Abstract: A method and an apparatus for charging a so-called heating washer (heating cushion) (10) with heat energy to be liberated at a chosen point of time through activating the heating washer (10) when the same e.g. has been placed on stiff/tender musculature. According to the invention, the heating washer is steamed, either one or more at a time, in a steam chamber positioned above a water chamber in a steam cooking apparatus (30), wherein the water chamber is separated from the overlying steam chamber by means of a horizontally directed partition plate (34), fluid communication being maintained between the chambers. The charging of the heating washer (10) by means of steam prevents that the heating washers are damaged in the way that may happen when boiled in water.

Abstract: A cooking appliance includes a grilling grate supported directly above at least one heating element and situated adjacent to a downdraft grill. The grilling grate includes structure to effectively shield the heating element(s) from an air flow generated during operation of the downdraft system. More specifically, the grilling grate includes a grilling surface on an upper side, and a plurality of conductive heat members on a lower side. The conductive heat members have side portions which extend about the heating element in order to cloak the heating element from the effects of the airflow produced by the downdraft system thereby providing a more efficient means of energy transfer to the grilling surface.

Abstract: A thermal cup includes a hollow inner cup body having an inner surrounding wall and an outer surrounding wall that confine an enclosed chamber therebetween, and an outer cup body made of a heat insulating material and disposed to surround the outer surrounding wall of the inner cup body. The inner surrounding wall further confines a space for containing liquid therein. The outer cup body cooperates with the outer surrounding wall of the inner cup body to confine a clearance therebetween. A thermal conductor unit is provided on the outer surrounding wall of the inner cup body, and is disposed in the clearance.

Abstract: An apparatus for operably connecting an electrical source to a conductive coating or film. The apparatus may include a substrate made of a structural material. A conductive coating or thin film may be applied to the substrate. An interface layer may be applied over the conductive coating and conduct electricity thereto while transferring insufficient force to separate the conductive coating from the substrate. A conductor, for providing electricity to the interface layer comprising strands configured to be separable and electrically conductive, may be positioned in contact with the interface layer. A clamping mechanism may apply a clamping load urging the conductor toward the conductive coating. The strands of the conductor may be formed to distribute mechanical stress and strain induced by thermal expansion and the clamping load sufficiently to substantially reduce damage to the mechanical and electrical integrity of the conductive coating.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of quickly heating a gas-solvent solution from a relatively low temperature T1 to a relatively high temperature T2, such that the gas-solvent solution has a much higher dissolved gas concentration at temperature T2 than could be achieved if the gas-solvent solution had originally been formed at the temperature T2. Various apparatuses are also provided for carrying out the heating method.

Abstract: A method of heating water comprises providing a helical passageway in juxtaposition a metal core rod and a coil through which an alternating current is passed. The alternating current generates an alternating longitudinal magnetic field that passes through the metal core rod and gives rise to eddy currents that generate heat. Water flowing along a helical passageway is heated and at the same time the water is magnetized as it cuts across lines of magnetic force of the alternating longitudinal magnetic field. A magnetized water generator for uses with the method comprises two bulkheads, a coil, a metal core rod and an outer tube. The core rod is disposed within the outer tube to create a helical passageway. The outer tube and core rod are disposed within the coil. A bulkhead is disposed on each end of the outer tube. Water enters the helical passageway through the water inlet in one end bulkhead and out of the helical passageway via a water outlet on the other end bulkhead.

Abstract: The apparatus for uniformly dispersing the microwave comprises a body including a plurality of reflective portions which are made of materials capable of reflecting the microwave and have the horizontal top surfaces and vertical side surfaces. The width of the plurality of reflective portions is set as 1/n times as large as a wavelength &lgr;g of the microwave. The depth of each of the plurality of reflective portions may be set as a value obtained by multiplying the remainder, which is obtained by dividing the power of a natural number for the least primitive root of a prime number by the prime number, by the width of the reflective portion under a condition that a datum plane is defined by a height from the bottom surface corresponding to a value obtained by multiplying the width of the reflective portion by (prime number−1).

