Abstract: A video signal conversion part of a horizontal deflection circuit deletes a prescribed number of horizontal scanning lines from a vertical blanking interval of an input video signal and assigns a time corresponding to the deleted horizontal scanning lines to horizontal blanking intervals of the remaining horizontal scanning lines thereby extending the horizontal blanking interval of each horizontal scanning line and outputting a video signal. A synchronizing signal separation circuit extracts a horizontal synchronizing signal and a vertical synchronizing signal from the video signal output from the video signal conversion part. An output part of the horizontal deflection circuit supplies a sawtooth horizontal deflection current to a horizontal deflection yoke in synchronization with the horizontal synchronizing signal output from the synchronizing signal separation circuit.

Abstract: In so-called multi-angle broadcasting for broadcasting one program by using a plurality of broadcast channels, attendant information is transmitted which indicates the composite display position and the size of a video picture. A receiver produces a composite display of the video picture in accordance with the attendant information. This produces, for example in an automobile racing program, a composite display of video pictures of respective cars in combination with a video picture of the entire racing course in accordance with the positions of the respective cars racing along the race course, to allow a viewer to enjoy viewing the positions of the respective cars and the video pictures of the respective cars at the same time.

Abstract: A display system is provided, which makes it possible to switch automatically from a single image mode to a dual image mode, and vice versa, without input of any switching signal. When an image displayed on the screen of the display device in the single image mode according to the first video input sent through the first input line, the first detector outputs the first detection signal. Thereafter, if the second detector detects the synchronizing signal of the second video input sent thorough the second input line, the second detector outputs the second detection signal This means that the switch receives both of the first and second detection signals in this state. As a result, the switch selects the dual image mode and accordingly, the two images are simultaneously displayed on the screen of the display device.

Abstract: A method of determining the position of a TV camera relative to a patterned panel being viewed by the TV camera including the steps of:

Abstract: An icon representing a virtual player is displayed on a television screen, together with a real player in a current live event so that the progress of the real player can be compared by a viewer against the progress of the icon which can represent a previous performance.

Abstract: Provided are a video signal processor and a video signal processing method. The video signal processor consists mainly of a sharpening circuit, a non-correlation detecting circuit, and a noise level detecting circuit. The sharpening circuit filters an input luminance signal using a transversal filter, multiplies the luminance signal by a predetermined factor, adjusts a time lag the luminance signal undergoes, and adds the resultant luminance signal to an original luminance signal. The non-correlation detecting circuit performs non-correlation detection to discriminate a portion of the filtered luminance signal, which contains only a noise, from a portion thereof, which contains a noise and exhibits a fluctuation, according to a predetermined threshold voltage. The noise level detecting circuit detects a noise level. When a received luminance signal portion is detected to contain only a noise, the sharpening circuit cancels the noise contained in the luminance signal portion.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a tape media compressed motion picture data reader for reading out compressed motion picture data from tape media, random access media, a compressed motion picture data transfer device for transferring compressed motion picture data from the tape media compressed motion picture data reader to the random access media, and a data comparator for comparing data between consecutive frames, whereby a frame accompanied by a scene change is detected by using the result of comparison.

Abstract: The present invention realizes a small-size and inexpensive television tuner's intermediate frequency tuning circuit that can be used for both television intermediate frequency signals and FM broadcast signals frequency-converted to 10.7 MHz. The television tuner's intermediate frequency tuning circuit comprises: a parallel tuning circuit to both ends of which a television intermediate frequency signal or an FM broadcast signal frequency-converted to 10.7 MHz is inputted; a series tuning circuit connected in parallel to the parallel tuning circuit; and switch means, connected in parallel to a capacitive element of the series tuning circuit, that is closed when the intermediate frequency signal is inputted, and opened when the FM broadcast signal is inputted, wherein the respective tuning frequencies of the parallel tuning circuit and the series tuning circuit are set to 10.

Abstract: Disclosed is an intermediate frequency circuit of a digital television tuner having a flat transmission characteristic in an intermediate frequency band and in which a transistor is prevented from being destroyed by a shock wave such as static electricity applied on the output side. This intermediate frequency circuit has: a transistor for amplifying a television signal in an intermediate frequency band; a low-pass filter provided between a collector of the transistor and an output terminal; and a parallel tuning circuit provided between the collector of the transistor and the ground. Each of a cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter and a tuning frequency of the parallel tuning circuit is set to be equal to or higher than the intermediate frequency band.

