Abstract: A system and method are disclosed which allow unstored computed results to be accessed without the normal overhead associated with traditional data forwarding and bypass techniques. Through the use of multiplexers and bi-directional OR controllers the unstored data is readily accessible for use before it is stored in a register file. The circuitry used also allows bi-directional travel across a register file or bank as information is passed between the bi-directional controllers used. Latches can also be used in the circuitry. Additionally, the features of the invention allow the required number of select signals fed to the multiplexers used to be reduced over conventional methods. These reductions are possible through circuitry disclosed herein.

Abstract: The present invention provides an SI information delivery apparatus that can deliver TS packets by one repeater even in cases where there are plural TSes. For this purpose, it has a repeater that provides a parity part of a transmission TS packet of SI information for all TSes with TS-ID and information indicating whether the information is for local TS or for remote TS, and delivers the TS packet, and a filter that extracts TS packet information to be delivered in a pertinent TS on the basis of the above-described information at a preceding stage of MUX for each TS and delivers the TS packet information to MUX. With this configuration, the SI information delivery apparatus can handle SI information of plural TSes by one repeater.

Abstract: An interconnect device (e.g., a switch) includes a port operably coupled to a packet broadcaster for routing unicast and/or multicast packets of data in packet-based input/output communications. For an inbound packet, at least two combinations of a source port and one or more destination ports, and one or more destination paths associated with each of said one or more destination ports may be determined by the packet broadcaster in a single lookup of a memory (e.g., a random access memory).

Abstract: Packets filtering method in a wireless network system. The method includes following steps: using a first node of the wireless network system to transmit a packet to a switch of the wireless network system, using a receiving module of the switch to receive the packet, using an identifying module of the switch to sequentially compare an address information of the packet with a plurality of address data of an address list, and using a transmitting module of the switch to transmit the packet to a second node via a local area network if the address information of the packet corresponds to one of the address data of the address list.

Abstract: A method and structure for the handling and discarding of packets in a packet data network. The method includes a packet data network receiving one or more packets from one or more remote locations and initiating a transfer of a packet of the one or more packets to a remote destination. The remote destination is operable to act as a destination port of a switch. The transfer of the packet is initiated while the packet of the one or more packets is being received, and the packet validity is also checked while the transfer of the packet is initiated. If the packet is invalid, the transfer of the packet of the one or more packets to the remote destination is canceled. Determining packet validity includes inspection of a packet header. The structure has a receive link determining packet validity and passing this error signal to a packet processor. The packet processor has a packet transfer request generator, a packet checker, packet reader, packet memory and tag memory.

Abstract: A TCP/IP offload network interface device (NID) is integrated with a processing device that executes a stack. The TCP/IP offload NID can either be a full TCP/IP offload device or a partial TCP/IP offload device. Common types of packets are processed by the NID in a fast-path such that the stack is offloaded of TCP and IP protocol processing tasks. A hash is made from the packet header and is pushed onto a queue. The hash is later popped off the queue and is used to identify an associated TCB number from a hash table. A mechanism caches hash buckets in SRAM and stores other hash buckets in DRAM. An “IN SRAM CAM” is used to determine whether the TCB associated with the identified TCB number is cached in SRAM or whether it must be moved from DRAM into the SRAM cache. A lock table and a “lock table CAM” mechansim is disclosed that facilitates multiple processors working on the protocol processing of a single packet.

Abstract: An intelligent network interface card (INIC) or communication processing device (CPD) works with a host computer for data communication. The device provides a fast-path that avoids protocol processing for most messages, greatly accelerating data transfer and offloading time-intensive processing tasks from the host CPU. The host retains a fallback processing capability for messages that do not fit fast-path criteria, with the device providing assistance such as validation even for slow-path messages, and messages being selected for either fast-path or slow-path processing. A context for a connection is defined that allows the device to move data, free of headers, directly to or from a destination or source in the host. The context can be passed back to the host for message processing by the host. The device contains specialized hardware circuits that are much faster at their specific tasks than a general purpose CPU.

