetermined amount.

Abstract: A viscous fluid coupling includes a housing rotatably supported to a drive shaft of an engine. An operation plate set in the housing divides a space of the housing into a reservoir and an operation chamber. The operation plate has a communication hole communicating the reservoir and the operation chamber. A rotor fixed to the drive shaft is disposed in the operation chamber. A valve mechanism installed to the operation plate to close and open the communication hole according to ambient temperature of the housing. A driven wheel fixed to the housing is located between the operation plate and the rotor. A torque transmitting section includes a first annular projection concentrically formed on the driven wheel and a plurality of second annular projections concentrically formed on the rotor. The first annular projections are overlappedly adjacent to the second annular projections so as to establish fluid coupling therebetween through the viscous fluid.

Abstract: A coin handling method and a device which can prevent functions from being degraded by adoption of an escrow mechanism in order to temporarily hold a plurality of inserted coins to provide convenience and to prevent counterfeit coins from being used and also to provide a normal operation even if any coins are temporarily held at the time when the power is turned on. The inserted coins are temporarily held in an escrow passage, the number of temporarily held coins can be determined arbitrarily, and the coins inserted not less than the determined number are returned by an operation of a authentic/counterfeit sorting lever in order to return the inserted coin. And, to collect coins, a return passage lever and a coin box passage lever are operated depending on the states of respective portions so to guide the coins temporarily held in the escrow passage to a coin tube, a return passage or a coin box passage.

Abstract: An escalator or moving walkway is provided with a guide device to maintain the positions of the steps or plates with respect to the escalator sides. A respective guide device is provided at each step side which guides the steps laterally in the horizontal direction and insures a minimum spacing of the step from the base plate of the escalator balustrade base. In the forward run portion of the step belt the guide device engages the base plate, while in the return run portions of the step belt, the guide device engages the side surface of a second guide for chain rollers.

Abstract: A lubricating device for an escalator or moving walkway provides a lubricant container connected by way of lines with lubrication points which are arranged at a base plate which forms lateral borders for the escalator/moving walkway step belt or plate belt. Sliding pads are provided at the escalator steps of the step belt or at the plates of the plate belt which project slightly beyond the side edges of the steps or plates and, when sliding past the lubrication points, receive lubricant and subsequently transfer it to the base plate.

Abstract: A plurality of flat timing belts each has parallel spaced teeth, and opposite end portions of each belt are attached to a carriage by corresponding relatively adjustable clamping blocks and plates. The belts extend around a common drive sprocket on a drive shaft connected to a drive having a reversible electric motor. The belts also extend around corresponding tail sprockets on a tail shaft, and adjacent tail sprockets are free to rotate relative to each other. A clamping block for each belt is adjusted to obtain the same tension in all belts so that each belt may be operated at its full rated capacity. The belt drive system may be used for transferring or shuttling a plurality of tool trays laterally with respect to a working station at a conveyor assembly line and storage stations on opposite sides of the working station.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a device and to a device for conveying loose objects from a supply station to a delivery station, wherein a conveyor is used by means of which trays containing objects can be moved. The conveyor includes at least one carrier for receiving said trays, which carrier can be moved in an intended direction of movement with the aid of driving means and which can be selectively pivoted about a pivot axis at at least one desired location. The object is either removed from the tray by pivoting the carrier about the respective pivot axis, whereby the object slides off the tray in a first direction, or the tray and the object are jointly removed from the carrier by moving the tray and the object in a second direction transversely to said first direction.