Abstract: Near-field optical microscope with a probe tip which is arranged on one side of a light-transmitting specimen and moved in a scanning manner. The probe tip serves as a point light source. Optics for collecting light transmitted through the specimen and transmitting it to a detection unit or for collecting illumination light are provided on the other side of the specimen. The movement of the probe tip is adapted to on the detection side, or the probe serves to detect specimen light. A detection unit is arranged following the probe in the direction of illumination, and a scanning illumination adapted to the probe movement is carried out on the other side of the specimen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and system for focusing a laser scanning cytometer. In the illustrative embodiment, during one cytometric measurement process, a single laser is used for focusing the cytometer and for taking cytometric measurements. Laser light is transmitted though an objective lens and directed at a substrate in order to cause markers in a sample on the substrate 122 to fluoresce. A byproduct the of cytometric measurement is that a portion of the laser light incident on the substrate 122 with or without a sample is backscattered. The objective of the illustrative system collects the backscattered light along with the fluorescing light. Optical elements separate this backscattered laser light from the fluorescing light. The illustrative system uses the backscattered light to focus the objective.

Abstract: By providing an area of a smaller numerical aperture and an area of a greater numerical aperture on an objective lens, forming holograms of different characteristics corresponding to the respective areas, and using diffracted light beams of the same order of light beams having different wavelengths emitted from two light sources so as to carry out recording to and reproduction from an optical disc, it is possible to carry out recording and reproduction of information signals to and from a plurality of optical recording media of different types while efficiently using the light beams, and to eliminate the problem of a stray light due to an unwanted diffracted light.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for illuminating an object with white light, in which method the object is illuminated using lights of at least two different colors. The intensities of the lights are measured and then the intensity of illumination provided by means of a light of a single color is adjusted on the basis of the measured intensities of illumination provided by means of at least two different colors to improve the white balance of the object's illumination.

Abstract: A discharging and light emitting element included in a CIS unit includes a transparent electrode having an external electrode and a substrate having an internal electrode. A first lead is led out from the internal electrode and a second lead is led out from the external electrode, and first and second leads are led out from end portions of the substrate and the transparent electrode at the same side.

Abstract: A system (300) for gating a sensor (118) includes a detector (120) that detects light and outputs a signal (102) corresponding to the light. A control unit (334) receives the signal (106), and enables and disables a power supply (314) in response to the signal (106) to generate a gated power signal (316). The power supply (314) outputs the gated power signal (316) to a sensor (118) sensing the light.

Abstract: A hybrid photon detector with a photocathode in reflective mode where the same vacuum tube components acts both as a perfect incoming light concentrator and as a perfect focusing electron lens and the photoelectrons are electrostatically focused by the same CPC-shape in the opposite direction (i.e., from the small light collection surface towards a point-like region in the middle of the large-area entrance aperture). The CPC is electrically conductive and split into two electrodes by a narrow nonconductive interval positioned in a particular place along the CPC. The photocathode covers the light collection area of the CPC, and the photocathode is operated in the reflective mode such that photoelectrons emerge from the same surface through which the photons enter. Photoelectrons emerging from the entire photocathode are accelerated and focused onto a small electronic sensor placed in the middle of the entrance aperture of the CPC.

Abstract: The subject of this invention are method and system for enhancing performance characteristics (quantum efficiency, photoresponse, and spectral range) in photon detectors and solar cells (both of which are referred to as photon devices). The photon detectors are p-n junctions and/or Schottky barrier diodes. The solar cells are p-n junctions. The method and system can include injecting electrons into a p-region of a photon detector or solar cell over a selected time period of up to approximately 1500 seconds to control and improve minority carrier transport, in particular a diffusion length. The injection of electrons can occur periodically over several days and can occur under a o forward bias of the p-n junction or Schottky barrier. Improvements in quantum efficiency can be between approximately 2 to approximately 5 fold.

Abstract: One problem that arises in the context of controlling tunable filters, and more specifically, Fabry-Perot tunable filters concerns the control algorithms for these MOEMS devices. An optical filter system comprises a tunable optical filter that scans a pass band across a signal band to generate a filtered signal. A filter tuning voltage generator generates a tuning voltage to the optical tunable filter. A photodetector generates an electrical signal in response to the filtered signal. Finally, a controller, that is responsive to the photodetector, triggers the filter tuning voltage generator. To increase the ease at which the results of a scan of the signal band of a WDM signal can be analyzed and improve spectral resolution, the change in the pass band of the tunable filter as a function of time is linearized in frequency or wavelength. This is achieved through the use of essentially an arbitrary waveform generator as the filter tuning voltage generator.

