Abstract: A friction clutch includes a housing having an axis of rotation; a pressure plate connected to the housing for rotation in common; a force exerting arrangement supported against the housing and the pressure plate; an actuator mechanism which acts on the force exerting arrangement to load the pressure plate axially with respect to the housing; and a bearing arrangement for supporting the actuator mechanism axially with respect to the housing so that it is prevented from moving in either axial direction.

Abstract: Permits retrofit trash and linen chute inlet door replacement without destruction of existing B-Label wall/door frame assemblies and introduces advancements never before seen in the chute industry: Compliance to updated U.L.® Standards for B-Label doors, smoke suppression, and air tightness. The invention serves as the basis for a new U.L.® standard for certified retrofit installation of inlets. The inlet provides applicable ADA compliance. The latter results from several design features including a choice of four-access control/operating systems: mechanical, electronic, electro-pneumatic, and fully pneumatic. Each control system defaults a to the “Fail-Safe/Door-Closed” position in the event of component failure, thereby insuring the continued operation of the U.L.® /Life Safety features. Previous art fails in a “door open” position, destroying life safety functionality. Fail-Safe default is the basis of a proposed new NFPA-82 requirement.

Abstract: A document processing machine for identifying and authenticating documents having both transparent and opaque regions and routing the documents appropriately is provided. In one embodiment, the document processing machine includes an image capturing device, a light source, a data processing system, and a document control system. The image capturing device captures the image of at least a portion of a document wherein the document comprises transparent and non-transparent regions. The light source emits light toward the image capturing device and is positioned such that the document passes between the light source and the image capturing device. The data processing system is functionally connected to the image capturing device, and obtains the image of the document from the image capturing device, compares the image to a nominal pattern to determine whether the document is authentic, and determines the manner in which the document should be processed based upon whether the document is authentic.

Abstract: A coin-validation arrangement in which a wavelet analysis is used to derive accurate information from signals related to coin sensors placed in the path of an input coin, this information being compared with corresponding information relating to sample coins, the result of the comparison giving rise to a “pass/fail” validation decision on the input coin. The information may be derived from a sampling of the sensor-related signal, a measurement of signal amplitudes for each point and a correlation of each amplitude with the corresponding amplitude of one or more preselected wavelets to provide a set of correlation coefficients. In an alternative embodiment the sampled sensor-related signal is subjected to a discrete wavelet transform operation using high-and low-pass filtering and subsequent subsampling stages, thereby producing a set of DWT coefficients. In either case the number of coefficients used in the comparison process may be reduced, thereby saving processing power.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for selectively orienting an article (28) can include a selective indexing of a movable carriage (94) between a first carriage position and at least a second carriage position, thereby providing a selected face-alignment of a datum surface (74) of the article. In particular aspects, the first carriage position can be configured to provide for a first, twist displacement of the article, and the second carriage position can be configured to provide for a second, twist displacement of the article with the second twist displacement directionally opposite to the first twist displacement. In another aspect, the movable carriage can include an indexing wheel (120). In a further aspect, at least one set of twist-belts (66) can be connected to the carriage (94).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for accumulating articles (28) include conveying a plurality of individual articles with a stacking conveyor (96) In particular aspects, the vacuum conveyor (96) can be arranged with an elbow configuration to substantially avoid an undesired encircling or surrounding of a substantially fixed portion of cooperating downstream equipment, and the stacking conveyor (96) can have a plurality of holding members (112) that project away from an article-side surface of the stacking conveyor. In another aspect, the method and apparatus can include a turning mechanism which forms the desired elbow configuration. A further aspect can include a transfer system (98) which can cooperate with a vacuum system (100) to load the articles (28) into downstream packaging equipment. Still another aspect can include a storage buffer mechanism (104) which provides an area upon which to stage at least one article-set (70).

Abstract: A system for lineally transporting logs, lugs therefor, and an associated method are provided. The system includes first and second tracks that are machined and connected to a frame to provide continuous track surfaces. The first track, which is formed of portions that are keyed to the frame, defines a nonlinear cross section. Lugs having support surfaces that correspond to the track surfaces are configured to be driven longitudinally along the tracks, and the non-linear contour of the first track prevents the lugs from moving transversely. The track portions are machined to define track surfaces, and the first track portions are keyed to the frame so that the first track portions are substantially collinear and the first track surface is uniform and continuous in the longitudinal direction of the track, thereby reducing transverse motion of the log during transport.