Abstract: The vessel or vessels (7, 7′, 7″) in contact with the solvent used for cleaning the conveyor (T) are designed and arranged in such a way that they are enclosed, and the portion of conveyor belt which is wetted with solvent is also isolated by suitable means from contact with the external environment containing the ventilation air of the painting chamber. In a preferred solution, where rotating scraping cylinders (1, 5) are used, the solvent vessel (7, 7′, 7″) is placed in such a way that it is enclosed by the two successive cleaning cylinders, by the portion of conveyor belt which runs between these cylinders, and by its lateral walls which are as close as possible to the said cylinders and to the said portion of the conveyor belt. At the end of each painting cycle, clean solvent is made to flow into the solvent vessel and the cleaning cylinders and the conveyor belt of the painting machine are temporarily kept active so that they clean themselves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for training a troughing conveyor belt are provided. The apparatus includes a training roller enclosing a concentric shaft. The training roller is rotatably connected to the shaft. In addition, the training roller is pivotable relative to the shaft about a pivot axis that is transverse the longitudinal axis of the shaft. The training roller engages the conveyor belt so that the conveyor belt rotates the training roller. When the conveyor belt is properly aligned, the force of the belt against the training roller is equally distributed on both sides of the pivot axis of the training roller. When the belt becomes misaligned, the training roller pivots in response to the unequal force of the conveyor belt on opposite sides of the pivot axis. The belt then travels down the pivoted roller, thereby realigning the belt. The shaft is rotatable between two positions. Rotating the shaft also rotates the pivot axis of the training roller.

Abstract: In a multi-direction switch which is provided with a central switch and peripheral switches arranged about it and in which a keytop (40) is pressed to actuate a desired one of the switches, arms (52) of a pusher (50) are fixed to the underside of the keytop (40) with a central plate portion (71) of a frame (70) held between the the underside of the keytop (40) and the base (51) of the pusher (50) to provide therebetween a gap (4G) in which the keytop (40) is pivotable relative to the frame (70).

Abstract: Auxiliary fixed contacts electrically connected to a fixed contact of other lane are provided in blank areas which resides in shift positions to which a moving contact member moved along with a shift lever is positioned and in which the fixed contact corresponding to the lane of first to fifth lanes is absent. Since the auxiliary fixed contacts are provided in the portions of the blank areas in which the contact parts have passed over conventionally, contact parts will also make contact with the auxiliary fixed contacts. As a result of this, for example, in a “P” position, in case that chattering occurs between a second fixed contact and the contact part, a predetermined signal can be obtained as long as the auxiliary fixed contact makes contact with the contact part.

Abstract: A sheet shaped key top wherein molded resin key tops are arranged on a sheet, wherein the resin key top is fixed so as to cover the core upper part passing through the sheet, allowing to vary easily the key top design, and permitting a high manufacturing yielding, and a manufacturing method thereof.

Abstract: Indene is produced from an indene-containing coal tar distillate by adding a glycol to the indene-containing coal tar distillate and then conducting azeotropic distillation to obtain an indene fraction while eliminating benzonitrile from the indene-containing coal tar distillate.

Abstract: A system for a method of applying a coating to an insulative substrate. The method includes applying a coating material to the insulative substrate by physical vapor deposition to a predetermined thickness at a rate and for a predetermined time which does not cause thermal damage to the insulative substrate. Then, before thermal damage can occur, moving the partially coated substrate proximate and active cooling station device to drive the temperature of the insulative substrate substantially down. The deposition and cooling steps are then repeated until the desired coating thickness is obtained to avoid thermal damage to the substrate.

Abstract: A lift and rotate assembly for use in a workpiece processing station. The lift and rotate assembly includes a body having a slim profile and pins located on opposite sides for mounting the assembly onto a tool frame. The lift and rotate assembly is removably and pivotally mounted to an exposed outer surface of the frame. The lift and rotate assembly has a body, a process head movably connected to the body, and control components mounted within the body and configured to move the process head relative to the body. The lift and rotate assembly in one embodiment is positionable in a forward, operating position with the body adjacent to the frame, and in a tilted, service position with the body tilted away from the frame.