Abstract: There is provided an active matrix substrate which enables to shorten a fabrication process of a pixel electrode, improve exposure precision by self alignment, and prevent leakage failures between pixel electrodes. The active matrix substrate has TFTs disposed in the shape of a matrix. On a light permeable substrate, there are formed gate signal lines and capacity lines. On a gate insulating film on the lines, there are formed in sequence a semiconductor layer, a source electrode and a drain electrode separated right and left by a channel protection layer. Thus, the TFTs are fabricated. Then, the entire substrate is covered with an interlayer insulating film. On top of the interlayer insulating film, there are formed pixel electrodes, which are connected to the TFTs through contact holes piercing through the interlayer insulating film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device and method for manufacturing the same in which a plurality of patterns are formed on one substrate reduces the manufacturing cost and simplifies the process steps by minimizing the number of masks required to form the patterns. The LCD device includes first and second substrates, a thin film transistor (TFT) formed in a predetermined region on the first substrate, a pixel electrode formed in a pixel region on the first substrate, a color filter layer formed on the pixel electrode, a black matrix pattern formed in a region other than the pixel electrode, and a liquid crystal layer formed between the first and second substrates. The method for manufacturing the LCD device having a pixel region defined by gate and data lines, includes the steps of forming a TFT on a first substrate, forming a black matrix pattern in a region other than the pixel region, forming a pixel electrode in the pixel region, and forming a color filter layer on the pixel electrode.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method of a color liquid crystal display device, a first conductive film is formed on a transparent insulating substrate to form a gate electrode and a gate bus line (first PR process). A gate insulating film, a semiconductor layer, an ohmic layer, and a second conductive film are deposited to form an island of a thin film transistor and a drain bus line (second PR process). Then, color filters in respective three colors are formed in their respective predetermined regions on the transparent insulating substrate in succession (third through fifth PR processes). A black matrix is formed, and a drain electrode and a source electrode are formed in the island by removing the second conductive film and ohmic layer on a region corresponding to the channel region by using the black matrix as a mask (sixth PR process). Then, a planarization film and a pixel electrode are formed (seventh and eighth PR processes).

Abstract: A display panel having electrode wiring, a circuit board for supplying voltage to electrode wiring, a sheet material for electrically connecting the electrode wiring to circuit board, a frame for holding the display panel, and a restraint member for restraining the circuit board. The sheet material and the frame are restrained from moving relative to each other in a plane direction.

Abstract: Binary optics are used in an illumination system for a color projection display. In one embodiment a broad spectrum light source illuminates a multilevel optical phase element which disperses the broad spectrum light from the light source by diffraction. A display having a number of pixel elements, each capable of transmitting a predetermined spectral region, is positioned within the near field region of the multilevel optical phase element so as to receive the light dispersed by the multilevel phase element.

Abstract: A pixel electrode for driving liquid crystal is formed on a planarization insulator film covering a thin film transistor, and a vertical alignment film is formed on the pixel electrode without rubbing treatment. A direction control window that is electrode-free portion is formed in a common electrode, and a vertical alignment film is formed on the common electrode without rubbing treatment. The liquid crystal having negative dielectric constant anisotropy is controlled in an initial alignment of the substantially normal direction without pretilt. Upon applying a voltage, the tilt of the alignment is controlled in the direction of a slanting electric field at the edge of the pixel electrode and the edge of the direction control window so that a pixel division can be performed. A black matrix between pixels is eliminated and a light shielding film is formed only in the region corresponding to the thin film transistors so that light leakage is prevented.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display device of the present invention has the following construction. A transparent electrode is provided via color filter layer on a transparent substrate positioned at the upper side of the device. A metallic reflective electrode is provided on a substrate positioned at the lower side of the device. An alignment layer is provided on the transparent electrode and on the metallic reflective electrode respectively. The transparent substrate positioned at the upper side and the substrate positioned at the lower side are arranged parallel to each other with alignment films provided on the transparent electrode and on the metallic reflective electrode facing each other. A liquid crystal layer is provided between the alignment films. A scattering film is provided on a surface of the transparent substrate positioned at the upper side opposite to the surface where the transparent electrode is provided.