Abstract: An optical type encoder includes a light-emitting element, a scale, a light receiving element for detecting light from the scale when a light beam from the light-emitting element is projected onto the scale, an incremental signal resulting from displacement of the scale being obtained by detection by the light receiving element, two or more mark portions for producing an origin signal formed on the scale, and an origin detecting system for detecting the mark portions for producing the origin signal. The rising position or the falling position of at least one pulse signal indicative of the origin is determined by the detection signals of the two or more mark portions for producing the origin signal by the origin detecting system.

Abstract: An ion trap mass spectrometer uses electrospray ionization to introduce multiply-charged positive ions in an axial direction into a quadrupole ion trap and glow discharge ionization to introduce singly-charged negative ions in a radial direction into the ion trap. Methods of controlling ion-to-ion charge transfer reactions include applying a combination of a dipolar DC voltage and a dipolar RF voltage across endcap electrodes to allow partial charge state neutralization reactions to occur between the positive and negative ions and then control suspension and resumption of further charge state neutralization reactions. The remaining ions can be further processed and transformed and a mass spectrum created by scanning a quadrupolar RF field.

Abstract: There is disclosed a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer using microchannel plates (MCPs), that are prevented from saturating even if strong ion pulses hit the microchannel plates. Usually, the saturation would result in a dead time, removing parts of the produced mass spectrum and shortening the lifetimes of the microchannel plates. An intermediate ion detector is mounted at the spatial focusing point of a reflectron TOF-MS spectrometer portion to measure the current values of ion pulses arriving from an external ion source, as well as the elapsed times since start of travel of the ion pulses. Information obtained by the measurement is fed back to the final ion detector. Thus, the gain of the final ion detector is controlled before the ion pulses reach the final ion detector. This prevents saturation of the final ion detector. The invention can also be applied to a TOF mass spectrometer using pulsed ionization and to an electrostatic sector field TOF mass spectrometer.

Abstract: A tandem mass spectrometer apparatus includes an ion source (29); a first mass spectrometer MS-1 having a magnetic sector (24) and an electric sector (21); and a second mass spectrometer MS-2 having a CID cell (13), an offset parabolic ion mirror (17) and an ion detector (18).

Abstract: A universal interface for continuous on-line liquid sample introduction directly to the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, which can further promote throughput and utility of MALDI-TOF MS, is disclosed. Preferably, the liquid sample includes a matrix, either solid or liquid, for use in matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization, most particularly in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer which can further promote throughput and utility of MALDI-TOF MS. In the method of the invention, the same samples and matrices, both solid and liquid, can be used as in conventional MALDI. In practice of the method of the invention, a solution of sample containing, e.g., peptide and matrix is infused directly into the source chamber of a mass spectrometer at subatmospheric pressure, deposited on a moving sample holder, such as a rotating quartz wheel, and desorbed by, e.g., a nitrogen laser. The method of the invention is particularly amenable to multiplexing, the parallel deposition of multiple samples, e.g.

Abstract: The invention relates to ion-guide systems for the transfer, cooling, fragmentation, selection and temporary storage of ions. The invention consists in embedding systems, made from one or more straight or curved rods to which a single or multiphase radio frequency voltage is applied, in an external enveloping dc potential. The combination of the ion-repelling radio-frequency pseudo field around the rods and the external dc voltage field represents a new category of ion-guide systems. With external dc voltage fields, whose strength or penetration into the interior of the rod system varies along the axis of the system, the ions can be collected or propelled along the axis of the system. Filling the system with collision or damping gas allows the ions to be fragmented and cooled without any losses and the phase space volumes of the ions to be greatly reduced.

Abstract: A method of preparing a lead sample to determine an amount of alpha particle emission. First, a thin slice is obtained from the lead source, such as by cutting the lead source using a microtome. The thin slice may be rolled to flatten any wrinkles caused by the cutting. The flattened slice is then heated to near the melting point of lead to drive the polonium atoms to the surface of the slice. The slice may be cooled down to ambient temperature in Nitrogen gas. Once so prepared, the thin slice can be tested for an amount of alpha particle emission.

Abstract: A scattering target constituting an electron spin analyzer is supported by a scattering target-holding member made of a conductive material from the outside of the space formed by an accelerating electrode and an electrode supporter. Then, the scattering target-holding member is supported in insulation by an insulation supporting member made of an insulating material. Moreover, a guiding member is provided so as to cover the periphery of the insulation supporting member for guiding the scattering target, the scattering target-holding member and the insulation supporting member.