Abstract: In ion plating in which a substrate is held on a substrate holder placed in an evacuated vacuum chamber and plasma is generated in the vacuum chamber to be formed into a film, a bias voltage composed of a negative bias component having a predetermined negative voltage value for a predetermined output time and a pulse bias component corresponding to a pulse output having a constant positive value for a predetermined time and output with a cycle set in the rage of 1 kHz-1 GHz is supplied to the inside of the vacuum chamber through the substrate holder by a power supply unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a NOx gas detecting apparatus which is capable of detecting a NOx gas at a low concentration with high accuracy over a long period of time even if Au or impurities contained in exhaust gas adheres to a cathode of a NOx detecting cell, and which is excellent in startability and responsivity. The NOx detecting apparatus comprises an oxygen pumping cell for removing oxygen from a measurement gas, and a NOx detecting cell. The NOx detecting cell includes, as a cathode, a cermet electrode composed of a Pt-Pd alloy, a Pt-Au-Pd alloy, or a Pt-Pd-Rh alloy along with a ceramic component. An addition amount of Pd to the alloy is preferably from 1 to 90 wt %. A weight ratio of Pd to Au in the Pt-Au-Pd alloy is preferably not less than 1.67. An addition amount of Rh in the Pt-Pd-Rh alloy is not more than 30 wt %.

Abstract: In a method for controlling sample introduction in microcolumn separation techniques, more particularly in capillary electrophoresis (CE), where a sample is injected as a sample plug into a sampling device which comprises at least a channel for the electrolyte buffer and a supply and drain channel for the sample. The supply and drain channels discharge into the electolyte channel at respective supply and drain ports. The distance between the supply port and the drain port geometrically defines a sample volume. The injection of the sample plug into the electrolyte channel is accomplished electrokinetically by applying an electric field across the supply and drain channels for a time at least long enough that the sample component having the lowest electrophoretic mobility is contained within the geometrically defined volume. The supply and drain channels each are inclined to the electrolyte channel. Means are provided for electrokinetically injecting the sample into the sample volume.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for moving, isolating and/or identifying particles in a sample by placing said sample in a spatially varying electrical field wherein the spatially varying electrical field is following a mathematical nonmonotonous function, selected from the group consisting of linear, hyperbolic, parabolic, parabolic functions or y˜xp/q and combinations thereof wherein p q means an integer. Also various devices are disclosed for performing the method.

Abstract: The present invention provides an integrated, fully automated, high-throughput system for two-dimensional electrophoresis comprised of gel-making machines, gel processing machines, gel compositions and geometries, gel handling systems, sample preparation systems, software and methods. The system is capable of continuous operation at high-throughput to allow construction of large quantitative data sets.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrophoresis separation medium having a gel matrix of at least one random, linear copolymer comprising a primary comonomer and at least one secondary comonomer, wherein the comonomers are randomly distributed along the copolymer chain. The primary comonomer is an acrylamide or an acrylamide derivative that provides the primary physical, chemical, and sieving properties of the gel matrix. The at least one secondary comonomer imparts an inherent physical, chemical, or sieving property to the copolymer chain. The primary and secondary comonomers are present in a ratio sufficient to induce desired properties that optimize electrophoresis performance. The invention also relates to a method of separating a mixture of biological molecules using this gel matrix, a method of preparing the novel electrophoresis separation medium, and a capillary tube filled with the electrophoresis separation medium.

Abstract: An electrophoretic coating process of the surface of a sample in a bath, and a coating system, in which, during the flow of an electrophoretic current, one subjects the bath or the sample to vibrational movements so as to produce vaporous cavitations in the vicinity of the surface of the sample. The vibrations may be applied only in an initial phase of the beginning of current flow and/or only in a second phase at the end of current flow. In the system, the vibrations are generated using vibrational generators positioned in only at least one of the beginning and end positions of the container holding the bath.

Abstract: A method for plating an electrically conductive substance, which includes the steps of contacting the electrically conductive substance with a plating agent in dilute solution, in which the plating agent is present in a concentration of 200 mM at most, and subjecting the plating agent adjacent to the electrically conducive substance to an electric field.