Abstract: Data is distributed over multiple connections through a network in successive groups of containers such that respective containers of each group are transmitted via respective ones of the connections. Each container contains an identifier of the group to which the container belongs. The output of the network data from containers that have been received is buffered to compensate differences in the delays of transport via different connections. An oldest identifier value received via the connections during a time frame is detected by determining a plurality of respective minimum values of the identifiers received in the time frame. Each minimum value is determined among received identifiers from a respective sub-range of possible identifier values. A “sequentially first” sub-range of successive sub-ranges, for which at least one of the minimum values has been determined, is then determined. The minimum value of the “sequentially first” sub-range is then selected as the oldest identifier.

Abstract: In a packet-based data network, packets are duplicated and a sequence number is inserted into each duplicate packet, where the duplicate packets are transmitted along two different paths from a source node to a destination node in the network. Depending on the implementation, the source node inserts different types of sequence numbers into the duplicate packets, and the destination node processes those sequence numbers accordingly to determine whether to accept or reject each received packet. In certain implementations, the number of sequence bits allocated to each packet is smaller than the size of the effective sequence number for the packet as interpreted by the destination node.

Abstract: The use of multiple AAL2 virtual circuits to support narrow band calls with multiple types of narrow band signalling systems leads to inefficient use of bandwidths over an ATM network. The present invention provides a method of transporting narrow band calls of multiple narrow band signalling type between narrow band networks across a single virtual circuit in an ATM network, where for each call connection within a circuit the call connection signalling information includes the narrow band signalling type.

Abstract: A system for assuring quality-of service for Data Network Telephone (DNT) calls, such as Internet Protocol Network Telephony (IPNT) calls has software for monitoring established DNT calls for adequate bandwidth. A threshold bandwidth, or parameter value related to bandwidth is stored, and tests are periodically made on the DNT call path and compared to the threshold. If the available bandwidth falls below the threshold, an alternative conventional call, such as a PSTN or ISDN call is made to replace the DNT call. Once the alternative call is established, the original call is ended. After the original call is ended, tests of the DNT path continue, and, in some cases, if adequate DNT bandwidth becomes available, the call is switched back to DNT. In some cases, alerts are posted for call participants, and provision is made for approval by one or both participants in a call for a switch in service type to be made.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a telecommunications node (1a) that is able to handle IP-traffic and to terminate telecommunications traffic, which node includes means for simple and effective load distribution between resources (40-43) in the node. The inventive telecommunications node (1a) includes board internal IP-subnets (45, 46) with associated subnet interfaces (45a, 46a) having interface addresses and a distributed forwarding engine structure where every device board (10, 11a, 12a) associated with the handling of IP-traffic is provided with a forwarding engine (20-22). Each board internal IP-subnet (45, 46) is associated with at least one predetermined node resource (40-43) for processing telecommunications traffic, thereby enabling a resource manager (49) to perform load distribution by ordering a destination address for a selected stream of IP-traffic, which is to terminate in the node, to be based on the interface address associated with a selected board internal IP-subnet (45, 46).

Abstract: A system and method to measure the clock skew between transmitting and receiving devices operating with independent clock sources over a packet network is described. To provide adaptive playout in an IP telephony device without a sequencing scheme in the packets, the clock skew is measured and recorded. Using a PCM resampler that is implemented with an interpolation filter bank of FIR subfilters, the change in depth of the playout buffer during transmission is analyzed, and this change infers the clock rate associated with the transmission.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, spare processing cycles are inserted into a stream of information packets to facilitate operation of a control unit.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques for establishing a PPP data session between a user terminal (UT) and an Interworking Function (IWF). The process involves establishing a PPP2 link with the IWF in response to detecting a mobile IP data session request from the UT, detecting a PP1 link with the UT in response to the PP2 link being established, detecting that a PPP2 link failure has occurred, and reconfiguring at least one of the WCD and the UT to an initial state.

Abstract: The invention concerns a multiplexing unit, a system and a method for communication in a computer network between a plurality of client machines supporting client programmes and one or several servers supporting application programmes, although said client and application programmes may be incompatible. The invention uses input and output management modules assigned to the client machines and to the servers. It performs conversion operations and routing operations, which are carried out so as to optimise the operation of the servers. It ensures communication between applications having incompatible formats or transfer protocols and this by means of a flexible technique with characteristics of modularity and upgradability. The invention is applicable in particular to computerised reservation systems for example in the field of travels and transport.

