Abstract: A metering and pressure reduction piping system is prefabricated with backbone piping supported by a frame and a plurality of spool pieces that are interchanged at the site with selected metering and valve sections. The interchangeable piping sections having a common length and are connectable to the backbone piping via standardized interface flanges.

Abstract: A bidirectional valve comprising a flexible member with an aperture formed therein. The flexible member reacts to differential pressure thereacross by deforming, thereby causing the inside surfaces of the aperture to separate and create a vent path. The bidirectional valve can be tuned to open the aperture in reaction to varied differential pressures thereacross, thereby allowing a fluid to pass through the aperture.

Abstract: A method and a regulating valve for maintaining a fluid pressure within a defined volume (3), and simultaneous registering of discharge of fluid from the volume as a result of leakage or consumption. The fluid is supplied from a pressure regulating valve (20) provided with a means (5-7, 22-26) which opens for the supply of fluid to the volume (3) when the pressure therein has sunk below a first value (P1), and which shuts off the fluid supply when the pressure in the volume (3) has achieved a preset second value (P2) which is substantially higher than the first value (P1). Thus, after each opening of the regulating valve (20) there occurs a distinct pressure increase at the valve outlet. This pressure increase is registered as a pressure pulse, and the frequency of delivered pressure pulses is monitored and utilised as a measure of occurring leakage and/or consumption of the supplied fluid.

Abstract: A regulator valve has a housing with a seal member therein. First and second plungers are movable in the housing toward and away from the seal member. The plungers are sealed to the housing and have passages therethrough. The plungers are biased toward the seal member by fluid pressure at the housing outlet end. The plungers are biased away from the seal member by a spring. First and second diaphragms connected to the plungers engage the housing inner wall in sealing engagement so that fluid must flow through the passages. The diaphragms and housing define an expansion chamber. A port in fluid communication with the expansion chamber allows selectable introduction of pilot pressure into the expansion chamber to force the first plunger into engagement with the seal member and prevent flow through the passages. In an embodiment of the regulator valve, the water inlet may be oriented at some divergent angle with respect to a water outlet such as 90 degrees.

Abstract: The invention relates to an actuator for actuating a valve installed in a hydraulic or compressed air system comprising a coil support which can be displaced by means of air space induction in a magnetically conducting housing on a magnetic cylinder composed of a permanent magnet and a cylinder pole disk. The invention is characterized in that the dimensions of the permanent magnet and the pole disk correspond to each other in such a way that the diameter of the front surface of the permanent magnet is at least the same size as the circumferential surface of a neighboring pole disk and that the width of the coil associated with the pole disk exceeds the width of the pole disk by the lift amplitude of the coil support.

Abstract: In the manifold valve of the invention, a sensor chamber is formed in an upper face of a casing of a solenoid valve, pressure sensors are disposed in the sensor chamber, a wiring block including a wiring path in itself is connected to a portion of the casing, and signal conductors extending from the pressure sensors are introduced into a wiring path in the wiring block and are connected to a main wiring substrate through an intermediate block.

Abstract: A grounded jet pump assembly for a fuel system of a vehicle includes a fuel reservoir and a grounded fuel component disposed in the fuel reservoir. The grounded jet pump assembly also includes a jet pump having an outlet extending into the fuel reservoir and a grounding member at the outlet of the jet pump for contacting flow of fuel from the jet pump and contacting the grounded fuel component to complete an electrical circuit for grounding the jet pump.

Abstract: A manifold joining system is provided that allows for adjustment of the relative lineal and angular position of the manifold while still maintaining a fluid seal at the points of connection. The joining system may include elements for securing the relative lineal and angular position of the manifold upon positioning the connection of the manifold as desired.

Abstract: A fluid manifold usable with a welder and air compressor combination. The manifold is constructed of a single unitary manifold block and which is divided into two separate fluid communication systems that are isolated from each other by the manifold block itself. Each of the separate fluid communications systems provides various channels and external ports to access those fluid channels to enable the welder and air compressor combination to be more easily assembled and constructed by locating the manifold in a convenient location within the welder and air compressor combination and which has the necessary fluid channels and conduits already formed within the manifold so that the manufacturer or assembler can simply affix the proper fluid lines and system components to the manifold in carrying out the construction of the welder and air compressor combination and be assured that the proper fluid communication will be achieved.