Abstract: A distinctive method and apparatus for accumulating selected articles can include an inputting of a plurality of individual articles (28) from an article supply source (26). Each article can have at least a first major facing surface (30), a first article dimension (32) extending along a first article direction, a second article dimension (34) extending along a second article direction which differs from the first article direction, and an article edge region (36). Each article can be directed to a first conveyor (50), and in a particular aspect, the first article dimension of each article can be aligned along a selected machine-direction (22). Another aspect can include an identifying of an article-set (70) which contains a selected, predetermined number of the articles. Further aspects can include a forming of at least one article-set which contains the selected number articles arranged in a stack or other arrangement suitable for packaging; and a moving of the article-set into a package.

Abstract: A system and methods for conveying linked chains of food product in a production cycle. In one implementation, a system comprises a first and second conveyors each traveling from a loading station proximate a linker to an unloading station and back, each conveyor having link support members for receiving linked chains discharged from the linker and conveying them to the unloading station. Preferably, the conveyors are independently driven such that while the link support members of one conveyor are at the loading station, the link supports members of the other conveyor are conveyed to the unloading station and/or are unloaded at the unloading station. Thus, the receiving of one linked chain at a conveyor is not affected by interruptions in movement of the other conveyor. Similarly, the unloading of one linked chain is not affected by interruptions in movement of the other conveyor.

Abstract: A conveyor conveys objects. The conveyor includes a plurality of sections, a first control panel, and a second control panel. The plurality of sections define the structure of the conveyor. Each of the plurality of sections has components for controlling the mechanical operation of each section. The controller controls and powers the conveyor. The first control panel provides control and power to a first group of four of the plurality of sections. The first control panel provides power to the components of the first group. The second control panel provides control and power to a second group of four of the plurality of sections. The second control panel provides power to the components of the second group. The modular interconnectivity components interconnect the controller, the first control panel, the second control panel, the first group, and the second group. The controller provide control and power to the first control panel and the second control panel.

Abstract: A selective conveying device is disclosed for conveying unstable articles, such as plastic bottles, having a neck portion with a neck ring thereon. Neck ring supported unstable articles are conveyed in single file along an article conveying path established by first and second guide units with the guide units having spaced connectors with neck ring engagable elements thereon spaced different distances from one another to receive the neck portions of unstable articles having different size neck portions. A first actuator, such as a pneumatic or mechanical actuator, causes relative movement between the guide units so that unstable articles are conveyed along the article conveying path on the neck ring engagable portions of the first guide unit when in a first operating position or are conveyed along the article conveying path on the neck ring engagable portions of the second guide unit when in a second operating position.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flexible conveyor comprising a carrying structure and a conveyor belt where the upper side is defined by the loading surface of the conveyor belt.

Abstract: A conveyor slider bed assembly (1) for use with a check weigher as used in the food processing industry. The assembly (1) includes a belt (2) which travels endlessly over a thermoplastic bed (3). The thermoplastic material is impregnated with stainless steel fibers which improve the conductivity of the bed (3) and prevents the accumulation of an electrostatic charge created by the movement of the belt (2) over the bed (3). The bed (3) is attached to a base (8) with a pair of resilient clips (14, 15) which engage corresponding mating surfaces (30, 13) formed in the base (8). The clips (14, 15) permit the removal of the bed (3) from the base (8) without the use of tools.

Abstract: In a conveyor chain coupling structure, a block link A has a connecting rod (2) provided at one of conveying-directional ends thereof to project in the conveying direction and a coupling bore (5) formed at the other conveying-directional end. A pair of toroidal bush bearings (25, 30) is provided and a spherical bush (2) to be fixed to the connecting rod (2) is provided between the pair of toroidal bush bearings (25, 30). The first toroidal bush bearing (25) is fitted slidably on a portion, at the side of the other conveying-directional end, of the spherical bush (20) while the second toroidal bush bearing (30) is fitted at the spherical concave surface (31) thereof slidably on a portion, at the side of the one conveying-directional end, of the spherical bush (20). Owing to this construction, the coupled parts will not rattle, which will thus cause no pulsation or noise but will assure a smooth relative oscillation or reciprocal relative rotation of the block links.

Abstract: A flange section presses one of tips of four elastic arms by tilting a controlling unit formed of a stick and the flange section. The pressed elastic arm operates one of individual-switches disposed at four corners of a switch case. Each elastic arm extends from each side of the quadrangular switch case to at least a middle point of a side, which is adjacent and parallel to the arm. Using this structure, a four-directional control switch, which can effectively use a space in an electronic apparatus, can be obtained.

