Abstract: A center electrode assembly includes a substrate made of ferrite, insulation layers made from insulation paste, and a plurality of center electrodes which intersect the insulation layers at predetermined angles. The center electrodes are formed by coating a photosensitive electroconductive paste material, exposing, and firing.

Abstract: In an interconnect system for providing access to a common I/O terminal for multiple circuit devices such as drivers, receivers and electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices implemented on an IC, each such device is provided with a separate contact pad within the IC. The contact pads are linked to one another and to the IC I/O terminal though inductive conductors such as bond wires, metalization layer traces in the IC, or legs of a forked, lithographically-defined spring contact formed on the IC. The conductor inductance isolates the capacitance of the circuit devices from one another, thereby improving characteristics of the frequency response of the interconnect system. Also the ESD protection function is distributed among multiple ESD devices interconnected by series inductors to provide a multi-pole filter at each IC terminal.

Abstract: A method and structure for implementing dense wiring, in printed circuit board or chip carrier applications, which provides superior electrical characteristics while preserving the system resistance and characteristic impedance requirements. The dense wiring is characterized by requiring that all wires have a sufficient cross-sectional area to ensure the longest wires used do not exceed a maximum resistance by either sorting wire lengths and allowing acceptably “short” wires to use denser circuit lines or by providing short lengths of short circuit lines in those areas where necessary and switching to less dense, lower resistance lines where possible. The disclosure also provides for dense wiring in component areas that can then be converted to low resistance wiring with application of a buried via.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical (MEMS) switch is described. The switch comprises a cantilever beam having a proximal end and a distal end. The cantilever beam is supported by its proximal end above a substrate by a raised anchor. An intermediate actuation electrode is placed beneath the cantilever beam and is separated from the bottom of the cantilever beam by a narrow gap. Finally, a contact pad or transmission line is placed beneath the cantilever beam and separated from the bottom of the cantilever beam by a larger gap.

Abstract: A branching filter is a surface acoustic wave device in which a first filter having a relatively low bandpass frequency and a second filter having a relatively high bandpass frequency are connected to a common terminal. A junction-side resonator that is included in the second filter and that is connected in closest proximity to the common terminal is connected in series. The resonant frequency fsr of the junction-side resonator is higher than the center frequency f0, which is the center of the passband, of the second filter, and is more preferably set so as to satisfy the expression: f0+BW×0.2≦fsr≦f0+BW×0.7, where BW is the bandwidth of the passband.

Abstract: A bi-directional low-pass filter for use at a user end or an office end in a communication network is disclosed. By providing compensation and high-band attenuation circuitry, the low-pass filter exhibits an improved attenuation value in high-band and a general attenuation value in a low-frequency band. The satisfactory attenuation performance in the high-frequency band minimizes the signal interference of a high-band communication terminal with a low-band communication terminal in the communication network. Further, by providing symmetric input/output circuitry, the low-pass filter can be operated reversibly.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electromechanical band-pass filter for use in PIRM memory arrays. The system of the present invention utilizes electrostatically coupled micro-resonators as filters, implementing micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology in which large numbers of miniature micro-movers are fabricated on a single substrate. The system of the present invention provides a narrow band-pass filter having a sharp frequency roll-off, typically 40 db per decade, and very high impedance that can be implemented in a simple, low temperature, inexpensive process not involving integrated circuitry. An electronically-coupled, mechanical band-pass filter fabricated on a substrate includes first and second masses, each mass being independently movable in a common direction relative to the substrate and to other mass. A first spring element has one end attached to the substrate and the other end attached to the first mass.

Abstract: A piezoelectric resonator includes a substrate, a vibration unit disposed on the substrate and having a structure in which at least one pair of an upper electrode and a lower electrode opposed to each other, the upper and lower electrodes sandwiching the upper and lower surfaces of an internal thin-film portion including at least one layer of a piezoelectric thin-film, and an external thin-film portion provided under the lower electrode and including at least one layer of a piezoelectric thin-film or a dielectric thin-film, the vibration unit being vibrated in an n-th harmonic (n is an integer of 2 or more), the upper electrode and the lower electrode being provided substantially in the positions of the loops of the n-th harmonic.