Abstract: An accumulator (1) having a housing (2) the interior of which is partitioned into a pressure sealing chamber (8) and a fluid flow-in chamber (9) by disposing an operating member (5) including a bellows (6) in the housing (2), and which is provided with a liquid inlet (14) for introducing fluid to the fluid flow-in chamber (9) from a fluid pipeline, wherein noise due to pulsation wave can be attenuated. A restriction mechanism (20) and a chamber (22) for attenuating noise generated by plusation wave are provided at the idling end of the operating member (5) or at the bellows cap (7) mounted to the end of the bellows (6).

Abstract: The invention is a sewer plug which is inserted into a sewer main line and positioned over a tributary or sewer feed line coming into the sewer main line. The sewer plug has an inflatable collar which is inflated once the device is in place. The inflation of the device causes blockage of the feeder line, but allows the flow through the sewer main line to continue. The device is positioned using lines attached to the device which are pulled from an upstream and a downstream manhole access. The device can be positioned by moving at a measured distance between the two manhole accesses, or by the use of a video camera, which can be attached to the device, and which enables a user to view the sewer tributary line during positioning. When the device is no longer used, it may be deflated and pulled out of the sewer main line.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems for pipeline rehabilitation. The methods and systems disclosed herein permit the rehabilitation of long lengths of previously installed pipe and minimize the need for creating multiple access points to the pipeline. The disclosed systems and methods are particularly suited for rehabilitating buried and undersea pipelines or pipelines installed in areas of restricted access.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi layer agricultural hose configured to have two layers or three layers, wherein joining surfaces of the hose has an increased adhesive strength required to prevent the joining surfaces from being separated due to a high water pressure, and a manufacturing device therefore. The agricultural hose is formed by laminating layers of tarpaulin obtained by a process where a fabric having polyethylene (HDPE+EVA) as a main component is firstly coated with resin at its external surface and then two fabrics are overlapped and attached by adhesion; and said layers are attached to one another by adhesion, with a joining surface of each of the layers being overlapped in a predetermined length.

Abstract: In an improved method of weaving straw decorative ribbons by plastic tapes, the plastic tape is used as the warp or weft, and a nylon string as the weft or warp to weave a piece of cloth by the square weaving method of a weaving machine, such that the plastic tape and nylon are weaved with each other in a predetermined distance apart, and the plastic tapes are weaved and leaned against each other like a piece of cloth, and the side proximate to the weaved position is cut such that each plastic weaved unit has a weaved section and a tassel section, and both sides of the weaved section are stitched to fix the plastic tape and to prevent the edge of the cloth from drawing out. The present invention accomplishes the fast manufacturing of decorative ribbons for all kinds of articles, simulates the man-made straw umbrella by using plant materials, and provides a way for mass production and effectively lowers the cost.

Abstract: The invention on the one hand relates to a device for attaching and guiding of at least one tackle cord (2) in a Jacquard machine, the device (1) being designed for being attached to a part (20) of the Jacquard machine and being designed for being connected to at least one tackle cord (2), the device (1) being provided with a springy element (15) exercising a pushing force on the device (1) in a direction which is opposite to the tractive force exercised on the device (1) by the tackle cord (2). The invention further relates to a Jacquard machine, which is provided with a fixed, adjustable or movable grid and a number of retaining plates, which are attached to the grid and which are provided for attaching a number of devices according to anyone of the above-mentioned claims.

Abstract: A paper machine fabric comprising at least two separate layers formed using at least two separate yarn systems: one constituting the paper side and comprising machine direction and cross machine direction yarns and the other constituting the machine side and comprising machine direction and cross machine direction yarns, the yarn systems being arranged to form independent structures in both directions of the fabric. The structures are bound together with binder yarns, a binder yarn being arranged to form part of the weave of a layer on the paper side surface and arranged to be interwoven with a layer of the machine side by being interwoven under at least one yarn in the machine side layer. The number of machine direction yarns in the layer constituting the machine side is larger than the number of machine direction yarns in the layer constituting the paper side.

