Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device of which overall size and weight can be minimized. The liquid crystal display device has a light generating unit for generating a light. A light guiding plate guides the light to a display unit for displaying an image. A reflection plate is disposed under the light guiding plate for reflecting the light to the light guiding plate. A receiving container receives the reflection plate, the light guiding plate and the light generating unit. At least one boss is formed on a bottom of the receiving container for preventing the light generating unit from being moved by guiding a position of the light generating unit. Accordingly, the number of the parts installed in the liquid crystal display device can be reduced, and the manufacturing cost can be decreased because the manufacturing process is simplified in comparison with the liquid crystal display device including a separate lamp cover.

Abstract: In a liquid-crystal display device, an optical path control layer is provided at least on an outer side of the back side substrate, and has a plurality of optical path changing slopes inclined at an inclination angle of from 35 to 48 degrees with respect to a reference plane of the back side substrate. The optical path control layer has a refractive index higher than that of a low-refractive-index transparent layer provided in the back side substrate. Another low-refractive-index transparent layer lower in refractive index than the transparent substrate may be provided in a visual side substrate. Light sources may be disposed on at least two side surfaces of the liquid-crystal display panel. Light sources may be disposed on side surfaces of the back side substrate and the visual side substrate and at least on side surfaces of the liquid-crystal display panel which are different from each other. Another optical path control layer may be provided also on an outer side of the visual side substrate.

Abstract: A structure and fabrication technology for a reflective, ambient light, low cost display is described incorporating a plurality of cells laid out side by side and stacked as many as three levels on top of each other. Each stack of three cells being driven by an array of TFT's positioned on the bottom layer. Each cell comprises a light transmitting front window, three levels of individual cells RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) stacked on top of each other, each level having its own individual electrode, each electrode being connected by vertical conducting via holes running through each transparent dielectric spacert and being connected to a individual TFT. The bottom panel having a reflective surface so as to provide maximum reflectivity of the ambient light. Placed under the reflective surface is an array of TFT's which provide the electrical impulses necessary to set each individual potential in each vertically stacked cell with respect to ground potential.

Abstract: A bistable liquid crystal display device can be erased by the application of a mechanical pressure P at a section 20 of the display. The pressure induces a flow of the liquid crystal (5) material into an expansion chamber (22). The induced flow causes a transition from the non-reflecting to the reflecting state, thus eliminating the necessity of high voltage erasing voltages.

Abstract: A color filter substrate for a liquid crystal display includes a substrate, a black matrix formed on the substrate, and a plurality of color filters formed on the substrate with the black matrix. Each color filter has a flat central portion, and a peripheral portion placed on the black matrix with a thickness smaller than the central portion. A common electrode is formed on the plurality of color filters. A thin film transistor array substrate for the liquid crystal display includes a substrate, a plurality of gate lines formed on the substrate, a plurality of data lines crossing over the gate lines while defining pixel regions, a thin film transistor formed at each pixel region, and a plurality of color filters. Each color filter has a flat central portion, and a peripheral portion placed on the data lines with a thickness smaller than the central portion. Contact holes expose the drain electrodes, and pixel electrodes are connected to the drain electrodes through the contact holes.

Abstract: For suppressing the disclination caused due to misalignment between a pair of substrates of the TFT-type Liquid Crystal Display Device, the present invention makes light shielding widths of the pixel electrode formed on one of the substrates having a plurality of image signal lines together with the pixel electrodes asymmetry in accordance with an angle formed by an extension direction of the image signal line and a rubbing direction of the one of the substrates. Namely, the light shielding width of the pixel electrode at the image signal line side supplying an image signal to the pixel electrode should be broader if the angle is acute, and the light shielding width of the pixel electrode at the image signal line side supplying an image signal to the pixel electrode should be broader if the angle is obtuse, respectively.

Abstract: An active layer (14) which has a gate electrode (11), a gate insulating film (12), a source (14s) and a drain (14d) is formed on an insulating substrate (10), so that a thin film transistor is formed. On this, an inter-layer insulating film (15) and a flattening insulating film (17) are laminated. Subsequently, after a contact hole is formed in the interlayer insulating film (15) and the flattening insulating film (17), a back-surface electrode (41) constituted of molybdenum or another high melting point metal is formed, on which a display electrode (18) constituted of aluminum is formed. The presence of the back-surface electrode (41) prevents protrusions from being generated on the display electrode (18).