Abstract: Bandwidth control over users accommodated under ONU in PON is achieved. BAS sets user bandwidth information obtained during user authorization in OLT. The OLT achieves bandwidth control on a user basis, using bandwidth information set from the BAS. The present invention enables bandwidth control over users under the ONUs.

Abstract: Methods and systems provide for identical address tables in a software stack of switches. The software stack is maintained by organizing the switches into the software stack. Each switch in the software has a corresponding address table and one or more ports. Each address table maps one or more packet addresses to a port in the software stack. Synchronization of the address tables is initiated and enables significant performance improvements. Synchronization is initiated by populating a command buffer of a first switch in the stack with one or more address table commands. The buffer is distributed to remaining switches in the stack.

Abstract: A method of communicating frames of management information includes loading a frame of management information from one of a plurality of stations into a respective one of a plurality of buffers. Whether the frame contains more than a predetermined number of bytes is determined. If an end of the frame is loaded into the respective one of the buffers, then a frame presence flag associated with said one of the plurality of stations is set. A request signal is transmitted to a station management module if the frame contains more than the predetermined number of bytes or if the buffer already contains management information associated with a previously loaded frame. The plurality of stations is polled to determine whether respective frame presence flags have been set.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for managing a data packet queue corresponding to a resource of a network device. A token count TC is maintained for a predefined flow of data packets, and the transmission of packets in the flow into the queue is controlled in dependence on this token count. The token count is decremented when packets in the flow are transmitted into the queue, and the token count is incremented at a token increment rate C. A bandwidth indicator, indicative of bandwidth availability in the resource, is monitored, and the token increment rate C is varied in dependence on this bandwidth indicator. The bandwidth-dependent variation of the token increment rate C is such that, when available bandwidth is indicated, the increment rate C is increased, and when no available bandwidth is indicated the increment rate C is decreased.

Abstract: Multi-level Jitter Control includes a system and operational methods for distributing jitter buffers among two or more subsystems of a system on a chip “SOC”. In one embodiment, an integrated circuit includes a first processor equipped to receive audio data, perform a first level of jitter buffer control on the audio data, and transmit the audio data to a second processor of the integrated circuit, and a second processor equipped to perform a second level of jitter buffer control on the audio data prior to the audio data being played out.

Abstract: A multi-service segmentation and reassembly (MS-SAR) integrated circuit is disposed on a line card in a router or switch. The MS-SAR can operate in an ingress mode so that it receives packet and/or cell format data and forwards that data to either a packet-based or a cell-based switch fabric. The MS-SAR can also operate in an egress mode so that it receives data from either a packet-based or a cell-based switch fabric and outputs that data in packet and/or cell format. The MS-SAR has a data path through which many flows of different traffic types are processed simultaneously. Control path circuitry includes a port calendar, a scheduler and an advanced multi-timing wheel shaper. The MS-SAR can be programmed such individual flows are shaped, or scheduled, or both.

Abstract: The present invention manages data link resources in a wireless communication device by managing the data link resource needs of multiple client applications including the creation and sharing of data link resources. If the requested data link resources can be accommodated by the already established data link resources (106), then one or more of the already established data link resources are shared (108) with the application making the request for data link resources. If the requested data link resources can not be accommodated by the already established data link resources, then the data link resources are upgraded (110) to accommodate the additional requirements of the received request.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for scheduling transmission of data bursts in an OBS network are described. One embodiment is a router in an OBS network, the router comprising means for collecting a group of BHPs arriving during a BHP collecting period and classifying each BHP of the group of BHPs into corresponding baskets depending on the data channel scheduling window of its corresponding data burst; means for assigning data bursts to appropriate data channels; and means for constructing an interval graph representing data bursts corresponding to BHPs classified in a single one of the baskets having overlapping segments on each data channel as adjacent vertices and scheduling data bursts on each data channel based on a process that finds a maximum number of non-adjacent vertices on the interval graph.

Abstract: A real time communication device is provided for operation with a packet switched network interconnecting the real time communication device with a control unit and a plurality of remote real time communication devices. The device comprises a network interface for communicating over the packet switched network. The device further comprises means for establishing a logical channel to support a media session over the packet switched network with an endpoint. The endpoint is an endpoint selected from the group of endpoints consisting of the control unit and a one of the plurality of remote real time communication devices. The device further comprises means for sending a multicast status message on the packet switched network addressed to a multicast group. The multicast group comprises any of the remote real time communication devices that have joined the multicast group. The multicast status message announces a state of the real time communication device.