Abstract: A transflective LCD device improves a light transmittance in both the transmissive mode and the reflective mode and improves efficiency in the use of the light regardless of wavelength. To properly control the ON/OFF-switch of the blue wavelength band or the red wavelength band, the transflective LCD device adopts a half wave plate (&lgr;/2) and changes the optic axes of the polarizers and the retardation film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus, provided with liquid crystal compensation plates and &lgr;/4 plates on both sides of a liquid crystal cell, in a sequence that the liquid crystal compensation plates, then the &lgr;/4 plates. Further provided is Rth compensation film between the &lgr;/4 plate and linear polarization film. Set substantially at zero is a retardation Rth1 in a perpendicular direction in a range from the linear polarization films to the &lgr;/4 plates, excluding the &lgr;/4 plates. This gives a retardation (in a perpendicular direction) for optically compensating the liquid crystal cell a closer position to the liquid crystal cell. As a result, a broad angle of visibility can be maintained, without losing a balance between viewing angle characteristics from the above position (or the bottom position) and those from the right position (or the left position), while it is possible to prevent contrast ratio in a front direction from being lowered.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device of IPS mode, occurrence of a sticking-image and after-image phenomenon is prevented.

Abstract: A liquid crystal displaying apparatus high in display quality is provided which is high in aperture ratio and is free from the cross talk. In an liquid crystal displaying apparatus of the present invention, having an array substrate provided with a plurality of scanning wirings and a plurality of signal wirings, active elements, pixel electrodes, and a first alignment film, and an counter substrate provided with a common electrode and a second alignment film, and a liquid crystal layer where the liquid crystal molecule is aligned by the first and second alignment films positioned on a space between the array substrate and the counter substrate, a third alignment film where mutually different distortion is given to the liquid crystal molecule is formed about the intermediate region between the adjacent pixel electrodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fringe field switching mode liquid crystal display.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a fringe field switching mode liquid crystal display. The disclosed comprises: a lower and an upper substrates disposed opposite to each other at a predetermined distance, having transparency; a counter electrode and a pixel electrode disposed on the inner surface of the lower substrate with a gate insulating layer interposed and made of transparent conductors, forming a fringe field when a electric field is applied; a black matrix and color filter formed on the inner surface of the upper substrate; an ITO layer disposed on the inner surface of the upper substrate which has the black matrix and the color filter therein; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the lower and the upper substrates, including a plurality of liquid crystal molecules of negative dielectric anisotropy. In the FFS mode LCD of the present invention, the counter electrode has a plate shape and the pixel electrode has a slit shape.

Abstract: A sealant pattern is interposed between an upper substrate having a common electrode and a lower substrate having a display area and driving circuits, and surrounds the display area. A liquid crystal layer is formed between the two substrates and inside the display area. Since the liquid crystal layer is not interposed between the driving circuits and the common electrode, a parasitic capacitance generated between bus lines of the driving circuits and the common electrode can be reduced. Moreover, it is possible to form an additional sealant pattern surrounding the driving circuits and inject a material having a lower dielectric constant than the liquid crystal into a region sealed off by the two sealant patterns.

Abstract: A visual therapy method comprising wearing a series of pairs of yoked prismatic glasses wherein each yoked prism comprises a base and apex opposite the base. The series of pairs comprises: lateral base 00 yoked prisms, lateral base 1800 yoked prisms, vertical base 900 yoked prisms, and vertical base 2700 yoked prisms. The method includes performing a regimen of ocular exercises while wearing each pair of yoked prismatic glasses. The exercises include versional and vergence exercises. The yoked prismatic glasses are adapted to stimulate inhibitory and initiatory areas, respectively, of the wearer's visual cortex and, thereby improve visual disorders relating to behavioral visual blockage patterns.

Abstract: An eyeglass frame in which the nose pad is extended from an internal center of a nose bridge connecting both lens rims so that the nose pad may support at an upper surface of the wearer's nose. As in the first example there is a pin like support member protruding from the inner side of the nose bridge allowing for an arc shaped pad to be fixed onto it via a hole located on the pad. In the second example two such protruding support members are joined at the tip via an arc joint and covering this arc joint is a soft multi-sided tube. In the third example a flat plate support member allows for an arc shaped pad to be fixed onto it. This support member and nose bridge is covered over by the arc shaped pad. In the fourth example a block support member located half way up the glass frame has at one end an arc cut out of it and at that same end there are two holes for two pins to be located in allowing for the arc shaped pad to be fixed onto the support member.

Abstract: An optical instrument which allows for perspective viewing of an anaglyphic image with minimal optical distortion. In one embodiment, the instrument relies upon anaglyphic lenses with one lens being formed of a first primary color and a second lens comprised of at least one other primary color. In one aspect, either one or both of the lenses has a diopter strength greater than a conventional filter. In another aspect, one of the lenses has a diopter optical strength greater than that of the other and which thereby reduces distortions which may otherwise arise. Thus, one lens will have a lower diopter than the other. In another embodiment of the invention, a lens density difference between two lenses are used. One lens has a greater density then the other lens within a specified amount. The color variance between two lenses is also specified.