Abstract: A plating bath which accommodates an insoluble node and a printed-circuit board, and a copper dissolved bath which supplies copper ions are arranged. The insoluble anode Is arranged as opposed to the printed-circuit board being a cathode, and a forward/reverse current is applied between both of the electrodes. Iron ions are added to a plating solution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for removing a chemical product species produced by electrochemical action at an electrode or by a chemical reaction which occurs at the surface of a solid catalyst. The method involves providing a flow of a host solution generally parallel to a surface at which a chemical reaction occurs. The flow of the host solution causes the products from the chemical reaction to be entrained in a thin boundary layer which moves along the surface. These products can be removed from a cell by withdrawing the boundary layer from the cell as it reaches the trailing edge of the surface. The products may additionally be removed at intermediate points along the surface to prevent the host solution from becoming depleted. Various apparatus for practising this method are also described. The apparatus and method are capable of removing a desired product species in a more highly concentrated form than is possible with commonly available current techniques and apparatus.

Abstract: A chemical sensor (1) for selectively detecting an analyte in a solution as described. The sensor comprises a flow-through chamber (2), a selective membrane (3), a transducer means (4), an inlet (5) for a liquid flow containing a recognition element, and an outlet (6). There is also described a method of selectively detecting an analyte in a solution, wherein a recognition element is contacted with the solution containing the analyte via a selective membrane, said contact resulting in a response detectable by transducer means. The recognition element is injected into a flow, the flow is passed into a flow-through chamber comprising a transducer means and the selective membrane, where it is contacted with the analyte passing from the solution outside the selective membrane, whereby the recognition element and the analyte interact to provide a signal which is detected by the transducer means.

Abstract: A one-piece paper or cardboard blank is converted into a hinged-lid cigarette pack wherein a box-shaped housing has a rear wall connected to the rear wall of a cover pivotable to and from a closed position in which it closes an opening at the top of the housing. The cover and the housing include sections which are respectively connected to the main portions of the housing and cover by weakened portions and are adjacent each other in the closed position of the cover. An adhesive revenue label or coupon is bonded to the outer sides of the sections and is manually or mechanically removed from the cigarette pack, with or relative to the sections, if a visual or automatic inspection of the freshly made cigarette pack reveals that its condition does not meet a predetermined standard.

Abstract: The disc carrying case includes a housing defining a chamber in which the disc is stored. An elongated slot provides access to the chamber, such that the disc moves edgewise through the slot when it is transferred into and out of the chamber. A pair of tracks aligned with the slot serve to support the disc within the chamber by only the outer rim thereof. Furthermore, a spring biased catch located within the chamber automatically projects into the mounting hole of the disc, when the disc has been sufficiently inserted into the chamber, to prevent relative edgewise movement of the disc. While the disc is held by the catch, an ejector engages the outer edge of the disc and exerts a yieldable ejection bias thereagainst. Removal of the catch from the mounting hole is caused by actuation of a release mechanism. Such removal of the catch permits the ejector to urge the disc out of the chamber.

Abstract: A non-flaccid hollow golf club head cover includes a head portion that is contoured to fit firmly over a head of a golf club, and a shaft portion that is contiguous to the head portion to enclose a segment of a golf club shaft. The outer surface of the body is established in part by a cushioning foam material, while the inner surface is established by a soft, velvety material.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a fastening element with less generation of jamming at the time of operation. Because a fastening element comprises a plurality of a unit fastening element arranged adjacently, the unit fastening element comprising a filament section, an inserting head section equipped with a suitable engagement section located at one end of the filament section, and a socket section equipped with a hole for irreversibly passing the inserting head section located at the other end of the filament section, the fastening element characterized in that a plurality of the socket sections or their vicinities arranged adjacent to each other are temporarily fixed to the connection bar section individually installed, respectively, and a plurality of optional filament sections adjacent to each other are separably fixed temporarily, jamming is less generated when the operator couples the fastening element by the coupler gun.