Abstract: This invention relates to porous paper machine clothing (1, 11, 21) for de-watering a paper web in a paper machine, comprising a filament lay-up made of at least one layer (2, 12, 22) of longitudinal filaments (3, 13, 23) and at least one layer (4, 14, 24) of transverse filaments (5, 6, 7; 15; 25) which cross the longitudinal filaments (3, 13, 23), wherein the longitudinal and transverse filaments (3, 13, 23; 5, 6, 7; 15; 25) are single-component filaments, which is characterised in that the longitudinal and transverse filaments (3, 13, 23; 5, 6, 7; 15; 25) are fused at crossing points (8, 16, 27) to each other and/or to parts (17, 18, 19) joining them as a result of heating to the melting temperature which is restricted to said crossing points (8, 16, 27).

Abstract: The invention concerns a paper machine belt (1) having end edges (6, 7) extending transversely to the running direction, and having longitudinal yarns (3) that go as far as the end edges (6, 7), the end edges (6, 7) being connected to one another by way of a coupling device (8; 31; 41) that has complementary coupling elements (9, 10; 32, 33; 42, 43) which are connected to longitudinal yarns (3) and to which are attached coupling members (26; 35, 36; 45, 46) that are connected to one another in hinge-like fashion. The paper machine belt is characterized in that on at least one of the end edges (6, 7), the coupling element(s) (9, 10; 32, 33; 42, 43) is/are connected to the longitudinal yarns (3) via insertion connections. The invention furthermore refers to a method for creating a connection of the end edges (6, 7) of such a paper machine belt (1).

Abstract: The woven fabric belt device, e.g., an endless screen belt for paper and pulp machines includes a connecting device (7a′; 7b′) located at at least one end of the woven fabric belt (20′, 21′). The connecting device is connectable to another connecting device (7b′; 7a′) of the same belt or of another one through a detachable connecting means (9′). A number of certain longitudinal yarns (2′, 2″) are removed from the fabric (20′) along a section (4′, 4″) assigned to the end of the woven fabric belt.

Abstract: An improved aerosol container filling adapter has a chamber seal engaging the bottom of a valve cup on the container. A chamber in the adapter is pressurized to open an aerosol valve and to fill the container. Pressure reduction in the chamber allows the aerosol valve to close, independent of the seal, and without content “spit-back”. Alternative structures and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A tire-filling system has an electronic control unit response to the tire pressure and the vehicle operating conditions for automatically operating pneumatic tire-filling valves to increase or reduce the tire pressure to setpoint values determined by the electronic control unit and matching the driving conditions. The pressure is delivered from a variable volume source in which a control element increases or decreases the volume. The system can be operated as an open system or a closed system.

Abstract: An apparatus for filling a receptacle comprises a reservoir adapted to contain a supply of powder pharmaceutical formulation, a holder adapted to hold a receptacle in a position where it may receive powder from the reservoir, an extension extending above the receptacle, and a plunger moveable within the extension, whereby powder from the supply may fill the receptacle and at least a portion of the extension and the plunger may force the powder in the extension into the receptacle. In one version, the plunger may be a portion of the receptacle or may be adapted to install a portion of the receptacle. Alternatively, vibrational or other energy may be used to cause powder in the extension to be filled in the receptacle.

Abstract: A wood planing machine includes a base, a plurality of mounting posts extending uprightly from the base, and a cutter carriage mounted slidably on the mounting posts. A workpiece-supporting table is pivoted to a front side of the base, and is movable between a position of use, and an idle position, in which the workpiece-supporting table is perpendicular to the base. A retaining unit includes a first magnetic unit fixed on the workpiece-supporting table, and a second magnetic unit mounted on the cutter carriage and disposed to magnetically attract the first magnetic unit when the table is disposed at the idle position.

Abstract: A steel sheet for a tension mask excellent in the shielding properties from geomagnetism consists essentially of lower than 0.1% by weight of C, lower than 0.2% by weight of Si, 0.4 to 2% by weight of Mn, not higher than 0.1% by weight of P, not higher than 0.03% by weight of S, not higher than 0.01% by weight of sol. Al, 0.003 to 0.02% by weight of N and the balance of Fe, and has an anhysteretic magnetic permeability of 5,000 or higher.

Abstract: A method for producing a steel material having a high fatigue strength and given a uniform residual stress by a rapid treatment. A marageing steel is subjected to a cold plastic working to have a predetermined dimension, to a solution treatment for 60 minutes or more at a temperature of 750 to 800° C., and to an aging.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high performance rare earth-iron giant magnetostrictive material of the formula (Tbx1Dyx2Smx3Hox4Rx5)(Sy1Py2Fe1−y1−y2−y3Ty3)Q obtained by using an industry grade pure iron, instead of physically pure iron such as electrolyzed pure iron or hydrogen reduced pure iron, as iron source. The invention relates also to a method of preparing the giant magnetostrictive material.

