Abstract: A method provides for determining an optimal sample dimension when descreening high-resolution image data so that a lower resolution image color proof may be created without suffering the problems typical of over sampling image data. The method allows to generate a single set of image data to create on-the-fly either a medium resolution color proof or a high resolution printed image without having to RIP the data twice, once for the proof, and once for the printed image.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photosensitive chips for creating electrical signals from an original image, as would be found for example in a digital scanner, copier, facsimile machine, or other document generating or reproducing device. More specifically, the present invention relates to preferably providing a supplemental chip in each abutment region to enhance image quality.

Abstract: In a network-based input scanning system, wherein a sender scanning a hard-copy document at a scanner sends the resulting image data to an electronic mail address, the scanner appends an electronic mail address of the sender in the “From:” space of the electronic mail message. In this way, status messages or other responses to the electronic mail message bearing the image data are directed to the sender's computer, and not only to the scanner itself. The identity of the sender is determined by a network-login step the sender uses to access the scanner.

Abstract: An Internet facsimile machine provides a voice mail function of transmitting or receiving voice mail together with a document or voice mail only using an electronic mail transmitting and receiving method and includes a scanner to scan a document to be transmitted, a voice signal processing unit to convert a voice message to be transmitted into digital voice data, a signal conversion unit to convert the scanned document data and/or the digitized voice message to be suitable for an electronic mail transfer standard, and a signal transmission unit to transmit the converted document and/or the converted voice message through the Internet. Accordingly, voice data in addition to a document or image data can be transmitted or received by an Internet facsimile machine or a PC connected to the Internet facsimile machine, thereby offering convenience to users.

Abstract: An image reading device is operable in a manually placed document reading mode offered by a manually placed document reading section and an ADF document reading mode offered by an ADF document reading section. Reading mode detecting section detects in which mode of the manually placed document reading mode and the ADF document reading mode a document to be read is in. First reading-speed setting section sets a reading speed of the ADF document reading section to a predetermined reading speed, upon detection by the reading mode detecting means that the document to be read is in the ADF document reading mode. Second reading-speed setting section sets a reading speed of the manually placed document reading section to a predetermined reading speed sufficient to reduce image vibration caused by reading by the manually placed document reading section, upon detection by the reading mode detecting section that the document to be read is in the manually placed document reading mode.

Abstract: A method and structure for an image processing apparatus that includes an image bearing surface adapted to receive electrostatically charged toner, a cleaning brush adapted to remove waste particles from the image bearing surface, a detone roller adapted to remove the waste particles from the cleaning brush, and a speed controller adapted to maintain a rotational speed of the cleaning brush above a minimum speed below which the waste particles would not be removed from the image bearing surface and below a maximum speed above which the waste particles would be thrown from the cleaning brush.

Abstract: A system and method for organizing digital images automatically. A digital image is acquired and automatically converted into an image data file with an associated date, and stored into a file system folder associated with that date. When the digital image is to be acquired using an optical scanner, the method automatically acquires the image using predefined scanner settings that are appropriate to a photographic image to scan the item.

Abstract: A scanner includes a housing, a transparent platform, a scanning module, a motor, a front compensation element and a rear compensation element. The housing includes a front section, a rear section, and a scanning section. The transparent platform is installed on the housing for a document to be placed on. The scanning module is installed inside the housing for scanning the document. The motor is used to drive the scanning module. The front and rear compensation elements are installed inside the housing to assist the motor with starting and stopping the scanning module.

Abstract: A portable printer is provided including a paper retention mechanism removably coupled to a printing assembly. The paper retention mechanism includes a housing divided into a supply paper compartment and a printed paper compartment. To conserve space, the printed paper compartment is located in a stacked configuration relative to the supply paper compartment. The printed paper compartment also includes a transparent panel to allow viewing of printed pages. The panel is also able to be opened to allow removal of printed pages.

Abstract: A scanning device for scanning to a host computer includes memory for storing a list of host IDs and corresponding host addresses, an image sensing module for scanning an image or document, and a display panel for displaying at least one host ID that is selectable via user input. The scanning device receives registration data from a host computer, displays a list of one or more registered host computers, receives user input identifying a host computer, scans a document or image to generate scan data, and transmits the scan data to the host computer identified by the user input.