Abstract: The article holder and protector is an improved, wall-mounted enclosure device for a sanitary brush protector. The device measures four inches long by three and one half inches wide by two inches deep. The improved device includes a housing, which encases a rear housing and is attached to the Velcro and placed securely on the wall. The said improved device has a see-through door that closes to protect the brushes from germs, caused from coughing, sneezing and water splashing. The improved device can be detached for use in travel. The said improved device can be made in different colors to match any bathroom decor.

Abstract: A multiple capacity surgical needle immobilization safety device is provided for use in disposal of needles during medical treatment. The device can be included in a procedure kit or trays where several needles and cannulas, up to five per tray, are provided as a set to be used sequentially in performing a specific procedure such as spinal block or other anesthesia.

Abstract: A first construction of a tray for electronic parts according to the present invention is provided with an engaging cut-out corner portion which is formed by cutting a corner portion of a table-like flat portion which is arranged diagonally with respect to a cut-out corner portion. A second construction of a tray for electronic parts according to the present invention is provided with a pawl engaging protruding portion which is formed on a step-like peripheral edge portion above a cut-out portion. In a third construction of a tray for electronic parts according to the present invention, when two trays are stacked up so that the top faces thereof face each other, an engaging first-shaped protrusion which is formed around a predetermined pocket of one tray engages an engaging second-shaped protrusion which is formed around a predetermined pocket of the other tray.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for conversion of hydrocarbons in the presence of at least one catalyst with controlled acidity, characterized in that the level of activity of said catalyst in isomerization of the cyclohexane is less than 0.10 and/or in that the ratio of toluene hydrogenation activity to the cyclohexane isomerization activity is greater than 10. The invention relates to a process of conversion of hydrocarbons in the presence of at least one catalyst with controlled acidity, characterized in that the level of activity of said catalyst in isomerization of the cyclohexane is less than 0.10 and/or in that the ratio of toluene hydrogenation activity to the cyclohexane isomerization activity is greater than 10.

Abstract: A water softener and a method of operating the same are provided to allow for the efficient use of either NaCl or KCl as the regenerant salt. A user interface is provided to allow the user to indicate to the computer controlling the water softener whether NaCl or KCl is being used. The computer controller adjusts the fill time and brine time, depending on the type of regenerant salt used and on the temperature of the brine.

Abstract: A temporary silt guard for temporarily enclosing the open upper end of a drop inlet during the construction of a road system in commercial and residential developments is adapted to fit over and seat upon the open end of the drop inlet to enable runoff water to drain into the drop inlet while preventing silt and debris from being carried into and collected therein. The silt guard includes a body portion formed from a series of spaced slats defining radially spaced passages through the silt guard. A filter cover is received over the silt guard, formed from a silt screen material, with the slats of the body portion providing rigidity and strength to the filter cover. The filter cover filters out silt and debris while enabling storm water and runoff to drain into the drop inlet.

Abstract: A water filtering system for a refrigerator determines a need for a filter change by timing the period of actuation of at least one valve used to regulate the flow of filtered water to both a water dispenser and an ice maker. Based on a known flow rate, a volume of filtered water associated with the duration of valve actuation is calculated. A summing device determines an accumulated, filtered water volume. When the accumulated, filtered water volume reaches or exceeds a threshold value, an indicator is used to signal that the water filter needs to be replaced. As water filtering system of the invention is capable of being operated without a water filter in place, a switch assembly is incorporated to sense the presence of the water filter and the system only senses the valve actuation time when the filter is in place. In addition, provisions are made to reset the accumulated, filtered water volume upon replacement of the water filter.