Abstract: A sulfur-containing free-cutting steel for machine structural use, comprising, in weight percent, 0.10 to 0.55% of C, 0.05 to 1.00% of Si, 0.30 to 2.50% of Mn, not more than 0.15% of P, 0.050 to 0.350% of S, more than 0.010% but not more than 0.020% of Al, 0.015 to 0.200% of Nb, 0.0015 to 0.0150% of O, and not more than 0.02% of N, and further containing, in weight percent, at least one selected from the group consisting of 0.03 to 0.50% of V, 0.02 to 0.20% of Ti and 0.01 to 0.20% of Zr, wherein the ratio S/O of the S content to the O content is 15 to 120, and at least one selected from the group consisting of an oxide, a carbide, a nitride and a carbonitride of Nb (see FIG. 1) acts as nuclei for precipitation of an MnS type inclusions.

Abstract: The invention relates to an Al—Zn—Mg—Cu alloy worked product, characterised in that contains (percentage by weight) 1 Mg 4.85-5.35 Mn 0.20-0.50 Zn 0.20-0.45 Si < 0.20 Fe < 0.30 Cu < 0.25 Cr < 0.15 Ti < 0.15 Zr < 0.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for annealing copper. The method comprises forming a copper layer by electroplating on a substrate in an integrated processing system and annealing the copper layer in a chamber inside the integrated processing system.

Abstract: A material, such as track member for a linear motion guide, having a plurality of rows of portions to be hardened which are thermally influenced on each other, is hardened by emitting laser beams so as to simultaneously irradiate a plurality of rows of portions of the material to be hardened, and moving the laser beams irradiating the rows of portions to be hardened relatively in a longitudinal direction of the portions to be hardened. In this hardening process, the laser beam irradiation is performed such that, in a sectional plane perpendicular to an optical axis of the laser beam, a length of a laser beam irradiation shape in the longitudinal direction of the portion to be hardened is set to be longer than a length thereof in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: Steel strips and methods for producing strip are provided. The method for producing steel strips comprises continuously casting low carbon, silicon/manganese killed or aluminum killed molten steel into a strip, the molten steel comprising a concentration of residuals of 2.0 equal to or less than about 2.0 wt % is selected with regard to the microstructure of the finished strip to provide a desired yield strength, where the residuals are selected in desired amounts from the group consisting of copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and tin, and cooling the strip to transform the strip from austenite to ferrite in a desired temperature range. Cast steel with improved yield strength properties is produced by such method.

Abstract: A structural Fe—Cr steel sheet and a manufacturing method thereof are provided, the steel sheet having an as-hot rolled tensile strength of about 400 to about 450 MPa and generating no embrittlement in welded portions even when rapid heating and cooling is performed by electric resistance welding. In addition, structural shaped steel is also provided which is formed from the steel sheet described above by using electric resistance welding.

Abstract: A gamma titanium aluminide alloy consisting of 48 at % aluminium, 2 at % chromium, 2 at % niobium and the balance titanium plus incidental impurities was heat treated according to the present invention. The gamma titanium aluminide alloy has an alpha transus temperature T&agr;=1360° C. The gamma titanium aluminide alloy was heated to a temperature T1=1380° C. and was held at T2=1380° C. for 1 hour. The gamma titanium aluminide alloy was oil cooled. The gamma titanium aluminide alloy was heated to a temperature T2=1320° C. and was held at T2=1320° C. for 2 hours. The gamma titanium aluminide alloy was air cooled to ambient temperature. The gamma titanium aluminide alloy has a fine duplex microstructure comprising differently orientated alpha plates in a massively transformed gamma matrix.

Abstract: A titanium copper alloy having excellent strength and bendability comprising 1.0 to 4.5% by mass of Ti, the balance of copper and inevitable impurities, characterized in that; diameters of the intermetallic compound particles consisting of Cu and Ti precipitated in the alloy are 3 &mgr;m or less; the average number of the intermetallic compound particles having the diameters of 0.2 to 3 &mgr;m is 700 or less per a cross-sectional area of 1000 &mgr;m2 in a transverse direction to a rolling direction; the average grain size measured in the above cross-sectional area is 10 &mgr;m or less; and a tensile strength is 890 MPa or more.