Abstract: A method of treating contact lenses made from polymerizable materials by providing supercritical fluids to the lenses.

Abstract: A method and display are disclosed in which a representation of a 3D model is provided for presentation as a 3D image. The image may be presented under an array of spherical or lenticular microlenses so that different images are presented at different viewing angles. The images are rendered using a set of orthographic projections; this can avoid the need for multiple cameras or the highly computer intensive processing associated with generation of simulated camera images and can also give improved results as compared to prior art multiview images.

Abstract: A tool for placing an identifying mark on a semiconductor wafer has a bundle of optical fibers that can be illuminated in a pattern representing an identifying character. Light from the fibers is focused on a photoresist layer during wafer manufacture and a pattern of dots is etched into the wafer to represent the character. The dots are too small to be seen with the human eye but the character can be read by a human or by a machine. The character is etched as part of a conventional etch step in manufacturing the wafer and it is easily repeated as a series of manufacturing steps obscure the original mark.

Abstract: An ink distribution assembly for a page width ink jet printhead in the form of at least one printhead chip having sets of ink inlet openings, each set having inlet openings for receiving an ink of a particular color to be supplied to the printhead chip, includes a carrier with a printhead side that is engageable with the printhead and an opposed ink supply side. The carrier defines feed openings through the carrier in fluid communication with respective ink inlet openings of the printhead. The ink supply side of the carrier defines a number of discrete feed formations, each feed formation being configured to receive ink of a particular color and to be in fluid communication with inlet opening of a respective set. The printhead side of the carrier defines ink supply formations and the carrier defines passages in fluid communication between the ink supply formations and one of the feed formations. A cover is engageable with the carrier at the ink supply side.

Abstract: An air shower head of an exposure device of photolithography equipment is free of chemical substances that could otherwise contaminate a photoresist layer on a semiconductor wafer and degrade the profile of the photoresist pattern. The air shower head is interposed between a lens system of the exposure device and a wafer stage, and has a hole in the middle thereof through which exposure light can pass to a wafer supported on the stage. The air shower head includes an upper frame defining a cavity open at the bottom thereof, and a porous bottom member covering the bottom of the upper frame. The porous member is mechanically secured to bottom ends of both the inner and outer side walls of the upper frame, i.e., without the use of chemical binders, to reduce the ability of the air shower head to serve as a source of contamination.

Abstract: To achieve for a photographic film conveying device that no external force causing conveying speed to vary is applied to a photographic film during image reading, after a preceding photographic film is discharged from a reading conveying path, the time until a subsequent photographic film is conveyed to the reading conveying path is not long, or even if a photographic film set in a film supplying section is elongate, image reading of photographic films by an image reading section can be carried out efficiently, there is provided a photographic film conveying device comprising a section setting a discharge conveying section in a withdrawn state or a conveying state, a section controlling conveying of preceding and subsequent photographic films, or a section switching a conveying path of a photographic film.

Abstract: A projection exposure apparatus comprises a projection optical system for projecting a pattern of a mask onto a substrate, and the projection optical system includes a pair of diffractive members at least one of which can be displaced in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the projection optical system. Each of the pair of diffractive members has a diffractive surface whose shape is determined so that an optical characteristic of the pair of diffractive members varies when a positional relationship between the diffractive surfaces of the pair of diffractive members in the perpendicular direction varies, and an optical characteristic of the projection optical system is adjusted by displacing the at least one of the pair of diffractive members in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis.

Abstract: Disclosed is an environmental control chamber for sustaining a space for accommodating a main body of a device in an optimized environment for operating the main body of the device by filling fluid therein and circulating the fluid with an air conditioning device along a predetermined course of path in a controlled manner to control temperature and/or humidity and/or a degree of cleanliness of the fluid, having a heat-discharging space disposed in the environmental control chamber at least on the downstream side of the path from a heat source located in the main body of the device and arranged so as to be adiabatic from the space where the main body of the device is disposed; wherein the heat-discharging space is constructed so as to gather heat generated from the main body of the device and the heat gathered is discharged to the air conditioning device by the aid of a flow of the fluid circulating through the path.