Abstract: A method for operation of a distributed computer system (SYS) comprising network nodes (NKN, NK1-NK6), each of which has at least one node controller (STR, ST1-ST6) and one communication controller (KK1-KK6), the communication controllers (KKK, KK1-KK6) being connected to each other via at least one communication channel (BUS), and provision being made between the communication controller (KK1-KK6) and the node controller (STR, ST1-ST6) of a network node (NKN, NK1-NK6) for a fault tolerance layer (FTS, FT1-FT6) that is set up to receive messages exchanged between the network nodes (NKN, NK1-NK6), the fault tolerance layer (FTS, FT1-FT6) deciding, based on information received pertaining to the status of at least one network node(NKN, NK1-NK6), about the functioning of the at least one network node (NK1-NK6) via a coordination procedure, and the coordination result being made available as an output signal (ASS, AS1-AS6), the at least one network node (NKN, NK1-NK6) being triggered as a function of the output s

Abstract: In general, a system and method for providing data packet flow control is disclosed. Generally, a switch is provided that contains a series of ports, an arbiter and a hub. The arbiter determines an outgoing port, wherein the outgoing port is one port for the series of ports, for transmission of a data packet received by the switch, determines whether the outgoing port is available to receive the received data packet, and regulates transmission of the received data packet to a destination end node. The hub provides a point-to-point connection between any two of the series of ports and the arbiter.

Abstract: The invention is embodied in a gigabit Ethernet adapter. A system according to the invention provides a compact hardware solution to handling high network communication speeds. In addition, the invention adapts to multiple communication protocols via a modular construction and design.

Abstract: A constant-to-variable cache router is situated between a constant bit-rate network and a variable bit-rate network. A monitor within the variable bit-rate network measures the available bit-rate within the variable bit-rate network and communicates the available bit-rate to the constant-to-variable cache router. When data is received from the constant bit-rate network at the constant-to-variable cache router, the constant-to-variable cache router determines if the available bit-rate is large enough to support the delivery of the data from the constant bit-rate network at the constant bit-rate. If not, then the constant-to-variable cache router caches the data and delivers it at a rate dependent on the available bit-rate of the variable bit-rate network.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for determining coding scheme adaptation capability of a mobile station. A packet uplink acknowledgement is sent to the mobile station and a data packet including a coding scheme indicator is received. A determination may be made on whether a coding scheme associated with the mobile station is adaptable and the coding scheme is modified based on the determination.

Abstract: A system for generating and sending a Logical Node identification signal as part of a data stream is disclosed. The system also includes subscriber stations capable of receiving and extracting Logical Node identification information from a data stream. The subscriber stations create new messages including the Logical Node identification signal and send the message to the transmission network system control, such that switching of data streams to an appropriate channel over the information transmission network is done consistent with the network topology.

Abstract: A method and system is provided for using H.248 to provide control and monitoring functionality for a computer supported telecommunication applications (CSTA) switching domain. The system includes a media gateway controller. The media gateway controller includes a translator to translate commands from one protocol to another to allow the commands to be communicated between a CSTA server and a media gateway. When a CSTA command is received by the media gateway controller, the media gateway controller translates the command into a protocol understood by a media gateway, such as a H.248 protocol. The translated command may then be processed and H.248 commands may then be transmitted to the media gateway. When a message is received from the media gateway, the media gateway controller translates the message into the CSTA protocol. CSTA messages may then be transmitted to the CSTA server.

Abstract: A method and architecture for transitioning the embedded base of Digital Loop Carrier access systems from the current narrowband circuit-switched paradigm—i.e., Synchronous Transfer Mode transport and Time division Multiplexed—to an Asynchronous Transfer Mode transport and ATM network interface paradigm. The invention operates to terminate the control data links from legacy DLC equipment, and to provide a protocol conversion function that enables these links to interface with the associated control and call processing structures of a serving packet switch. An additional function of the invention is the interfacing for bearer channels of the STM feeders from the legacy DLC and the provision of a Synchronous to Asynchronous Conversion function on such feeders.