Abstract: A method of fabricating slant reflector with bump structure, at least comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a photosensitivity material layer on the substrate; patterning the photosensitivity material layer to form a plurality of trapeziform bumps which the trapeziform bumps have different bottom area and the bottoms of the trapeziform bumps are jointed to each other; and smoothing the trapeziform bumps to form a bump structure with an inclined angle. The invention utilizes a photo-mask with particular pattern and optical diffraction method to fabricate the bump structure in a simple way.

Abstract: Light-reflective concave portions are disposed on the surface of a substrate. The concave portions have a first and second vertical section perpendicular to each other. The first vertical section has an internal shape defined by a first curve and a second curve, the first curve extending from one point on the peripheral edge of the concave portion to the deepest point of the concave portion, and the second curve extending continuously from the first curve and from the deepest point of the concave portion to another point on the peripheral edge of the concave portion. The average of the absolute value of an inclination angle of the first curve is larger than that of the second curve relative to the substrate surface. The second vertical section has an internal shape defined by a shallow curve and deep curves formed at both sides of the shallow curve.

Abstract: This invention relates to a transflective liquid crystal display device (11, 21), comprising a plurality of pixels, each comprising a liquid crystal layer (12, 22), being sandwiched between front and back electrode means (13, 23; 14, 24) as well as front and back polariser means (17a, 27a; 17b, 27b). Said display device is characterised in that an optical &lgr;/4 layer (16a, 26a) at least partly is arranged between said front polariser (17a, 27a) and said liquid crystal layer (12, 22), and said liquid crystal layer (12, 22) is a liquid crystal layer having a twist angle essentially within a range ±80-100°, such as 90°. The invention further relates to methods for generating a quarterwave foil for use in a liquid crystal display as defined above.

Abstract: The production of a defective liquid crystal display device is restrained and a yield of the liquid crystal display device is improved by detecting previously a flying of an adhesive on a reflection sheet of the liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device comprises glass substrates, liquid crystal sealed between the glass substrates, and polarization films attached to the glass substrates and the like, wherein an adhesive for bonding the reflection sheet onto the back side of the liquid crystal display device is colored with a color which is different from that of the reflection sheet so as to easily visually recognize and detect the flying of the adhesive within an effective display region of the reflection sheet when the adhesive is printed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal cell including a pair of transparent substrates, with orientation layers deposited on inner surfaces thereof, and a liquid crystal layer of liquid crystal material injected between the substrates; biaxial compensation films provided on outer surfaces of the liquid crystal cell, the biaxial compensation films including an optical dielectric material layer; and polarization plates provided on outer surfaces of the biaxial compensation films, wherein if “d” is set as a cell gap of the liquid crystal cell, “RLC” is set as a phase retardation value of the liquid crystal layer, an axis perpendicular to planes made by the substrates is set as a z-axis, x-axis and y-axis are formed on a planar surface of the substrates, and refractive indices of molecules comprising the biaxial compensation films in the x, y and z directions are denoted by nx, ny and nz, retardation values (ny-nx)*d and (nz-nx)*d of the biaxial compensation film

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide a substrate for a liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal display having the same, and a method of manufacturing the same which make it possible to provide a display having high luminance and preferable display characteristics to be used in display sections of information apparatuses and the like. Each pixel is defined by gate bus lines extending in the horizontal direction and drain bus lines extending in the vertical direction. TFTs are formed in the vicinity of intersections between the bus lines, and resin overlap sections for shielding the TFTs from light are formed above the same. No black matrix is formed on a common electrode substrate which is provided in a face-to-face relationship with a TFT substrate, and the bus lines and the resin overlap sections formed on the TFT substrate function as a black matrix.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus including: a first substrate; a second substrate arrange opposite the first substrate; a liquid crystal layer held between the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of scanning lines arranged over the first substrate; a plurality of zigzag-shaped signal lines having bent portions, arranged crossing the scanning lines over the substrate; insulating films arranged over at least part of the signal lines; pixel electrodes matching the signal lines; and common electrodes matching the pixel electrodes and superposed over at least part of the signal lines via the insulating films, in which the bent portions of the zigzag-shaped signal lines are curved.