Abstract: A surface acoustic wave device includes a surface acoustic wave element and a sealing member for sealing the surface acoustic wave element. The surface acoustic wave element has a piezoelectric substrate and an electrode provided on the piezoelectric substrate. The sealing ember is made of a resin or glass. The electrode has an electrode layer made of Al or an Al alloy and includes crystals having a twin structure.

Abstract: A dielectric resonator device comprising resonators small in size, having plural stages, and a dielectric resonator device with a high Qo, in a multimode are provided. A substantially parallelepiped-shaped dielectric core to resonate in plural modes such as TM01&dgr;-x, -y, -z, TE01&dgr;-x, -y, -z, and so forth is disposed in the center of a substantially parallelepiped-shaped cavity. These plural resonance modes are utilized.

Abstract: Disclosed is a metal window filter assembly, of a millimeter wave band, using an NRD guide. The filter assembly comprises a filter housing including parallel conductive plates and a filter for filtering a certain frequency band of an electromagnetic wave traveling therethrough. The filter includes a plurality of polygonal metal windows and a single body type dielectric line made from a non-radiative dielectric. A plurality of polygonal inserting grooves spaced by the predetermined distance are formed respectively on both surfaces of the dielectric line making contact with the parallel conductive plates. The metal windows are inserted in the inserting grooves one to one to form multi-staged dielectric resonators cascaded as a single body. The filter has a filtering function selectively passing the certain frequency band determined by an impedance coupling relationship that the multi-staged dielectric resonators have with respect to the electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: The waveguide group branching filter according to the present invention is formed by boring out of two metal blocks constituent circuits including a circular-to-square waveguide multistage transformer 1, the branch waveguide polarizer/branching filter 4, a rectangular waveguide multistage transform 9, the rectangular waveguide H-plane T-branch circuit 10, and waveguide band-pass filters 8, 14 and 18; radio waves V1 and H1, which have their polarization planes vertical and horizontal, respectively, to the branching plane of the branch waveguide polarizer/branching filter 4 in a certain frequency band f1, and a radio wave V2 of the same polarization plane as that of the radio wave V1 in a frequency band f2 higher than the frequency band f1 are incident to an input port P1, and the radio wave V1 is emitted from an output port P2, the radio wave H1 from an output port P3 and the radio wave V2 from an output port P4.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heating or drying material by applying radio frequency (RF) power to a material in a resonant cavity; wherein an RF power source is inductively coupled to a resonant cavity formed by distributed inductance in resonance with the applicator and material where the magnetic field established by the feed line(s) induces a voltage on the applicator permitting feed line voltages delivering said RF power to the cavity to be lower than those that would normally be encountered for equivalent RF heating using direct coupling.

Abstract: A microrelay has a switching part which is pivotably suspended on a substrate and can be moved into two alternative switching states like a rocker, by electrostatic attraction through the use of suitably attached electrodes. The switching function is brought about by electrodes which are fastened to the substrate above the rocker being shorted by metallizations or contact electrodes on an upper side of the switching part.

Abstract: An electromotive linear drive includes one or more drive motors and a corresponding number of torque-reducing transmissions and corresponding driven spindles and a casing. The casing is comprised of two casing parts, whereby the abutting surfaces of the casing parts are sealed by a sealing element or a plurality of sealing elements. Connecting terminals for mechanical and/or electrical components are provided on the exterior of the casing parts.

Abstract: An iron core comprising an outer yoke, side poles disposed on both end portions of the outer yoke, and a center pole disposed between the side poles, wherein a magnetic path of polar portions of the center pole is formed as an open-circuit. There can be restricted for short-circuiting of magnetic flux of permanent magnets and thrust of an oscillator disposed at an air gap formed between electromagnets can be improved.

Abstract: A magnet configuration comprising a pair of Halbach arrays magnetically and structurally connected together are positioned with respect to each other so that a first component of their fields substantially cancels at a first plane between them, and a second component of their fields substantially adds at this first plane. A track of windings is located between the pair of Halbach arrays and a propulsion mechanism is provided for moving the pair of Halbach arrays along the track. When the pair of Halbach arrays move along the track and the track is not located at the first plane, a current is induced in the windings and a restoring force is exerted on the pair of Halbach arrays.