Abstract: A test page produced by ink pens for calibrating drop weights for at least a first and a second printheads, comprising: a page with an area for color swatches; a plurality of color swatches disposed in the area; and a predetermined substantially uniform color background disposed in said area between and around said plurality of color swatches. In a system embodiment of the present invention, a sensor may be used for sensing spectral data for each color swatch in a plurality of color swatches; and a component may be provided for comparing the sensed spectral data for each color swatch in a plurality of the color swatches to spectral data for the background color and selecting one of the plurality of color swatches which has spectral data which is closest to the background color for use in adjusting ink volume for at least one of the ink pens.

Abstract: A method of writing holograms includes: numbering sections in sequence, where each section has a spatial projection onto a holographic medium; and writing at least one hologram in each of the sections in sequence. Writing in two sections with adjacent spatial projections provides a substantially uniform exposure level for a sequentially subsequent section with a spatial projection that overlaps the two sections.

Abstract: A optical link for achieving electrical isolation between a controller and a memory device is disclosed. The optical link increases the noise immunity of electrical interconnections, and allows the memory device to be placed a greater distance from the processor than is conventional without power-consuming I/O buffers.

Abstract: A communication network and method is presented that performs line level restoration when an indication of a trunk failure is received. When a trunk failure occurs, the optical cross connect switch detecting the failure signals upstream to a peer optical cross connect switch of the failure occurrence. The optical cross connect switch having the higher router ID performs an alternative trunk query and if an alternative trunk is located, the two nodes located at each end of the failed trunk migrate the eligible label switched paths onto the new trunk.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are presented for a tunable device for measuring the optical spectrum of a DWDM signal on a per channel basis. The device is an InP-semiconductor based tunable ring resonator. In a preferred embodiment the typical size of the chip is approximately 250&mgr;m×250&mgr;m. The three main sections of the device comprise a straight input passive waveguide, a straight output absorbing waveguide, and a tunable ring resonator. The ring resonator sets up a wavelength selective resonant cavity, allowing measurement of OP and OSNR across the free spectral range of the device, centered at a nominal service wavelength. In the preferred embodiment, the device can measure the OP and OSNR of an arbitrary demultiplexed DWDM signal, with a measurement time of approximately 225 microseconds. Inasmuch as the device is simply measuring optical performance parameters within a particular frequency (i.e.

Abstract: A communication system includes an optical transmission network having an input end and an output end. A wavelength division multiplexer coupled to the input end of the optical transmission network receives data packets directly from each internet-traffic source and modulates, in response to those data packets, a corresponding optical beam having a selected wavelength. At the other end of the optical transmission network, a wavelength division demultiplexer is configured to select a particular optical beam corresponding to each internet-traffic source and to retrieve the data packets placed thereon by the wavelength division multiplexer.

Abstract: In an optical packet switch, NW wavelengths, over which inputted optical packets may be switched, are grouped into KG groups of wavelengths, where NW and KG are integers greater than one. The KG groups of wavelengths are characterized in that each of the KG groups of wavelengths is allocated to optical packets distinguished from other optical packets by at least one attribute of at least one packet characteristic. Each one inputted optical packet is switched over a wavelength having an available transmission resource selected from among wavelengths in one of the KG groups of wavelengths that is matched to the one inputted optical packet by correspondence of attributes of the at least one packet characteristic. Related apparatus and methods are also described.

Abstract: Simultaneous demultiplexing and clock recovery of high-speed (e.g., 80 Gbps or 160 Gbps) optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) signals is achieved using a tandem electro-absorption modulator (TEAM). The TEAM has a monolithically integrated SOA to compensate the insertion loss and two EAMs to reduce the switching window. The demultiplexing and clock recovery may be performed by a single TEAM, or by two or more TEAMs. A fiber Raman amplifier may be used to boost the intensity of the OTDM signals during transmission.

Abstract: A dual E/O transmitter module optical transponder comprising an O/E receiver module capable of converting an ingressing optical signal from an optical signal source to an electrical signal, a pair of E/O transmitter modules connected in parallel and each capable of converting said electrical signal to an egressing optical signal, a control device for enabling one of said pair of E/O transmitter modules and disabling the other of said pair of E/O transmitter modules and an optical coupler coupled to said pair of E/O transmitter modules for feeding said egressing optical signal from said enabled E/O transmitter module to an optical signal destination.