Abstract: A projection exposure apparatus has an illumination optical system for illuminating a mask, on which a predetermined pattern is formed, with light from a light source, a projection optical system for forming an image of the pattern of the mask on a photosensitive substrate, a mask stage for holding the mask and moving the mask within a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the projection optical system, a substrate stage for moving the photosensitive substrate within a plane conjugate to the plane with respect to the projection optical system, and an imaging characteristic correction system for correcting an imaging characteristic of the projection optical system. The apparatus synchronously moves the mask and the photosensitive substrate along the optical axis of the projection optical system so as to expose the entire pattern surface of the mask.

Abstract: A system for image-scanning a pixel-mask pattern onto a subject, such as a subject in digital photolithography, is provided. The system includes a pixel panel for generating a pixel pattern formed of pixel elements. A lens system positioned between the panel and the subject simultaneously directs the pixel elements to the subject. A mirror positioned between the panel and the subject enables the system to direct the pixel elements to a portion of the subject at any one time. A computing system may be used to generate the pixel elements and provide the pixel elements to the panel in a predetermined sequence.

Abstract: The optoelectronic distance measuring, signal processing and display device and the operating method upon which such a device is based are characterized in that a current function state of the device and changes made thereto by the user are shown graphically on a display of the device by at least one of icons, numbers and symbols, wherein active changes in the currently indicated function state are carried out exclusively by selecting at least one of the respective icons and numerical input. In such a device, no language-specific or country-specific fonts and programming language components are needed.

Abstract: An electronic distance meter includes a sighting telescope having an objective lens for sighting an object; a reflection member positioned behind the objective lens; an optical distance meter which includes a light-transmitting optical system for transmitting a measuring light via the reflection member and the objective lens, and a light-receiving optical system for receiving a portion of the measuring light which is reflected by the object, passed through the objective lens and not obstructed by the reflection member; a focus detecting device which detects a focus state from a correlation between a pair of images respectively formed by two light bundles which are respectively passed through two different pupil areas on the objective lens; and at least one optical element, positioned outside the two different pupil areas, to deflect the portion of the measuring light toward an optical axis of the light-receiving optical system.

Abstract: A surveying instrument having a sighting optical system and a phase-difference detection type focus detection device which detects a focus state of the sighting optical system from a correlation between a pair of images respectively formed by two light bundles which are respectively passed through two different pupil areas on an objective lens of the sighting optical system, the phase-difference detection type focus detection device includes a pair of line sensors, a condenser lens group for condensing the two light bundles which are respectively passed through the two different pupil areas, and a pair of separator lens groups for forming two images of the two light bundles which are passed through the condenser lens group on the pair of line sensors, respectively. The condenser lens group includes more than one sub lens group.

Abstract: A three-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) system includes a low power optical emitter whose idealized output S1=cos(&ohgr;·t) is reflected by a target distance z away, and is detected by a two-dimensional array of pixel detectors and associated narrow bandwidth detector electronics and associated processing circuitry preferably fabricated on a common CMOS IC. The idealized detected reflected energy S2=A·cos(&ohgr;·t+&PHgr;), where phase shift &PHgr; is proportional to TOF or z, and z=&PHgr;·C/2·&ohgr;=&PHgr;·C/{2·(2·&pgr;·f)} and is known modulo 2&pgr;C/(2·&ohgr;)=C/(2·f). Phase &PHgr;, distance z, and other information, is determined by homodyne-mixing S2 with the drive signal to the optical emitter. The idealized mixer output per each pixel detector is 0.5·A·{cos(&ohgr;·t+&PHgr;)+cos(&PHgr;)} and has average value 0.

Abstract: A device and a method are provided for detecting depth and color information of an object to be surveyed. A projection unit projects a predetermined wave pattern having first waves with at least one first wavelength in a spectral range outside visible light. A collector unit receives waves which have been at least partially reflected from the object and which include the first waves, that are processed by a first subunit of the collector unit, and second waves that are processed by a second subunit of the collector unit. The second waves have at least one second wavelength in the visible-light spectral range. The depth and color information of the object is detected on the basis of the waves.

Abstract: A massively parallel inspection and imaging system is provided which employs multiple focused beams to illuminate a specimen. Laser light energy passes through a relatively low resolution diffraction grating or digital optical element, which is either one or two dimensional, and concentrates the transmitted energy into multiple discrete directions or orders. The beams split by the diffraction grating pass through a beam expander or telescope and are recombined onto an optical element and diverted toward the specimen. On reflection toward the specimen, the beams diverge again toward a focusing objective. The resultant light thus comprises multiple focused beams, and a relatively large area of the specimen is illuminated simultaneously by these beams. Upon reflection of the light from the sample, light passes back through the focusing objective in multiple beams, and the beams converge toward the optical element and diverge outward in collimated beams.