Abstract: An enhanced scanning probe microscope is provided with means for controlling the atmosphere surrounding the probe tip and the sample or surface to be scanned. Additional enhancements include a tip holder which can be tuned to reflect the laser light of the apparatus on the photodiode, a brace to stabilize the optical microscope relative to the sample and a mirror placed to allow visualization of the sample and tip from the side. Also provided is an enhanced method of nanolithography using an enhanced scanning probe microscope in which it is possible to control the atmosphere surrounding the probe tip and the substrate to be patterned or etched.

Abstract: A beam directing method and device are presented for spatially separating between a primary charged particle beam and a beam of secondary particles returned from a sample as a result of its interaction with the primary charged particle beam. The primary charged particle beam is directed towards the beam directing device along a first axis passing an opening in a detector, which has charged particle detecting regions outside this opening. The trajectory of the primary charged particle beam is then affected to cause the primary charged particle beam propagation to the sample along a second axis substantially parallel to and spaced-apart from the first axis. This causes the secondary charged particle beam propagation to the detecting region outside the opening in the detector.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for imaging wet samples with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). In particular, a carrier gas is humidified such that the water vapor in the carrier gas in the sample chamber of the ESEM has a partial pressure equal to the saturated vapor pressure of water. Thus, the sample can be imaged without observing any evaporation or condensation thereon. Both the carrier gas and the water vapor may act as the imaging gas within the ESEM. The apparatus is an imaging gas delivery system for the ESEM wherein the carrier gas may be appropriately humidified.

Abstract: A novel MEMS assembly and testing system that utilizes a scanning electron microscope (SEM) having 5 axes of freedom as the imaging instrument. Microgrippers or other tools mounted at the end of a linear motion feed through device having a motion resolution of about 10 nanometers are used as the manipulator. All of the assembly features are located inside of a vacuum chamber to permit operation of the SEM imaging system. A variety of other auxiliary devices that support the MEMS assembly and testing system are also included to enhance the capabilities thereof.

Abstract: Phase manipulation is used to produce a high contrast electron microscope image. A phase plate is placed at the back focal plane of an objective lens and used to form a differential contrast image.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring the interior space of a motor vehicle by means of IR radiation include at least one stationary IR transmitter and at least one stationary IR receiver arranged in a central position in the vehicle interior space. The interior space is at least temporarily irradiated. The reflected IR radiation is received by an IR camera as IR receiver. For suppression of interfering effects two images of the same object are recorded at different illumination levels. The two images are subtracted from one another with respect to their gray scale values.

Abstract: An elongated heat detection device identifies heat sources based upon infrared radiation. The device includes a purged and sealed instrumentation chamber and a rugged and shock absorbing case. The case surrounds and protects the chamber and includes anti-roll features. The instrumentation is provided in a forward end of the device and is capable of being plugged into the balance of the device for rapid repair and replacement. The power supply is contained in a rear end of the device and the case forms a portion of the power supply circuit. The device employs a startup test of the sensor and the power supply. Also, the power supply is continuously monitored. The device also employs a lost device locator such that the device can be readily located after being misplaced. Moreover, the device has a signal expanding feature that allows a heat source that is rapidly passed over to be relocated on subsequent sweeps of the device.

Abstract: An infrared detecting capacitor formed of a ferroelectric film has its capacitor portion supported by first and second interconnecting lines to be held on an Si substrate located on both sides of a trench. A lower electrode is coupled with the first interconnecting line while an upper electrode is coupled with the second interconnecting line. The capacitor portion is a rectangle in shape in plan view without small triangular sections opposite to each other in the diagonal direction.

Abstract: The method and apparatus provide a technique for monitoring radioactive source emissions by detecting photons arising from scintillation within the environment of the area or item under monitoring, caused by the passage of emissions from the radioactive source. The technique includes options for excluding ambient light photons through suitable shielding and/or selective in detection of photons from only certain wavelengths or wavebands. The technique enables levels/types and locations of emissions sources to be determined. The technique is applicable to environmental monitoring instruments, scanning instruments and other types.

Abstract: A PET apparatus includes a detecting unit; slice septa for transmitting therethrough flying photons nearly perpendicular to the center axis; a slice septa position determining section for determining whether or not the slice septa exist in the measurement space side of at least one of the pair of photon detectors; a two-dimensional projection image storage section for storing coincidence-counting information of the photon pair obtained by the pair of photon detectors; a three-dimensional projection data storage section for storing coincidence counting information obtained by the pair of photon detectors; and an image reconstructing section for reconstruction an image indicative of a spatial distribution of a frequency at which photon pairs are emitted in the measurement space.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved radiation source module having a power supply adapted to be at least partially immersed in a fluid being treated. In one embodiment, the power supply is partly immersed in the fluid being treated. In another embodiment, the power supply is fully submersible in the fluid being treated. A fluid treatment system comprising the radiation source module is also described.