Abstract: A tread (1) for steer axle tires for a heavy vehicle, the tire having a preferred direction of travel, the tread comprising grooves (2) of generally circumferential orientation defining at least three ribs (30, 31, 32, 33, 34), two of the ribs forming the edges (30, 34) of the tread, some of the intermediate ribs (31, 32, 33) being provided with a plurality of incisions (41, 42, 43), of general transverse orientation and substantially parallel to each other, the incisions having an average inclination other than zero relative to the direction perpendicular to the running surface of a new tread, this tread being characterised in that, when viewed in a section plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tyre, the incisions in the intermediate ribs form, on and in the vicinity of the running surface when new of the tread, an angle close to or equal to 0° with a line perpendicular to said surface at the point of intersection, whereas the angle of each of these incisions increases in the depth of the tr

Abstract: A tire/wheel assembly in which a run-flat support member 3 is inserted into a cavity of a pneumatic tire 2, the run-flat support member 3 including a circular shell 4 in which the outer circumferential side thereof is used as a support surface and the inner circumferential side thereof is opened to have two leg portions, and elastic rings 5 supporting the ends of the two leg portions on a rim. Protruding portions 7 are provided, respectively projecting sideways on both sides of the circular shell 4, and the protruding portions 7 come to contact with an inner surface of a bead 2b of the pneumatic tire 2 during run-flat traveling.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes a sidewall surface with serrated portions, each of the serrated portions being formed by aligning numerous serrated concavo-convex stripes thereon, the serrated portions being spirally arranged along a circumferential direction of the tire. The concavo-convex stripes are formed by formation of concave grooves on the sidewall surface. The depth of the concave grooves is 0.3 to 2.0 mm. An interval between adjacent serrated portions is set 5 mm or more when measured along a radial direction of the tire.

Abstract: A method of mounting a component on a substrate includes applying a conductive adhesive on a contact pad joined to a substrate, aligning a component with the substrate such that at least one lead of the component is juxtaposed with the conductive adhesive, performing a partial cure of the conductive adhesive, testing performance of the component, and performing a full cure of the conductive adhesive. Another method includes the additional steps of applying a tacky film to the substrate and juxtaposing the component with the tacky film. When the testing in either embodiment shows a defective or misaligned component, the component may be replaced or repositioned by cold separation of the at least one component lead from the partially cured conductive adhesive. Optionally, additional conductive adhesive may be applied, when needed, before replacement or repositioning of a component.

Abstract: An energy-beam-curable thermal-releasable pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having, on at least one side of a base material, an energy-beam-curable thermo-expandable viscoelastic layer containing thermo-expandable microspheres and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer stacked in this order. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a thickness of about 0.1 to 10 &mgr;m and can be formed from a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The energy-beam-curable thermo-expandable viscoelastic layer, on the other hand, can be formed from a tacky substance. The energy-beam-curable thermal-releasable pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet according to the invention has adhesion enough to withstand a carrying step of an adherend, causes neither winding up of the adhesive nor chipping upon cutting and facilitates peeling and collection of cut pieces after cutting. In addition, it exhibits low contamination on the adherend after peeling.

Abstract: A method is provided for preserving a perishable product contained in a sealed package. The package is adapted for being opened by a consumer to access the product and subsequently re-closed by the consumer for further storage of unused product remaining in the package. The method includes the step of, using a handheld applicator, applying a releasable contact adhesive to an area of the package adjacent to an opening therein formed by the consumer. The package is then folded at the opening such that a portion of the package contacts the adhesive to temporarily re-close the opening, thereby preserving the unused product inside the package.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming an improved pultruded and clinched Z-axis fiber reinforced composite laminate structure. The upper and lower skins and the core are pulled automatically through tooling where the skin material is wetted-out with resin and the entire composite laminate is preformed in nearly its final thickness. The preformed composite laminate continues to be pulled into an automatic 3-dimensional Z-axis fiber deposition machine that deposits “groupings of fiber filaments” at multiple locations normal to the plane of the composite laminate structure and cuts each individual grouping such that a extension of each “grouping of fiber filaments” remains above the upper skin and below the lower skin. The preformed composite laminate then continues to be pulled into a secondary wet-out station.