Abstract: An electric field shielding wiring is provided in the gap between the pixel electrodes adjacent in parallel to the signal line, to minimize the inter-electrode parasitic capacity generated in the gap between the pixel electrodes, which is caused by the change in the pixel potential of the pixel electrode when the polarity of the signal line potential is changed, and prevent an increase in the pixel potential of the pixel electrode of the previous stage.

Abstract: An array substrate for an in-plane switching liquid crystal display device includes a substrate, a gate line and a data line crossing each other to define a pixel region on the substrate, a thin film transistor being electrically connected to the gate and data lines, a common line parallel to the gate line, a plurality of common electrodes being perpendicularly connected to the common line, and a plurality of pixel electrodes alternating with the plurality of common electrodes, wherein each common electrode has at least one first incline plane.

Abstract: Disclosed is a LCD comprising a substrate; a signal applying unit having a gate line and a common line on the substrate; and a display unit forming a plurality of pixels with a data line, a counter electrode, a pixel electrode, a TFT and the gate line and the common line extended from the signal applying unit, wherein the pixel electrode comprises a body unit and a branch unit, the body unit being parallel to the gate line and the branch unit comprising a plurality of branches being parallel to the data line, and pixel electrode of the outmost pixel that is the most adjacent to the signal applying unit has some of branches formed on the signal applying unit.

Abstract: To provide a image display device capable of preventing a malfunction of a drive circuit, reducing the size of an outer frame of an image display device, and achieving a sufficient EMI countermeasure. The image display device has a drive circuit mounted in a region out of a display portion on one of opposing and connected to signal lines formed in a region of the display portion, wherein a capacitor is formed in the region of the substrate where the drive circuit is mounted.

Abstract: A process for separating substrates in liquid crystal display is disclosed. The process for separating substrates in liquid crystal display includes step of providing a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein the first and second substrates being combined together by seal, forming a scribing line on the first substrate, and separating the first substrate into at least two parts along the scribing line by exerting air pressure upon the second substrate.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device in which a liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between a TFT array substrate and a color filter array substrate disposed opposite each other through a group of spacer particles, the group of spacer particles are constructed such that the spacer particles having a standard deviation of particle size distribution of not greater than 3% of average particle size are produced by a seed polymerization method and classified into groups of particles to exclude abnormal group of particles from the spacer particles.

Abstract: The reflection-type liquid crystal display device includes two liquid crystal layers for selectively reflecting light in a specific wavelength range, and a partition wall interposed between the liquid crystal layers so as to separate the liquid crystal layers from each other. The partition wall serves as a scattering layer having a light scattering function.

Abstract: An image display medium comprising a pair of substrates disposed opposed to each other and a group of at least two kinds of particles enclosed in the gap between the pair of substrates, at least one of the two or more kinds of particles being capable of being positively charged and at least the others being capable of being negatively charged and the particles capable of being positively and negatively charged having different colors, wherein both the particles capable of being positively and negatively charged have a shape factor of from greater than 100 to not greater than 140 as determined by the following equation:

Abstract: The invention has an object to provide a liquid crystal display in which a wide angle of view is obtained and a response time at a halftone can be shortened by regulating an alignment orientation of a liquid crystal by the use of a polymer fixation system in which a liquid crystal layer containing a polymerizable component is sealed between substrates, and the polymerizable component is polymerized while a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer to fix a liquid crystal alignment. A liquid crystal layer containing a polymer for regulating a pretilt angle of a liquid crystal molecule and a tilt direction at a time of driving is sealed between two substrates arranged opposite to each other.