Abstract: A coil spool for a ventilated solenoid valve includes a proximal end cap and a distal end cap. Each end cap defines an outer periphery and an inner periphery. Moreover, each end cap includes plural teeth extending from its outer periphery. Plural ribs extend from the inner periphery of the proximal end cap to the inner periphery of the distal end cap. A wire is wound around the spool to form a coil and the spool is installed in a coil case such that the teeth cooperate with the coil case to establish plural outer ventilation passageways. A plunger guide is installed within the spool such that the ribs cooperate with the plunger guide to establish plural inner ventilation passageways. The ventilation passageways allow air to communicate with the coil in order to cool the coil.

Abstract: A welding electrode wire coil and a method of making the same comprises embedding the inner end of the electrode wire between adhesively bonded convolutions of a wound core made of paper to secure the wire end thereto. The coil is completed by winding the wire about the core and then lacing a cord about the core and the coiled wire thereon in a diamond stitch lacing pattern to retain the coiled wire on the core prior to use. The lacing is provided with a slip knot to facilitate its release relative to the coiled wire and core.

Abstract: A winding structure of an inductor used in a power factor correction circuit is provided. The winding structure includes a ring-shaped core with a gap, a first coil and a second coil wound around the core. The negative end of the first coil and the positive end of the second coil is coupled to form a central tap.

Abstract: Proposed is a passive, high-temperature-resistant resistor element for measuring temperature, the resistor element having an essentially interior insulating layer (9; 10) and two exterior conducting layers (8) of a ceramic composite structure; the conducting layers being connected to one another at the tip (11) of the resistor element; and the ceramic composite structure including trisilicon tetranitride, a metal silicide, and yttrium oxide or trisilicon tetranitride, a metal silicide, and a matrix phase of SixOyCzNw, where x signifies 1-2, y signifies 0-2, and w signifies 0-2. Further proposed is a combination element (3) of this resistor element and a sheathed type glow plug, for example.

Abstract: A sensor element, especially a temperature sensor (5) is proposed, having a sensitive area (11), whose electrical resistance changes under the influence of a temperature to which the sensitive area (11) is exposed. In this case, sensitive area (11) has a glass ceramic fusion (15) of a starting material containing at least one component which is furnished at least substantially with a surface metallization. The proposed temperature sensor (5) is especially suitable for use at temperatures in excess of 1000° C., at which it shows resistance characteristics like that of a platinum resistor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for providing variable signal delays through stacked resistor pads. Stacked resistor pads include resistor pads mounted on both sides of a module where at least certain resistor pads on one side of the module are electrically connected to certain other resistor pads on the other side of the module through shared vias. Stacked resistor pads reduce the number of connections and vias required by conventional resistor pad combinations. Reducing connections and vias reduces the capacitance added to the delayed signal, which reduces potential signal degradation, especially at high-speeds. In addition, connections and vias lower the potential for manufacturing defects and errors due to missing or broken parts. Moreover, stacked resistor pads consumes significantly less module surface space than currently available resistor pad combinations.

Abstract: A method for storing information in a smart tag comprises providing a smart tag having a memory, the smart tag memory having a permanent number stored in a first portion thereof that cannot be changed, and having a second portion in which information can be stored; storing application specific information in the second portion of the smart tag memory; generating a relational check number representative of one of (a) the application specific information and (b) the application specific information and the permanent number; and storing the relational check number in the second portion of the smart tag memory.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a door control system using radio communication. According to the invention, a main device controls the opening and closing of a door by using a portable wireless card. The main device comprises a long wave emitting portion, a very high frequency wave receiving portion, a very high frequency wave emitting portion, memory, processor and recording media in which a program that is executable by the processor is recorded. The portable card comprises a long wave receiving portion, a card processor and recording media in which a program that is executable by the card processor is recorded.

Abstract: A device and a method for contactless transmission of data or power include an impedance which is connected into an LC resonant circuit only in a phasewise manner, in order to match a resonant frequency of the resonant circuit to an excitation frequency. This is realized by measuring a difference between the resonant frequency and the excitation frequency and connecting the impedance into the resonant circuit as a function thereof in a manner controlled by a charging current. In this case the charging current is phase-gating-controlled, and consequently only an effective component of the impedance is connected into the resonant circuit.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a power line communication system and method for transmission of RF signals through an AC power line medium. The system includes a transmitter to transmit the RF signals through the AC power line medium and a receiver to receive the RF signals from the AC power line medium. The AC power line as a transmission medium is transparent to the circuits sending and receiving the RF signals.