Abstract: A defect inspection apparatus for inspecting a presence of a defect on an object includes: a first input unit which inputs a wavelength characteristic of each of a plurality of samples with wavelength variation of an illumination light for inspection; a second input unit which inputs an inspection condition which an inspector voluntary sets for each sample as a teaching signal; a third input unit which inputs a wavelength characteristic of the object with the wavelength variation of the illumination light; a learning unit which learns and stores a relationship between the inputted wavelength characteristic of each sample and the inputted inspection condition for each sample as a learning, and determines an inspection condition for the object based on the inputted wavelength characteristic of the object and the learning; and a defect detector witch detects a defect of the object based on the determined inspection condition of the object.

Abstract: A surface inspection system and method is provided which detects defects such as particles or pits on the surface of a workpiece, such as a silicon wafer, and also distinguishes between pit defects and particle defects. The surface inspection system comprises an inspection station for receiving a workpiece and a scanner positioned and arranged to scan a surface of the workpiece at the inspection station. The scanner includes a light source arranged to project a beam of P-polarized light and a scanner positioned to scan the P-polarized light beam across the surface of the workpiece. The system further provides for detecting differences in the angular distribution of the light scattered from the workpiece and for distinguishing particle defects from pit defects based upon these differences.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to inspection of sealing surfaces of containers for defects which may prevent proper sealing of the container. The present invention provides an inspection apparatus, system, and method for dark-field machine vision inspection of containers, such as glass containers or other containers having a sealing surface. The illumination system provides a dual directional helical illumination technique, which enhances the ability to distinguish any defects in the sealing surface area. The illumination system may also provide the ability to adjust the diameter of a circular illumination pattern, so as to allow adjustability and optimization of the illumination characteristics for differing container configurations.

Abstract: Various optical probe configurations are particularly suited to the monitoring of a process flow through the wall of a containment vessel. A probe body extends through, and is sealed to, the wall of the containment vessel. The probe body has an inner wall terminating in a distal end with a window, enabling light from the process flow to pass therethrough and into the probe body. In one embodiment, one or more lenses are disposed within the probe body to focus the light into a focal point, and a restriction of the inner wall of the probe body is used to create a narrow aperture at the focal point. In an alternative embodiment, a plug transparent to the light of interest is sealed to the inner wall of the probe body. As a further alternative, the elements include a second window creating a cavity with the distal window, and a port into the cavity accessible from outside the window for sampling purposes.

Abstract: A dispersive spectrometer whose dispersive element is aligned such that the direction of dispersion is essentially perpendicular to the collimating plane, which is the plane of the input beam path between the centers of the input slit, the collimating mirror and the dispersive element. As a result of this construction, the lateral spread over which the beam path traverses is reduced, since use is also made of the direction perpendicular to the input beam path plane for the dispersive spread of the beam, and the spectrometer is thus of compact construction.

Abstract: In the present invention, measuring the one-dimensional or two-dimensional voltage distribution or electrical field distribution in a measured device is made possible, and a reduction in the measuring time can be implemented.

Abstract: A method of measuring the thickness of a cell gap of a reflective type liquid crystal display. An optical system having a rotating table, an input polarizer, a beam splitter, and a output polarizer is used. A reflective type liquid crystal device is disposed on a rotating table. An incident light is reflected by the liquid crystal device. The reflective type liquid crystal device is located between the input polarizer and the output polarizer. A beta angle &bgr; is defined as the angle between the input light polarization and the front liquid crystal director. A first formula is used to express the relationship between the reflectivity R⊥ and &bgr;. The reflectivity is R⊥ then differentiated by &bgr; to obtain a second formula that express the relationship between &bgr;max and the thickness of the cell gap. The rotating table is rotated to measure the maximum value &bgr;max of the angle &bgr;. The thickness d can thus be obtained more precisely.

Abstract: Method of printer color error correction employing the rapid alternate viewing of a scanned original color image file and an image file formed by scanning an image printed by the printer whose error is to be corrected. Color errors appear as a blinking or flickering feature in the viewing monitor. Adjustments are made to the original color image file to eliminate or minimize flicker. The adjusted color file is then employed in printing a color corrected image. Another embodiment provides the method of the invention for real time color correction in images printed on conventional or digital printing presses.