Abstract: The apparatus for manufacturing a liquid crystal display apparatus is equipped with the XYZ&thgr;-movement mechanism can move at least one of the first and second attraction stages in a vertical direction so as to adhere the first and second substrates to each other via the sealing agent, and then move the first and second attraction stages relatively to each other in a horizontal direction on the basis of an ordered movement amount, so as to align the first and second substrates with each other, and a control device that can move the first and second substrates relatively to each other by a predetermined amount more than the ordered movement amount while aligning the first and second substrates with each other by the XYZ&thgr;-movement mechanism, so as to set the first and second substrates at target positions.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a one drop fill liquid crystal display (ODF LCD) panel is disclosed. By separating sealant and black matrix using a space or photo spacer, the sealant can be hardened by applying ultraviolet light from the side of the color filter substrate without light shielding problems. Moreover, this also completely hardens the sealant, thereby preventing pollution of the liquid crystal material. This further improves the efficiency of the liquid crystal material.

Abstract: A polarizing element 20 includes a cholesteric layer 21 that selectively reflects either one of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized components of incident light, and an absorptive elliptical polarizing plate 22 that is laminated to the cholesteric layer 21. The polarizing plate 22 transmits elliptically polarized light that contains as its main component the circularly polarized component having the direction of optical rotation that is identical to that of the circularly polarized component selectively reflected by the cholesteric layer 21. In this polarizing element 20, the angle (angle of lamination) which the direction of the major axes of liquid crystalline molecules aligned on the absorptive-elliptical-polarizing-plate-side surface of the cholesteric layer 21, d1, forms with the direction of the major axis of elliptically polarized light produced by the absorptive elliptical polarizing plate 22, d2, falls in a specified angle range centering around 90°.

Abstract: Eyeglasses comprises a face and temple. The face has an outer surface including an outer edge. The face also has a first end portion and a first lens opening. The outer edge being proximate to the first end portion. The temple has a portion defining an inner surface. The temple is pivotably coupled to the first end portion of the face. The temple is movable between a folded configuration and an unfolded configuration so that the inner surface of the temple portion can move over the outer edge of the face without obstruction.

Abstract: This invention relates to antimicrobial lenses containing coated zeolites and methods for their production.

Abstract: In a pair of multifocal contact lenses for a patient, each lens has a concave posterior surface and a convex anterior surface. The anterior surface is formed with a power curve including a circular intermediate vision correction zone, an annular near vision correction zone contiguous with the circular central zone, and an annular distant vision correction zone contiguous with the near vision correction zone. The near vision correction zone and the distant vision correction zone are concentric or coaxial with the circular central correction zone.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for the surface machining of, among other things, plastic spectacle lenses, which has a work spindle, by means of which the spectacle lens can be driven with a controlled angle of rotation about an axis of work rotation, and a tool spindle, by means of which a tool can be driven to rotate about an axis of tool rotation, work and tool spindle being movable relative to one another with their positions controlled in two axes running at right angles. For rotational machining of the surface of the spectacle lens to be machined, the tool can also be swiveled by means of the tool spindle with a controlled angle of rotation about the axis of tool rotation, so that a rotational cutting edge provided on the tool can be brought into a defined rotational machining engagement with the surface of the spectacle lens to be machined as a function of the angle of rotation of the spectacle lens.

Abstract: A method of making motion picture release-print film, such as 35 mm film. The film has an enlarged frame that occupies substantially the entire width of the film that is available for the exposure of images, and the spacing between frames is minimized. Film having these enlarged frames provides an enhanced image with a minimum of film waste. Aspect ratios of 1.85:1 and 2.01:1 in the enlarged frame size are contemplated in three and four perforation formats. A digital soundtrack or other appropriate soundtrack replaces the analog soundtrack that occupies a portion of the available width. The soundtrack may provide for redundancy.

Abstract: A real image projection system comprises a single curved mirror having two different optical surfaces of revolution, one on the convex surface and one on the concave surface. In one embodiment, the convex surface is a conical curve of spherical or parabolic surface of revolution, coated with a reflective optical coating. The concave surface is much like that of a Mangin mirror, but it has an aspheric surface of revolution, optimized to reduce spherical aberrations over a larger area offset from the optical axis. The system optionally employs a single aspheric surface of revolution on the concave surface for reduction of aberrations, although the Mangin mirror approach, using an aspheric concave surface of revolution, is the preferred embodiment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for enhancing the contrast ratio of images generated on rear projection screens is disclosed. This invention provides a method of rejecting most of the scattered ambient light from both the front and the back of a rear projection screen. Polarizing films and retardation sheets are used to enhance the contrast and reject ambient light to decrease the dark state brightness in a rear projection system.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system and method for providing an overhead image. A scan region receives a document containing an image to be projected. An illumination element illuminates the document to produce image light. A means for capturing and digitizing captures and digitizes the image light as digital information. A video subsystem produces a projection image from the digital information.