Abstract: An irrigation controller provides a current to operate an irrigation valve assembly and superimposes a data stream on the current. The current may be either alternating current or direct current. Preferably the current is transmitted over a two-wire link. The irrigation valve assembly includes a decoder, a solenoid and an irrigation valve. It is contemplated that the decoder will communicate bi-directionally with the irrigation controller. The data stream will be an encoded control signal that is sent at a rate greater than 1 byte per second. Additionally, the encoded control signal may be sent at a rate greater than or less than the rate of the current.

Abstract: A method for transmitting an adaptive multi-channel packet in power line communication system comprises the steps of: (a) transmitting a packet from a first node to a second node with a predetermined transmission speed through a power line by using a multi-channel in communication from the first node and the second node; (b) checking an error of the packet transmitted from the step (a) in the second node, thereafter loading the check result to the packet and transmitting it to the first node through the power line by using a multi-channel; (c) checking the result of the packet transmitted from the step (b) in the first node, and storing the check result as a database; (d) transmitting the packet to the second node with any one among the current, downgraded or upgraded transmission speeds through the power line according to the packet transmission success/failure information stored as the database in the step (c); and (e) transmitting the packet with a stable transmission speed according to the multi-channel b

Abstract: A system and method for providing full-duplex data communications between an electric power distribution station and a power consumer via the power distribution line providing electric power is provided. A first information transmitter, coupled to the power distribution circuit, provides first information signals concurrently with the power signal to the power consumer via the power distribution line. A first information receiver, coupled to a power consumer device powered by the electrical power signal, receives the first information signals via the electric power distribution line. A second information transmitter coupled to the power consumer device provides second information signals concurrently with the electrical power signal. A second information receiver, coupled to the power distribution circuit, receives the second information signals via the electric power distribution line.

Abstract: A sounder device includes a piezoelectric resonant transducer, an amplifier and a coupling transformer to drive the transducer, an electronic signal produced to provide an input signal to the amplifier, and in which the electronic signal producer includes at least two lower frequency oscillators, a logical “OR” circuit having inputs from each of the lower frequency pulse oscillators, a resonant frequency pulse oscillator having a higher frequency near the resonant frequency of the transducer, a logical “AND” circuit having a first input connected to the output of the logical “OR” circuit, a second input connected to the output of the resonant frequency oscillator, and having an output connected to the amplifier input.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vehicle disabling system for terminating operation of a vehicle having a braking system thereon. The system includes a transmit unit transmitting at least one brake activation message to the vehicle. The system may further include a vehicle unit in communication with at least one braking component of the braking system such that receipt of the at least one brake activation message causes the vehicle unit to activate the at least one braking component thereby reducing speed of the vehicle and preventing movement thereof. Further, operator identity may be confirmed via use of a biometrics identification reader. A global positioning satellite may be employed for storing a usage record of the transmit unit.

Abstract: A motion detector for use with trailers and the like. The motion detector includes a modular unit with its own power source, a motion detector, logic circuit and electro-audio warning device. The power supply is preferably a rechargeable battery. The motion detector may be an ultra-sonic motion detector which uses the Doppler effect to determine motion. The motion detector produces a signal which indicates the direction of travel and the speed of movement. The logic system discriminates between forward and reverse motion and issues a signal when the vehicle is moving in a reverse direction. The signal activates an electro-audio device which produces a pulse audio warning in response to the movement.

Abstract: A modular assembly is disclosed for mounting within a vehicle interior and for providing a plurality of electronic accessories to a user. Such integrated assembly preferably includes a system for detecting radar signals and providing audio and visual alerts upon detection of selected signals. An assembly may also include additional electronic accessories such as digital display, home access control, digital voice recorder, cellular phone, and audio interface. Such digital display may provide a user with an informative status of temperature, time, direction, or other selected quantities. Such audio interface preferably includes at least one microphone for audio input and at least one speaker for audio output. The modular assembly is preferably designed as a retrofit product for installation in a vehicle and for integration with certain existing vehicular technology.