Abstract: All optical clock recovery includes a transmitter for generating an optical timing signal. The transmitter includes a semiconductor laser for the production of a dynamically synchronizable timing signal, the laser having an external resonator for feedback of the timing signal to the laser, the feedback having a delay time greater than a relaxation oscillation time for the laser, and the laser outputting an optical timing signal having a characteristic dynamic. The transmitter supplies the optical timing signal to a receiver configured to receive the timing signal and to synchronize to the laser on receipt of the timing signal, such that the receiver outputs a recovered timing signal having the characteristic dynamic.

Abstract: A device and method for ensuring parallel data transmission and reception based on a high speed transmission rate between an electrical system (1) and an optical network (2) adapted for optical data transmission, wherein a plurality of logical channels (TXDATA, RXDATA) with the data to be transmitted embedded therein is synchronously transmitted from the electrical system (1) to the optical network (2) together with an additional control channel (TXPAR) comprising information usable for detecting a transmission error by a respective adapted receiving means of the optical network, and wherein a clock rate is ensured having the half rate in relation to the transmission rate of a respective logical channel (TXDATA, RXDATA).

Abstract: Optical wireless links automatically re-acquire alignment after detecting the loss of an incoming signal bearing light beam. The loss of the signal may be due to a temporary blockage of the light path, so the devices will await a programmable period of time before attempt to re-align themselves. If re-alignment is required, the devices will first position their light beams to the last known aligned position and will from that point sweep through a pattern seeking to re-align with the remote device. The devices transmit their beam position information during the sweep, which information will be echoed back or fed back to the device once its beam impinges upon the remote devices photodetectors. If the devices cannot re-align, then a second, longer sweep pattern may be performed, starting at some predefined default location.

Abstract: An optical wireless communication device for performing communication by laser light. A primary light-emitting unit emits a laser light and a processing unit adjusts divergence of the laser light. A laser light adjustment method is provided wherein an optical wireless communication device measures a distance to an object which is to be irradiated with laser light and adjusts divergence and/or output power of the laser light based on the measured distance. Further, an optical wireless communication device, an optical wireless communication system, a management apparatus and a computer-readable medium storing a management program are provided, which allow a user to easily check a communication status of the optical wireless communication device.

Abstract: Optical communication systems and methods that provide subliminal in-band signaling of network management information in coherent phase shift keyed (PSK) optical networks. The advantages of this method over various prior art are twofold: (1) It does not require an extra wavelength division multiplexed optical channel to transmit network management data, and (2) it does not require expensive complete time division demultiplexing of the payload data to extract the network management information. The management channel data is transmitted in a spread spectrum signal format that is below the limit of detection in the transmission channel, hence the term subliminal. The subliminal signal is detected using correlative techniques (despreading). The spread-spectrum signal is a direct sequence binary PSK representation of the management channel data plus a spreading code. This spread spectrum signal is superimposed as a slow phase modulation on top of the transmitted high speed PSK payload signal.

Abstract: A cable television system (100) having forward and reverse paths includes, in the reverse path, a digital optical transmitter (200) for receiving an RF signal, converting it to a digital signal, and adding a digital pilot tone thereto. A laser is driven in accordance with the summed digital signal to generate a digital optical signal representative of the pilot tone and the RF signal. The cable television system (100) also includes an optical receiver (305)for receiving the digital optical signal and recovering therefrom the RF signal and the pilot tone. The optical transmitter (200) and receiver (305) are coupled by fiber optic communication media (110).

Abstract: In an optical communications system, it is necessary to control the extinction ratio of a laser device (192) of an optical transmission unit. The laser device (192) is typically used to transmit a signal that can be approximated by a pseudo-random bit stream. The bit stream is monitored by collecting light from a back facet of the laser device (192) using a photodiode (194) in a control loop. Due to band limiting effects of the photodiode (194) and parasitic circuit track capacitances, a feedback signal generated by the photodiode (194) becomes distorted, leading to difficulties in controlling the extinction ratio. The present invention therefore provides an apparatus that simulates a signal generated by the photodiode (194) and subsequent processing of the photodiode signal. The simulated signal and the processed photodiode signal are compared so as to generate a control signal for controlling modulation amplitude of the laser device (192) and hence the extinction ratio.