Abstract: Stage devices are disclosed that include gas-actuation and reaction-force-canceling mechanisms. In an embodiment, an X-axis moving guide extending in the X direction engages a lower stage via a gas bearing. Y-axis sliders (movable elements) are provided at both ends of the X-axis moving guide. A Y-axis fixed guide 8 engages each Y-axis slider via a gas bearing. Each Y-axis slider and respective fixed guide constitute a respective pneumatic actuator. Respective mounting members are provided near the ends of each fixed guide, with interposed gas bearings, and each fixed guide is slidably affixed to a base plate. An actuator for stroke correction is provided in association with each mounting member.

Abstract: The subject that should be solved in the present invention is to improve throughput of electron beam lithography apparatus or electron beam lithography system and lithography method used therefor. The electron beam lithography apparatus by the present invention comprises a lithography data generation part, an exposure map implementation part, and plurality of lithography data generation parts, thereby several exposure maps which are different in condition and type, are implemented in parallel. Moreover, the electron beam lithography apparatus by present invention has a construction to compare outputs from the lithography data generation parts. Moreover, the electron beam lithography system by present invention has a construction to use lithography data formed with the lithography data generation parts of one of the electron beam lithography apparatuses with other of the electron beam lithography apparatuses.

Abstract: A radiation attenuation system is disclosed. The system includes a polymeric resin comprising a web. The system also includes a radiation attenuation material dispersed at least partially in the web. The system has a radiation transmission attenuation factor of at least about 10% of a primary 100 kVp x-ray beam. A method of making a radiation attenuation system including a radiation attenuation material dispersed at least partially in a polymeric resin is also disclosed. The method includes extruding the radiation attenuation material and the polymeric resin thereby forming an extrusion. The method also includes forming the extrusion into a web. The web has a radiation transmission attenuation factor of at least about 10% of a primary 100 kVp x-ray beam. A shield for the attenuation of radiation is also disclosed.

Abstract: A reading unit has an auxiliary scanning feed unit for feeding a stimulable phosphor sheet vertically in an auxiliary scanning direction, a scanning light applying unit for applying a laser beam to the stimulable phosphor sheet, a reading assembly for reading radiation image information carried by the stimulable phosphor sheet, a fixed guide unit for holding one surface of the stimulable phosphor sheet, and first and second movable guide units for holding the other surface of the stimulable phosphor sheet, the first and second movable guide units being movable toward and away from the stimulable phosphor sheet. Consequently, the radiation image information recorded on the stimulable phosphor sheet can be read highly accurately and efficiently with a simple arrangement.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a trip wire includes a point source of light of a given wavelength; a mirror that reflects the point source of light, the mirror having a first frequency of oscillation about a first axis to thereby create an appearance of a continuous line, the mirror having a second frequency of oscillation about a second axis to thereby define a planar surface, the first frequency of oscillation being greater than the second frequency of oscillation; a camera offset from the point source of light such that a field of view of the camera does not intersect the planar surface, the camera receiving light reflected from the trip wire; and a computer connected to the camera, the computer including pattern recognition algorithms for analyzing the light reflected from the trip wire and thereby detecting a presence of the trip wire.

Abstract: An active semiconductor device is made using planar lateral oxidation to define a core region that is surrounded by regions of buried oxidized semiconductor material in. The buried oxidized semiconductor material provides optical waveguiding, and or a defined electrical path.

Abstract: Device designs and techniques for reducing the dark current in quantum-well detectors.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include a calibration standard for semiconductor metrology tools. The standard comprises a substrate having a surface with a calibration layer formed thereon. A protective layer is formed over the underlying calibration layer. The calibration layer and protective layer are each formed to precise tolerances. The invention also includes methods for forming a calibration standard for semiconductor metrology tools.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate of a channel protection type having a gate electrode, a drain electrode and a pixel electrode isolated from one another from layer to layer by insulating films. The active matrix substrate is to be prepared by four masks. A gate electrode layer, a gate insulating film and an a-Si layer are processed to the same shape on a transparent insulating substrate to form a gate electrode layer (102 of FIG. 6) and a TFF area. A drain electrode layer (106 of FIG. 6) is formed by a first passivation film (105 of FIG. 6) via a first passivation film (105 of FIG. 6) formed as an upper layer. In a second passivation film (107 of FIG. 6) formed above it are bored an opening through the first and second passivation films and an opening through the second passivation film. A wiring connection layer is formed by ITO (108 of FIG. 6) provided as an uppermost layer.