Abstract: In order to reduce polarization dependency of a light separation characteristic of a 45 degree dichro and to improve the image quality of the projector based on the color separation/synthesis optical system using the 45 degree dichro, in the illumination optical system, green light and blue plus red light are separated by a color light direction change element (40), and the polarization direction thereof are adjusted by a polarization change element (50).

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal projector which can blast an increased amount of cooling air to raise the cooling efficiency without increasing the size of an optical prism unit. The liquid crystal projector includes a dichroic prism, a base for securing the dichroic prism with a lower plate interposed therebetween, a plurality of liquid crystal panel units disposed on side faces of the dichroic prism, and a cooling fan disposed below the base. The base has air holes formed therein such that air current generated by the cooling fan is introduced to the liquid crystal panel units through the air holes to cool the liquid crystal panel units. The lower plate has inclined faces at portions thereof which oppose to the air holes of the base.

Abstract: An image of the display screen including an indicated position is captured, and a low resolution image is produced from the captured high resolution image. A low resolution pixel corresponding to the indicated position is found within the low resolution image, and the indicated position is then found within the captured image based on a unit area that is associated with the low resolution pixel corresponding to the indicated position.

Abstract: An image reading apparatus for imaging an original document or photographic film includes an original placement bed on which to place the original, and a reading device to form an image of the original. A transparent original adapter, detachably connected to the image reading apparatus, includes a delivery device that moves the original along an original placement plane of the original placement bed. The transparent original adapter also includes a lighting device that illuminates the original as the reading device forms the image of the original. A film position adjustment device adjusts the original away from the original placement plane when the original is moved, and against the original when the image of the original is read by the reading device.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system which projects a pattern of a first object (e.g., a reticle) to a second object (e.g., a wafer) by using an exposure beam in order to transfer the pattern from the first object onto the second object, a diaphragm which sets a numerical aperture of the projection optical system, and a mechanism which keeps temperature of the diaphragm substantially constant during an exposure operation by the projection optical system.

Abstract: A print-order receiving apparatus is capable of receiving a customer's order for photographic prints through a recording medium electronically recording image data therein. The apparatus includes a box-like apparatus body, a slot formed in the apparatus body for attaching the recording medium and a reading driver unit for reading the image date from the recording medium as attached in the slot. The slot defines an aperture plane with its peripheral edges, the aperture plane being upwardly inclined.

Abstract: A control system for the mask table and substrate table predicts the momentary substrate table position error and feeds it into the mask table control loop, adding it to the mask table set point and as a force to the mask table.

Abstract: A double telecentric objective lens includes a front group having and a rear group each having a positive refracting power as a whole. The front group includes a first unit formed of a cemented lens composed of a convex lens and a concave lens, and a second unit including a convex lens or a cemented lens composed of a convex lens and a concave lens, and a concave lens. The rear group includes a third unit including a concave lens and a cemented lens composed of a convex lens and a concave lens, and a fourth unit formed of a cemented lens composed of a convex lens and a concave lens.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus and method to expose an object with an illumination beam irradiated on a mask from a light source disposes an optical unit between the light source and an optical integrator of an illumination optical system to illuminate the mask with an illumination beam, of which an intensity distribution on a Fourier transform plane with respect to a pattern on the mask has an increased intensity portion apart from the optical axis relative to a portion of the intensity distribution on the optical axis.

Abstract: Reduced-pressure (“vacuum”) chambers, and microlithographic exposure systems including one or more of such chambers, are disclosed. The vacuum chamber exhibits reduced deformation of a bulkhead of the chamber during evacuation of the chamber or occurrence of a change in pressure differential across the bulkhead. A “pan” (serving as a secondary wall) is situated at a gap distance from the bulkhead. A secondary reduced-pressure chamber is formed in the gap between the pan and the bulkhead. The secondary reduced-pressure chamber is isolated from atmospheric pressure outside the chamber and from the subatmospheric pressure inside the chamber. The differential between atmospheric pressure and the pressure inside the secondary reduced-pressure chamber is exerted on the pan, but the pressure differential has substantially no effect on the bulkhead, thereby reducing deformation of the bulkhead.