Abstract: In a receiver operable in response to a data signal, an eye aperture size is detected along a time axis by an eye aperture detection circuit and is controlled by a control circuit so that it becomes a maximum. The eye aperture detection circuit determines different decision time points of the same level arranged along a time axis and judges whether or not an error is caused to occur at each of the decision time points, so as to detect the eye aperture size and to produce detection results. The control circuit processes the detection results in accordance with a predetermined algorithm to successively vary the eye aperture size and to keep the data signal at an optimum amplitude.

Abstract: A multi-beam scanning optical system includes a plurality of light sources, a deflecting unit which deflects a plurality of laser beams emitted from the light sources, and a scanning optical unit which focuses the laser beams deflected by the deflecting unit onto the surface of a photosensitive member. The scanning optical unit is set such that lateral chromatic aberration is overcorrected. In addition, among angles formed between each laser beam incident on the surface of the photosensitive member and the normal at the surface of the photosensitive member in a sub-scanning direction, the oscillation wavelength of the light source that emits a laser beam forming the minimum angle is set to a value smaller than the oscillation wavelength of the light source that emits a laser beam forming the maximum angle.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a scanning optical apparatus that is capable of suppressing, to a minute amount, scanning line bending caused by rotational decentration of a single lens that is a scanning optical system, and to provide an image forming apparatus using the optical scanning apparatus. To achieve the stated object, with the technique of the present invention, a single lens is used as a scanning optical system and the surface shape of the single lens is set so that a direction of scanning line bending in the sub scanning direction occurring when an incident surface of the single lens is rotationally decenter about an axis parallel to the main scanning direction is opposite to a direction of scanning line bending in the sub scanning direction occurring when an exit surface is rotationally decenter about the axis parallel to the main scanning direction.

Abstract: A light beam scanning apparatus is provided having a light source for emitting light beams, a first optical unit for optically coupling the light beams, a second optical unit for converging the light beams into an approximately line image elongated along the horizontal scanning direction, a light beam deflector for deflecting the light beams by interaction with reflecting planes, and a third optical unit for converging the light beams deflected by the light beam deflector into a spot of light formed on the surface to be scanned, in which the third optical unit includes first and second anamorphic optical elements, each having a positive power along the horizontal and vertical scanning directions, respectively, and the magnification of the third optical unit is approximately constant and the power of the first anamorphic optical element L1 is also approximately constant irrespective of deflection angle for the light beam scanning.

Abstract: A diffraction grating device operable as a reflection or transmission grating, and a method of manufacturing and using any number of such grating devices so that each device is individually electrically addressable to diffract radiation of different wavelengths. The grating device comprises first and second sets of interdigitated elements so that each element of the first set defines an element pair with an immediately adjacent element of the second set, a first gap is defined between the elements of each element pair, and a second gap is defined between each adjacent pair of element pairs. The elements of an element pair are selectively movable toward and away from each other. As such, the widths of the gaps can be selectively sized to diffract radiation of a desired wavelength.

Abstract: State of polarization detectors and polarization control systems are disclosed.

Abstract: A multi-user optical fiber communications system uses spread spectrum code division multiple access techniques to achieve better bandwidth utilization. Each channel of the system is provided with light source that is temporally and spectrally modulated by an encoder. Modulation is accomplished by first passing the data through a pulse modifier to obtain a stream of shortened pulses with a reduced duty cycle. The modulated light is coupled to a fiber and data are recovered by the decoder. The source includes a superluminescent fiber source that is split multiple times and amplified in a hierarchical manner to produce a plurality of like sources. The like sources are decorrelated by adding delays to the different sources. Each of the encoders includes an encoding mask having a first code that encodes the optical signal. Light, spatially encoded by the mask and temporally modulated with data, is transmitted over a fiber link with the signals of other users and received by a decoder.