Abstract: The rotary flat membrane separation apparatus comprises: a plurality of hollow rotary shafts; a plurality of rotary flat membrane disks mounted on each of the plurality of hollow rotary shafts at regular intervals, the plurality of rotary flat membrane disks mounted on adjacent two of the plurality of hollow rotary shafts being alternately arranged side by side in equal intervals; and a plurality of collars, each of the plurality of collars being arranged between adjacent two of the plurality of rotary flat membrane disks mounted on each of the plurality of hollow rotary shafts. The apparatus is characterized in that a diameter of the collars is between 0.18-0.34 times a diameter of the rotary flat membrane disks. Thus, the effective membrane area can be as large as possible while preventing the vibration of the rotary flat membrane disks caused by the rotation.

Abstract: A filter unit is disclosed suitable for use in a filter housing. The filter unit comprises superposed and spaced-apart inclined lamellar structures, preferably in the form of hollow truncated cones, each having a lower end side opposite an upper end side and a passage for a flow of liquid between each two of the lamellar structures. Each passage has an inlet for receiving an inflow of liquid to be filtered and an outlet for discharging an outflow of filtered liquid. In each of the passages, an overflow dam wall following a sinuous path is obstructing the flow of liquid and retains particulate matter contained in the liquid. Mounting means are also provided for mounting the filter unit vertically in a filter housing. The invention also concerns a prefilter comprising a filter unit as described above mounted vertically in a filter housing. Such prefilter can advantageously be used at the outlet of a septic tank.

Abstract: A substantially clog-resistant self-supporting fluid filter for attachment to a discharge tube or the like, comprising a cylindrically shaped grid open at both ends, having a first plurality of substantially parallel ribs crossed by and fastened to a second plurality of substantially parallel ribs at an angle to the first plurality of ribs. Spaces or apertures formed between each adjacent pair of parallel ribs provides passage for liquids to be filtered there through. A circular shaped stop member or snap-on cap having raised radial spacers or lugs is attached to one end of the filter, and prevents the end of the discharge tube slidably inserted into the filter from hitting the top surface of the snap-on cap. Snap-on cap has clips on the outer diameter of the top surface that securely attach the cap to the filter. The fluid filter further comprises a snap-on nipple insert for sealingly engaging the discharge tube and attaching the discharge tube to the filter.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed in which alkanes such as butane are used to degrade pollutants such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT) at contaminated sites. In a preferred embodiment, pollutant concentrations are reduced by injecting a butane substrate into a contaminated area to stimulate the growth of anaerobic butane-utilizing bacteria which degrade the pollutants. In addition to the anaerobic treatment, the area may optionally be treated aerobically by switching from anaerobic to aerobic conditions.

Abstract: Nonporous beads having an average diameter of about 0.5-100 microns are suitable for chromatographic separation of mixtures of polynucleotides when the beads comprise a nonporous particle which are coated with a polymer or which have substantially all surface substrate groups endcapped with a non-polar hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon group. The beads provide efficient separation of polynucleotides using Matched Ion Polynucleotide Chromatography.

Abstract: Phosphate-contaminated water passes through a domestic sewage treatment system, in which oxidation of the ammonium progresses far enough to cause a lowering of the pH to 5 or less. The water is passed over sand grains coated with aluminum hydroxide (gibbsite). Enough Al3+ ions enter solution, at the low pH, to cause all the phosphate-P to precipitate as aluminum phosphate, and nothing else precipitates other than the aluminum phosphate.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for treating sewage sludge or similar organic sludge in which dewatered sludge cake and an alkaline admixture are mixed and then dried under pasteurisation conditions utilising heat from the exothermic reaction with the alkali, in which drying is effected by extraction of moisture evaporated from the mixture by the exothermic heat.

Abstract: Irradiation can be carried out with direct or indirect sunlight. Ozonisation and irradiation can be carried out simultaneously or the irradiation can be carried out after ozonisation. The ozonisation can be carried out in the presence of a catalyst in homogeneous phase.