Abstract: Evaluation methods are disclosed for evaluating the image-forming performance of charged-particle-beam microlithography systems, especially with regard to astigmatism and focus. In an embodiment, a subfield containing an evaluation pattern is subdivided into multiple regions. In the various regions, the respective line-and-space (L/S) pattern elements are oriented such that the elements in one region extend in a direction that intersects the direction, in the object plane of orientation of the pattern element in another region. The evaluation pattern is transferred lithographically to a resist film on a substrate. The developed resist, when observed at a magnification at which individual L/S pattern elements are not resolved, reveals a “shadow region” having a particular profile. The profile is a function of one or more parameters (e.g., astigmatism and focus) of image-forming performance.

Abstract: The effective coherence of an undulator beamline can be tailored to projection lithography requirements by using a simple single moving element and a simple stationary low-cost spherical mirror. The invention is particularly suited for use in an illuminator device for an optical image processing system requiring partially coherent illumination. The illuminator includes: (i) source of coherent or partially coherent radiation which has an intrinsic coherence that is higher than the desired coherence; (ii) a reflective surface that receives incident radiation from said source; (iii) means for moving the reflective surface through a desired range of angles in two dimensions wherein the rate of the motion is fast relative to integration time of said image processing system; and (iv) a condenser optic that re-images the moving reflective surface to the entrance plane of said image processing system, thereby, making the illumination spot in said entrance plane essentially stationary.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing gross location, planarization, and mechanical restraint to one or more electronic components such as semiconductor dice to be subjected to stereolithographic processing. A double platen assembly having a first platen and a second platen mutually removably connected and configured and arranged to substantially secure an electronic component assembly in position therebetween. At least one of the platens is configured such that a portion of electronic components of a carrier substrate secured by the double platen assembly is viewable for exposure to an energy beam such as a laser beam used to cure a liquid into an associated dielectric stereolithographic packaging structure. Another embodiment includes the use of an adhesive coated film for holding locating and securing a plurality of individual electronic components for processing. A method of forming solder balls is also disclosed.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to prevent leakage of powder, etc. by effectively sealing en end of a rotary body with a simple structure. An end seal which prevents toner leakage by contacting an outer circumference of a developing roller, has a contact portion made of a sealing material of yarns including porous hollow fibers. Being made of hollow fiber, the seal exhibits reduced repulsive elasticity during compression, and high hermeticity is attained in the yarns by applying only a relatively light load to such an extent that deformation in a pressure-applying supporting plate and the to-be-pressed developing roller is not caused, thereby maintaining sealability. The seal is freely deformable so as for a stepped portion to be sealed effectively. By mixing non-hollow fibers, the seal can be partially provided with elasticity. By mixing electrically conductive fibers, the seal can be used in a region where static protection is necessitated.

Abstract: A laser based tracking unit communicates with a target to obtain position information about the target. Specifically, the target is placed at the point to be measured. The pitch, yaw and roll of the target, and the spherical coordinates of the target relative to the tracking unit are the obtained. The target can be, for example, an active device incorporated into a moveable device such a remote controlled robot.

Abstract: A combined system of a LOAS and a LIDAR system comprises: a LIDAR arrangement of optical elements for generating a first coherent beam of light at a first predetermined wavelength; a LOAS arrangement of optical elements for generating a second coherent beam of light at a second predetermined wavelength; a dichroic filter optical element for directing the first and second coherent beams of light substantially on a first common optical path towards an aperture of a beam expander; at least one output optical element which directs both of the expanded first and second coherent beams of light from the system, the at least one output optical element also for receiving and directing reflections of the first and second coherent beams of light to the beam expander wherein the beam reflections are collected; and wherein the dichroic filter optical element separates and directs the collected light corresponding to the first coherent beam back to the LIDAR arrangement of optical elements for use in determining flow veloc