Abstract: A CMOS image sensor is provided with a first pixel group 12 and a second pixel group 13. The first pixel group 12 composed of a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix at specified pitches PH and PV in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The second pixel group 13 composed of a plurality of pixels arranged similarly in a matrix shifted by about one-half of the pitches PH and PV in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively from the matrix of the first pixel group. Each of these pixels is composed of a combination of a photodiode PD, a reset transistor RS, a driver transistor D and an address transistor AD. The reset transistors RS belonging to the first and second pixel groups 12, 13 and arranged in a corresponding row of the matrix are connected to a common reset line RSL. Similarly, the address transistors AD belonging to the first and second pixel groups 12, 13 and arranged in a corresponding row of the matrix are connected to a common address line ADL.

Abstract: In a compound semiconductor surface stabilizing method, a compound semiconductor is immersed in a solution containing sulfur ions, and then, the compound semiconductor is immersed in a solution containing cations, which react with sulfur to form a sulfide. These immersing steps form a sulfur layer and a sulfide layer in this order on a surface of the compound semiconductor.

Abstract: An LED package (10) includes LED die (12) mounted onto lead frame (14) and electrically connected thereto whereby LED die (12) is electrically energized through leads (16, 18). An encapsulant (20), preferably an epoxy resin, encapsulates and preferably hermetically seals LED die (12). Encapsulant (20) includes depression (24) defined by preselected curved surfaces (28), at least a portion of which are coated by reflective coating (26). Encapsulant (20) preferably also includes sides (22) with preselected curvature. In operation, LED die (12) emits light (32) directed approximately along LED die surface normal (36). Light rays (32) reflect from reflective surface (26) and reflected rays (38) are subsequently refracted by refracting surface (22) so that refracted rays (40) exit the capsule. The reflecting surface (26) and refracting surface (22) cooperate to convert LED die light distribution (32) into light distribution (40) which appears to emanate from an approximate point source (42).

Abstract: A light emitting device or image display includes a fluorescent material as a wavelength converter for converting a wavelength into another. The fluorescent material is disposed in a predetermined positional relation, to prevent external leakage of primary light and to extract secondary light made by wavelength-converting the primary light with a very high efficiency. By using a semiconductor light emitting element for ultraviolet emission and combining it with a fluorescent material or any other appropriate material having a wavelength converting function, various kinds of applications, such as illuminator, having a remarkably long-life light source can be made. The semiconductor light emitting element preferably has a emission wavelength near 330 nm, and preferably uses BGaN in its light emitting layer.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a silicon substrate (1), a silicon nitride film (2) formed on the surface of the silicon substrate (1), at least an n-type layer (3), (4) and a p-type layer (6), (7) which are formed on the silicon nitride film (2) and also which are made of a ZnO based compound semiconductor, and a semiconductor layer lamination (11) in which layers are laminated to form a light emitting layer. Preferably this silicon nitride film (2) is formed by thermal treatment conducted in an atmosphere containing nitrogen such as an ammonium gas. Also, in another embodiment, a light emitting device is formed by growing a ZnO based compound semiconductor layer on a main face of a sapphire substrate, the main face being perpendicular to the C-face thereof. As a result, it is possible to obtain a device using a ZnO based compound with high properties such as an LED very excellent in crystallinity and having a high light emitting efficiency.

Abstract: A metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistor (MISFET) is disclosed comprising a source layer being made with a material having a source band-gap (EG2) and a source mid-gap value (EGM2), the source layer having a source Fermi-Level (EF2). A drain layer has a drain Fermi-Level (EF4). A channel layer is provided between the source layer and the drain layer, the channel layer being made with a material having a channel band-gap (EG3) and a channel mid-gap value (EGM3), the channel layer having a channel Fermi-Level (EF3). A source contact layer is connected to the source layer opposite the channel layer, the source contact layer having a source contact Fermi-Level (EF1). A gate electrode has a gate electrode Fermi-Level (EF6). The source band-gap is substantially narrower (EG2) than the channel band-gap (EG3).