Abstract: A process for manufacture of a photochromic polymeric article comprising: providing a fluid polymerisable composition; subjecting the fluid polymerisable composition to a first curing step to provide a solid article of intermediate hardness; contacting the solid article of intermediate hardness with a photochromic substance; and subjecting the solid article of intermediate hardness to a further curing step to increase the hardness and provide a polymeric article imbibed with the photochromic substance

Abstract: An exemplary monolithic stabilized monolithic transmissive active optical device, such as an electroabsorption modulator (EAM), a variable optical attenuator (VOA), or a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), with an output optical tap, includes: a substrate; a waveguide layer; a semiconductor layer. The waveguide layer is coupled to the substrate and includes an active medium, which interacts with a predetermined wavelength of light, and is responsive to an electric signal. The electric signal is applied between the substrate and the semiconductor layer. The waveguide layer includes an output optical tap section and an active section adjacent to the output optical tap section. These sections include portions of the active medium. Further embodiments of the present invention incorporate temperature as well as bias control to improve performance of exemplary monolithic transmissive active optical devices. Additional embodiments include exemplary methods of manufacture and methods of operation.

Abstract: A display device comprises an actuator substrate which has actuator elements, an optical waveguide plate, crosspieces which is interposed between the optical waveguide plate and the actuator substrate and which surround the actuator elements, and picture element assemblies which are joined onto the actuator elements. A stack for constructing each of the picture element assemblies has a transparent layer opposed to the optical waveguide plate. The transparent layer contains a major component of a cured resin obtained by polymerization with a principal ingredient which is composed of one or more materials selected from modified epoxy, bisphenol A type epoxy, bisphenol F type epoxy, and glycidyl ether type epoxy, and a curing agent which is composed of one or more materials selected from modified polyamine, modified alicyclic polyamine, and heterocyclic diamine modified product of tertiary amine.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrophoretic display comprising isolated cells of well-defined shape, size and aspect ratio which cells have internal sub relief structures and are filled with charged pigment particles dispersed in a dielectric solvent. The display shows an improved contrast ratio and resistance against shear and compression pressures. The display may have the traditional up/down switching mode, an in-plane switching mode or a dual switching mode.

Abstract: A wavelength tunable light source includes an optical pulse generating section for generating an optical pulse; an amplitude control section for controlling the amplitude of the optical pulse generated by the optical pulse generating section by superimposing control light on the optical pulse to output a short optical pulse; and an optical frequency converting section for converting the frequency of the short optical pulse by launching the short optical pulse output from the amplitude control section into an optical nonlinear medium whose refractive index varies in response to the electric-field intensity of the incident light. The amplitude control section can be configured such that it carries out the time division multiplexing and outputs the short optical pulse, thereby constituting an optical pulse light source.

Abstract: It is the object of a device for converting a fundamental laser frequency to other frequencies to further increase the conversion efficiency in successive nonlinear processes at a low cost with respect to material and alignment and in a space-saving compact arrangement and to make use of the advantages of noncritical phase matching for this purpose. Between two nonlinear optical crystals for generating a first new frequency and for frequency mixing of a pair of laser beams which is generated in the first crystal and whose laser beams are polarized perpendicular to one another, there is arranged another birefringent crystal which is penetrated by the pair of laser beams and in which nonlinear optical characteristics are prevented, so that the pair of laser beams exits from the birefringent crystal with unchanged frequencies.

Abstract: A noncollinear pumped solid state Raman laser or amplifier has a pump laser that transversely or noncollinearly pumps a solid state Raman gain material, with an intensity sufficient to produce a stimulated Raman laser output beam. The pump beam and the Raman beam are noncollinear when the Raman beam travels completely across the pump beam within the Raman gain material, or where the Raman beam completely separates physically, at some location in the pumped Raman gain material, from a virtual beam, which is collinear to the pump beam axis, and which has the same entrance spot size and beam divergence as the Raman beam. The device enhances the pump laser beam spatial homogenization to improve the wavefront smoothness and propagation performance from the pump beam to the Raman beam.

Abstract: Disclosed are semiconductor laser diodes and laser diode modules for reducing noise in EDFA and TDFA fiber amplifiers, to thereby increase signal bandwidth. A major source of noise is identified as being signal light that is inadvertently coupled from the fiber amplifier to the laser diode, and then returned back to the fiber amplifier as noise. In one aspect of the present invention, the back facet of the laser diode is constructed to achieve a reflectivity to the signal light of 40% or less. In another aspect, an anti-reflective coating is provide on the coupling fiber to the laser diode. A reduction of at least 17 dB in the returned signal is achieved by the present invention.