Abstract: Aspects of the invention provide a method and system for bandwidth allocation and sharing in a hybrid wired/wireless network. Bandwidth allocation and sharing may include reserving bandwidth for a first access device, a first access point and/or a first switch. In response to a communication session associated with one or more of the first access device, first access point and first switch, at least a portion of the reserved bandwidth may be allocated for use by the first access device, first access point and/or first switch. At least a portion of the reserved bandwidth may be utilized during the communication session. At least an unused remaining portion of the reserved bandwidth may be utilized for communication by one or more of a second access device, a second access point and a second switch.

Abstract: Techniques for discontinuous transmission (DTX) and fast in-band signaling of configuration changes and protocol messages in speech communications systems provide cost efficiency in terms of radio transmission capacity, in terms of fixed line transmission, and in terms of implementation effort. An exemplary method for performing discontinuous transmission (DTX) in a communications system in which source data is interleaved for transmission from a first component in the system to a second component in the system includes the steps of detecting periods of source data inactivity, and transmitting silence descriptor (SID) frames from the first to the second component during the periods of source data inactivity, certain of the transmitted SID frames being interleaved using a different interleaving algorithm as compared to that used for source data. For example, the source data can be block diagonally interleaved, and certain of the SID frames can be block interleaved.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that facilitates offloading message segmentation from a central processing unit onto a network interface card. The system operates by first receiving a TSO-send message at the network interface card, wherein the TSO-send message contains information about the message to be sent. Next, the system uses a header address from the TSO-send message to access a message header from memory using remote direct memory access. The system then uses a payload address from the TSO-send message to access a payload from memory that contains message data using remote direct memory access. Finally, the network interface card segments the payload into a set of maximum segment size (mss) segments and transmits the set of mss segments on the network.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the invention, a method and apparatus are described for data bit sequences. According to an embodiment of the invention, a header is inserted in a data burst. One or more high priority messages of a first type are optionally inserted in the data burst starting after the header. One or more messages of a second type are optionally inserted into the data burst starting at an end of the data burst. One or more low priority messages of the first type are optionally inserted in the data.

Abstract: A communications network including nodes which permit networks to be tunnelled across intermediate networks. The present invention has application, in particular, to SDH networks, SONET and OTN. The content of entities for transportation across an existing network are mapped into a series of subframes and are virtually concatenated across the network. Each subframes is assigned a sequence indicator, which allows the original entity to be assembled at a remote node.

Abstract: Techniques for synchronizing the clock of a local telecommunications network connected to a remote clock source through an asynchronous transport network such as an Ethernet metropolitan area transport network. A basic holdover loop for retaining the current reconstructed clock frequency signal receives weighted corrections from an open loop and a network time protocol filter loop. The open loop measures data packet interarrival times on the local network and calculates a first reconstructed clock frequency signal. The network time protocol loop applies network time protocol to generate timestamps over the asynchronous transport network which are used to generate a second reconstructed clock frequency signal. The first and second reconstructed clock frequency signals are combined using dynamically adjusted weight factors and compared with the current reconstructed clock frequency signal to correct the latter which then synchronizes the clock of the local telecommunications network.

Abstract: A method of synchronising data in a communications system (10) comprises the steps of: (a) Generating at transmitting means (20) a composite signal comprising a serial stream of data partitioned in one or more frames; (b) transmitting the composite signal through communicating means (50) to receiving means (30); (c) generating multiphase clock signals; (d) comparing the composite signal received at the receiving means with each of the multiphase clock signals until either sustained coincidence therebetween is achieved or sustained non-coincidence is achieved, thereby synchronising the receiving means to bit boundaries in the composite signal and to one or more of the clock phase signals; (e) correlating one or more bit templates at the receiving means with one or more corresponding bit templates in the composite signal received at the receiving means to determine where frames start in the composite signal, thereby synchronising the receiving means to the one or more frames in the composite signal.

Abstract: A new algorithm for clock offset estimation for resources distributed across a network (such as the Internet). By exchanging a sequence of time-stamped messages between pairs of network nodes and separately estimating variable delays for each message direction, present inventive embodiments provide more accurate estimates for clock offset between node pairs. Present inventive algorithms operate in a variety of peer and server network configurations while providing significant improvement in convergence speed and accuracy.

Abstract: Systems for tuning external-cavity lasers are provided. A representative system includes a motor and first and second opposing surfaces that are displaceable by the motor. The opposing surfaces operatively engage a support at a drive segment and rotate the drive segment about a pivot point on the support. Between the drive segment and the pivot point of the support, a reflective element is attached. An optical gain medium optically communicates with the reflective element. Other systems are also provided.