Abstract: A skateboard deck and a method of manufacturing a skateboard deck is provided without requiring the use of industrial-grade machinery. Precut layers of veneer or other suitable material are coated with adhesive and stacked on a one-sided, negative-contoured mold and placed in a flexible-walled, airtight container from which the air is evacuated, so as to place pressure on the container and force the layers to conform to the contours of the mold. The air evacuation may be accomplished by means of a hand operated, non-electric vacuum pump.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for manufacturing signs or banners, by which at least one shape is removed from a first material, whereas the first material has a first characteristic, and then that first material is bonded to a second material, whereas the second material has a second characteristic different from the first characteristic. The bonding can be performed by contacting a rear surface of the first material to a front surface of the second material. Before the bonding is performed, an adhesive substance is applied to at least one selected from among the rear surface of the first material and the front surface of the second material. The first characteristic can be a first color and the second characteristic can be a second color different from the first color. The at least one shape that is removed from the first material can be a series of letters and numbers, for example, in order to form a sign depicting those letters and numbers.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a floor element, which floor element comprises an upper decorative surface, a lower surface, core forming a carrying structure and edges intended for joining. An upper surface web and a lower surface web is fed between the belts of a continuous belt press. A mixture comprising at least one di, tri or polyhydric alcohol and at least one isocyanate, having an isocyanate functionality at least two, in a ratio yielding a polyurethane with a density in the range of 600-1400 kg/m3 is applied between the upper surface web and the lower surface web while said webs are fed between the belts of the continuous belt press. The belts are arranged to allow a substantially uniform and specified material thickness to form, whereby a polyurethane core is formed between said surface webs and whereby said surface webs bond to said core.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for bonding a component, such as a bushing, into a part, such as a panel. The method broadly comprises attaching a vacuum chamber to a surface of the part, seating the component into a slot in the part, and applying an adhesive material about a circumference of the component while drawing a vacuum in the vacuum chamber to allow the adhesive material to flow between the part and the component.

Abstract: A system and method for producing interior trim components is described. The system includes producing a substrate material from either metal or reinforced polymer materials. The substrate is then coated with adhesive. The adhesive coated substrate is then covered with a thick film containing artwork or a piece of natural wood veneer, which is applied using a mechanism that utilizes membrane to apply hydrostatic pressure to the thick film or the piece of natural wood veneer over the substrate in the presence of heat.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and method for the application of adhesive substances to objects, such as solder balls, for the purpose of mounting them onto substrates. The apparatus comprises an applicator having a layer of the adhesive substance and a pick carrier to carry objects and move the objects from a supply source to a substrate for mounting the objects thereon. The applicator is located so that the applicator applies the adhesive substance to the objects while the objects carried on the pick carrier are moving between the supply source and the substrate.

Abstract: An adhesive composition that includes a) an emulsion that includes a multi-stage polymer that includes a first stage polymer having a Tg from −20° C. to 90° C. and including from about 0.5% by weight to about 3% by weight latent crosslinking monomer based on the first stage monomer weight, and a second stage polymer having a Tg from 40° C. to 140° C., the second stage polymer being different from the first stage polymer, b) formaldehyde-based crosslinking agent, and c) catalyst, the composition being capable of passing the DIN EN 204 Test Method.

Abstract: An adhesive composition that includes a) an emulsion that includes a multistage polymer that includes a first stage polymer having a Tg from −20° C. to 90° C. and including from about 0.5% by weight to about 3% by weight latent crosslinking monomer based on the first stage monomer weight, and a second stage polymer having a Tg from 40° C. to 140° C., the second stage polymer being different from the first stage polymer, b) formaldehyde-based crosslinking agent, and c) catalyst, the composition being capable of passing the DIN EN 204 Test Method.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for depositing and planarizing a material layer on a substrate. In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided which includes a partial enclosure, a permeable disc, a diffuser plate and optionally an anode. A substrate carrier is positionable above the partial enclosure and is adapted to move a substrate into and out of contact or close proximity with the permeable disc. The partial enclosure and the substrate carrier are rotatable to provide relative motion between a substrate and the permeable disc. In another aspect, a method is provided in which a substrate is positioned in a partial enclosure having an electrolyte therein at a first distance from a permeable disc. A current is optionally applied to the surface of the substrate and a first thickness is deposited on the substrate. Next, the substrate is positioned closer to the permeable disc and a second thickness is deposited on the substrate.