Abstract: Predicted future positions are calculated (S11) and arranged into packets (S12) to be transmitted using a communication pattern (for example, a PN series) based on a time and a position of each packet (S13). Another vehicle calculates its predicted position (S21) and generates a communication pattern based on a result of calculation (S22) so that the generated communication pattern is utilized for reception (S23). Consequently, data associated with a future position of its own can be selected for enabling reception. An existence probability is calculated, and the state of another vehicle can be accurately understood from the communication of the calculated existence probability, thereby effectively reducing chance of collision.

Abstract: A tire monitoring method and apparatus is provided to predict tire tread separation for a tire on a wheel of a vehicle. This may involve monitoring a parameter of a tire of a vehicle over time and comparing information regarding the monitored parameter (over time) with a reference threshold value of the parameter (over time). The method may also include providing information to a driver based on the comparison. The parameter may be acceleration (axial, radial or longitudinal) along an axis of the tire. The parameter may also be tire imbalance, temperature inside the tire, speed of the tire, load and/or pressure, for example. Information regarding the comparison may be transmitted to a driver if the monitored parameter exceeds the reference threshold value for a predetermined amount of time.

Abstract: A vacuum chamber (22) of a pneumatically operated servo unit (30) of a motor vehicle is subjected to vacuum by an electric suction pump (28). In order to monitor the vacuum chamber (22) and the electric suction pump (28), the invention proposes that a starting pressure in the vacuum chamber (22) be determined. In addition, after a certain time interval, an ending pressure in the vacuum chamber (22) is determined. Furthermore, the difference between the ending pressure and the starting pressure is calculated and compared to a limit value. If this difference falls below the limit value, a signal is generated, in particular a warning and/or alarm signal.

Abstract: An in-vehicle display system configured to display information relating to least a first vehicle operating system and a second vehicle operational system comprises a display panel defining a main display portion (1) and one or more user input devices (14, 10) whereby in at least one mode of operation the main display portion is split horizontally into an upper and a lower region, information relating to the first operational system being displayed in the upper region and information relating to the second system being displayed in the lower region.

Abstract: A tire and suspension monitoring and warning system consisting of a set of multi-function sensors that monitor and warn of a failure mode. The system monitors and warns for tire imbalance, tire tread wear, and shock absorbers for a tire attached to a vehicle. The monitoring and warning system includes one axial, radial, and lateral acceleration measurement of the wheel to provide acceleration signal sample power. For tire imbalance, signal sample power in the second harmonic of the tire rotational frequency is compared to that of the first harmonic. For tire tread wear, average signal sample power within a second frequency range is compared to a previously stored baseline value. For shock absorber performance, a sum of all frequency components in a second predetermined frequency range is compared to a baseline value.

Abstract: A monitoring system for monitoring pressure in a tire of a trailer includes an active sensor, a receiver and an indicator. The active sensor is positioned at a first location and is operable to sense the pressure. The receiver is positioned at a second location remote from the first location and within proximity to the sensor. The receiver is operable to generate a signal indicative of the pressure and includes an inductor, and an amplifier having a feedback path. The inductor is positioned relative to the receiver to create an electromagnetically coupling between the inductors such that feedback from the coupling is one of either a substantially zero feedback and a negative feedback. The indicator outside of a vehicle is in communication with the receiver to provide a warning of a low pressure to the user.

Abstract: A system for monitoring tire pressure of a vehicle or fleet of vehicles includes a check point through which the vehicles pass. A first interrogation component is positioned proximal the check point and tire pressure monitoring devices associated with the tires of the vehicle are in communication with the first interrogation component. An identification tag associated with the vehicle stores data unique to the particular vehicle and is also in communication with the first interrogation component. Likewise, a data collection device communicates with the interrogation component as well. Finally, an alarm communicates with the interrogation component to alert an operator when the tire pressure falls outside a predetermined range.

Abstract: A brake wear sensor is provided for generating an electrical signal representative of a brake wear condition. The sensor incorporates a plurality of resistors electrically interconnected in parallel. As the brake pad surface is worn, the brake wear sensor suffers a corresponding decrease in length. The decrease in length can be determined from the change in the equivalent resistance of the plurality of resistors. A particular wear condition requiring service can be sensed or, in the alternative, it is possible to determine the expected life remaining in the brake pad.