Abstract: In a semiconductor optical modulator of this invention, each quantum-well layer and each barrier layer of a quantum-well structure serving as a light absorption layer are respectively made of In1-X-YGaXAlYN (0≦X, Y≦1, 0≦X+Y≦1) and In1-X′-Y′GaX′AlY′N (0≦X′, Y′≦1, 0≦X′+Y′≦1). An electric field is being generated in the light absorption layer by spontaneous polarization.

Abstract: A system for fabricating a light emitting device is disclosed. The system contains a growth chamber and at least one nitrogen precursor that is introduced to the growth chamber. The at least one nitrogen precursor has a direct bond between at least one group III atom and at least one nitrogen atom. In addition, the nitrogen precursor is used to fabricate a layer constituting part of an active region of the light emitting device containing indium, gallium, arsenic, and nitrogen, wherein the active region produces light having a wavelength in the range of approximately 1.2 to 1.6 micrometers. A method for fabricating a semiconductor structure is also disclosed. The method comprises providing a substrate and growing over the substrate a layer comprising indium, gallium, arsenic, and nitrogen using at least one nitrogen precursor having a direct bond between at least one group III atom and at least one nitrogen atom.

Abstract: A conductive element with a lateral oxidation barrier is provided for the control of lateral oxidation processes in semiconductor devices such as lasers, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and light emitting diodes. The oxidation barrier is formed through modification of one or more layers which initially were receptive to oxidation. The quality of material directly below the oxidation barrier may be preserved. Related applications include the formation of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers on non-GaAs substrates and on GaAs substrates.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser array including a plurality of index-guided semiconductor lasers different in oscillation wavelength is made by collectively controlling their double transverse modes and collectively processing them to form their current-blocking structures and buried layers. Thus, a semiconductor laser having a flat element surface and excellent in heat radiation can be made in a reduced number of manufacturing steps. When the laser array of this multi-wavelength type and a detector PD are mounted with a predetermined positional relationship, return light from an optical disk can be converted into a single point to enable detection thereof at PD on one chip. Therefore, an optical disk driving apparatus remarkably reduced in size and weight and having a high reliability can be realized.

Abstract: A laser source is provided by the present invention, comprising a laser diode and has an active region with asymmetric distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) at either end to reflect light within the cavity, and an outcoupling grating in the center of the device, which couples light out of the cavity. One DBR is long and shallow, with a narrow-band reflective spectrum. The other DBR is short and deep, with a wide-band reflective spectrum. The lasing wavelength is determined by the reflective spectrum overlap of the two DBRs. Since the shallow DBR is highly reflective to only one Fabry Perot wavelength, and the deep DBR is highly reflective to a wide band of Fabry-Perot wavelengths, it is the reflective spectrum of the shallow DBR that determines the lasing wavelength.

Abstract: The invention provides an electric resistance furnace comprising an axially vertical, hollow center heating element, a center furnace body that comprises a heat-insulating member and is provided for supporting the center heating element, and a preheating means that is provided at a gap from the surface of the center furnace body and comprises a preheating element provided on the inner wall surface of a cylindrical heat-insulating member. A heat-insulating member is located at an upper surface and a lower surface of an outer heat-insulating member located around the preheating member and only on a center axis side of the furnace with respect to the area of projection of the preheating means.

Abstract: A calibration system for use with a radiant heater of an infant apparatus such as an infant warmer or an infant incubator. The system includes an electrical circuit that is used to sense the temperature of the infant by means of a thermistor and to provide a digital signal representative of the temperature. An automatic calibration system avoids the use of potentiometers by inputting two known voltages into the circuit by means of a voltage divider and recording the digital output for each voltage input. The two known voltage inputs and the known digital outputs are used in two equations to solve for the span and offset constants in those equations. Once determined, those constants are used to calibrate the system.

Abstract: A method for determining the relative humidity of a volume V of air having a temperature of 100° C. or greater. The method comprises the steps of measuring the temperature TV of the volume of air and determining from that temperature the saturation vapor pressure psat(V) of the volume of air; collecting from the volume of air a sample volume S of air and cooling it to a temperature TS below 100° C.