Abstract: There is provided a collector for guiding light with a wavelength of ≦193 nm onto a plane. The collector includes a first mirror shell for receiving a first ring aperture section of the light and irradiating a first planar ring section of the plane with a first irradiance, and a second mirror shell for receiving a second ring aperture section of the light and irradiating a second planar ring section of the plane with a second irradiance. The first and second mirror shells are rotationally symmetrical and concentrically arranged around a common axis of rotation, the first and second ring aperture sections do not overlap with one another, the first planar ring section substantially abuts the second planar ring section, and the first irradiance is approximately equal to the second irradiance.

Abstract: The reflectivity of multilayered EUV mirrors tuned for 11-16 nm, for which the two-component Mo/Be and Mo/Si multilayered systems are commonly used, is enhanced by incorporating additional elements and their compounds mainly from period 5 of the periodic table. In addition, the reflectivity performance of the multilayer stacks is further enhanced by a numerical global optimization procedure by which the layer thicknesses are varied for optimum performance in, contradistinction to the constant layer thickness—i.e. constant partition ratio—multilayer stacks commonly designed and, fabricated hitherto. By incorporating additional materials with differing complex refractive indices in various regions of the stack, or by wholly replacing one of the components (typically Mo), we have observed peak reflectivity enhancements of up to 5% for a single reflector compared to a standard unoptimized stack. The additional materials used are: Rb, RbCl, Sr, Y, Zr, Ru, Rh, Tc, Pd, Nb and Be.

Abstract: A process for displaying three-dimensional point distributions in a laser scanning microscope with a tiltable fine focusing stage, wherein an actual scanned first raster point distribution is compared with a computer-generated second raster point distribution, and the first raster points are utilized for display in the second raster point distribution when the raster points in both distributions correspond with one another, while intermediate values are formed from points of the first raster point distribution lying in the vicinity of second raster points when there is no correspondence, wherein the position of these intermediate values corresponds to the position of the second raster points, or a displacement of the X/Y-scanner of the microscope and/or of the stage tilting means is carried out in a particularly advantageous manner with reference to a computer-determined two- or three-dimensional raster point distribution in such a way that the scanned raster points in and/or on an object correspond completel

Abstract: The optical microscope apparatus comprises illuminating means for emitting as illumination light a convergent beam converging at a point in a space; a sample mounting table for mounting a sample in front of the converging point of illumination light; and an objective lens disposed such that the illumination light is incident thereon after light transmitted through or reflected by the sample is once converged at the converging point. The texture and state of orientation of the sample can easily be analyzed by use of the optical microscope apparatus in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: In a differential interference microscope, polarized light having a predetermined direction of oscillation is incident on a birefringent optical member so as to be separated into two linearly polarized light components having directions of oscillation orthogonal to each other, and the two linearly polarized light components thus separated are directed via an objective lens to a sample to be observed, and the two linearly polarized light components reflected from the sample are guided via the objective to the birefringent optical member so as to be synthesized into single light, and two linearly polarized light components of the synthesized light flux are caused to interfere so that an image of the sample is formed by the objective lens from the light flux that have interfered.

Abstract: Binoculars have a pair of objective units that are separated with a fixed spacing and are used for forming an image. The binoculars also include a pair of erecting prism units each having a roof face and used for transforming the image to an erect image. A pair of eyepiece units receive beams ejecting from the erecting prism units, respectively. The eyepiece units are rotatable around the optical axes of the objective units, respectively.

Abstract: A system is provided in which an expanded non-collimated source of light may be used to produce a uniform polarized light exposure for use, for example, in the photo-alignment of optical films. Uniformity of polarization and intensity may be maintained even when a high-intensity source of ultraviolet light is used. The system may be scaled in size to produce large exposures without sacrificing uniformity of intensity or uniformity of direction of polarization. The system includes a light source, a pile-of-plates polarizer, and a surface (such as the surface of an optical film) to be exposed. The pile-of-plates polarizer is oriented orthogonally to the surface, thereby providing a polarized light exposure having a uniform direction of polarization on the exposed surface. The light source may be oriented at Brewster's angle to the polarizer to improve polarization contrast.

Abstract: An optical unit including a first optical element and a second optical element, wherein the first optical element has a protrusion while the second optical element has a recess, and wherein the relative alignment between the first and second optical elements is accomplished by engagement of the protrusion and the recess.

Abstract: A plastic lens includes refractive and diffractive optical apparatus configured to produce optothermal changes substantially canceling each other over a predetermined working temperature range to render the plastic lens substantially athermalized over the range.