Abstract: An alert apparatus for use with a vehicle is provided having a horn capable of producing a sound and a first sensor adapted to determine a speed of the vehicle. A controller is coupled to the first sensor and the horn and adapted to activate the horn such that characteristics of the sound are determined based on the speed. A horn switch may also be coupled to the controller to activate the horn upon application of a force by an operator. A method of operating a vehicle horn is also provided. According to the method, an output is obtained from a sensor representative of a speed of a vehicle. The output is processed by the use of a controller to determine a desired horn characteristic, and the vehicle horn is activated to produce the desired horn characteristic.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and apparatus for a special object such as a handicapped individual and/or special equipment with access to and from telecommunications and computer controlled equipment. The equipment being such as to let it be known of the special object being in a particular moving or still environ, and requiring special attention from and/or by others entering or located in that environ. The special object, handicapped person or special equipment is made known to those in the environ so as to protect/preserve/serve that object, individual, special equipment, and/or to others entering or located in that environ. The equipment transmits an alarm type signal that a handicapped individual or special equipment is in the environ. The computerized apparatus/method being adapted to be responsive to particular sensations, seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, etc., which are operational in the particular handicapped individual.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for detecting unwanted dissemination of acrosolized agents into an HVAC system in a building by detecting the sound of the dissemination at the time it occurs. To be able to distinguish the sound of the dissemination event from the ambient background noise of the HVAC system, sound extraction techniques, e.g., high pass filtering and an adaptive variance estimator, are utilized which can detect the event's noise from within the ambient background noise of the system. A microphone continually monitors background sound levels and senses the additional sound resulting from the activation of the aerosol delivery system, which has a unique sound “signature”. Once an event is detected, defensive actions, e.g., activating additional sensors, closing all air vents, and shutting off the HVAC system, can be taken.

Abstract: A frequency detector that detects a frequency signal indicative of the proximity of a transportation vessel or an intrinsically-safe area. The frequency detector may be associated with any type of electronic device. The frequency detector detects the presence of a frequency signal that is emitted by a transportation vessel and/or a frequency beacon associated with the transportation vessel. The frequency detector and/or container may disable, shut down, or reduce power of any electro-magnetic field generating devices associated with the frequency detector and/or container if the frequency detector receives a frequency signal indicative of the inside or proximity of a transportation vessel or an intrinsically-safe area. The container also includes a self-check frequency generator that emits a frequency signal capable of being detected by the frequency detector.

Abstract: A passive transponder identification system and credit card type transponder are disclosed, particularly, the transponder identification system to utilize a transmitting manner of two different RF signals is provided. The present invention directly relates to a passive transponder without any kind of power source. Therefore, the present invention has advantages of having a constant gain value by developing a high-gain dual polarizing antenna for a small credit card type passive tranponder to identify at long distance, independently to any direction of the transponder; improving gain values than conventional transponder tag antenna by 6-9 dB to ensure a sub-permanent life time by providing the desired identification performance by means of a small credit card type passive transponder without power supply; and being applicable to any systems to identify and distinguish high-speed moving objects.

Abstract: One embodiment of the invention is a capacitive sensor for sensing the amount of material in a container. This embodiment includes an oscillator that generates an oscillating signal. This oscillator includes an integrating amplifier that is formed by (1) an operational amplifier that has a low-impedance output and a virtually-grounded input, and (2) a capacitor that has a capacitance which depends on the amount of material in the container. The capacitor connects between the low impedance output and the virtually-grounded input of the operational amplifier. In some embodiments, the operational amplifier includes a first amplifier and a second amplifier that are connected in series, with an output of the second amplifier fed back through the capacitor to the input of the first amplifier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for providing instructions to a hearing impaired individual performing a sports activity thereby instructing the hearing impaired individual to perform a particular action in a sports activity.

Abstract: An infrared remote control comprising a power supply circuitry, a switch circuitry and an infrared receiving circuitry. The power supply circuitry is connected to the power outlet and offers the electrical power to the internal circuitry. The switch circuitry is connected to the power supply circuitry on one side; the other end is connected to a home appliance. The infrared receiving circuitry is connected to the switch circuitry. An infrared receiver is within the infrared receiving circuitry; when the infrared receiver receives the signals from an infrared transmitter, it triggers the infrared receiving circuitry to control the switch circuitry to be on or off, and turn on or off the attached appliances.