Abstract: A low cost, tilt switch of simple construction facilitates tamper detection or provides notice of equipment tipping for safety applications. In one example embodiment, a tilt sensor includes an electrically insulative housing, a conductive ball, and two opposing electrical contacts. The switch further includes an arrangement for aligning the two opposing electrical contacts when the tilt sensor housing is formed. The sensor is mountable in a device being monitored for tilt or excessive movement. In one example application, the tilt switch or sensor effects an electrical connection that signals meter tampering when a meter is moved or inverted.

Abstract: A switch device in a steering wheel includes a front switch assembly and a back switch. The front switch assembly is provided on a front side of the steering wheel that faces the driver, and rotates integrally with the steering wheel. The back switch is provided on a back side of the steering wheel. The front switch assembly includes at least one front switch. The front switch assembly also includes a circuit board. A front switch light source is provided on the circuit board. The front switch light source illuminates a switch marking provided on the front switch. On the circuit board is also provided a back switch light source for illuminating a switch marking provided on the back switch. Accordingly, a manipulation switch on the steering wheel is reliably illuminated regardless of the rotation angle of the steering wheel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an adjustable emergency stop switch for a snowmobile, ATV, motorcycle, personal watercraft, or other recreational vehicle that requires an emergency stop switch and typically includes handlebars. The emergency stop switch of the present invention includes a switch housing that is mounted to and adjustable relative to a module that includes at least one other vehicle control. The module is typically rotatably adjustable relative to a handlebar of the vehicle. The adjustability of the emergency stop switch housing relative to the module enables the emergency stop switch to be oriented into a desired position regardless of the rotated position of the module.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a method for operating a coke oven battery comprised of a large number of identical coking chambers, a raw gas receiver, and throttle devices arranged in the raw gas receiver for individually controlling the gas pressure in the coking chambers. The throttle devices each comprise an immersion bucket that is acted upon by water. The coking chambers are connected with the raw gas receiver by gas lines terminating in immersion pipes in the immersion buckets of the throttle devices. According to the invention, throttle devices are employed that comprise an overflow that can be vertically adjusted by an actuating drive for controlling the level of the liquid in the immersion bucket. For a coking chamber to which a pressure control device is allotted, the setting signals for the actuating drive allocated to the time pressure curve in the process of carbonizing coal to coke are recorded in the form of a position-time curve.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing a waste product and producing a synthesis gas is provided. The system includes a sealed, heated rotatable drum for preheating and preparing the waste material suitable for a plasma reactor, and processing the material in the reactor. The synthesis gas created by the reactor is used to preheat the waste material by circulating the hot synthesis gas around the drum. In an alternative embodiment, the hot synthesis gas flows through the drum to preheat the waste material and to clean the synthesis gas. Different methods of cooling and cleaning the synthesis gas are used. The system may comprise two plasma reactors in combination with a rotating desorber drum.

Abstract: The invention relates to azeotropic and azeotrope-like mixtures of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365) and hydrogen fluoride and a process for separating the azeotrope-like mixtures. The compositions of the invention are useful as an intermediate in the production of HFC-365. The latter is useful as a nontoxic, zero ozone depleting fluorocarbon useful as a solvent, blowing agent, refrigerant, cleaning agent and aerosol to propellant.

Abstract: A method of decomposing a fluorine-containing organic material, which includes irradiating a mixture of an aqueous phase containing a photocatalyst with the fluorine-containing organic material with light in the presence of an oxygen source. The fluorine-containing organic material may be contained in a carbon dioxide phase such that the aqueous phase and the carbon dioxide phase are mixed with each other with stirring to form a mixed phase which is irradiated with the light.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a carbon nanotube of the present invention includes: at least two electrodes whose tips oppose to each other; a power supply which applies a voltage between the electrodes so as to generate discharge plasma in a discharge area between the electrodes; a plurality of magnets which generates at least one of a magnetic field having lines of magnetic force in multiple directions or a magnetic field having a component in parallel with the direction of a discharge current in the generation area of the discharge plasma; and a magnet cooling unit which cools the magnets. The carbon nanotubes are manufactured by cooling the magnets. With this arrangement, there is provided a manufacturing apparatus and method for a carbon nanotube, which can efficiently synthesize carbon nanotubes with extremely low concentration of impurities on an industrial basis, and simultaneously can properly control especially the length of the obtained carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Techniques for fabricating magnetic granular films for high-density magnetic data storage, where magnetic grains are dispersed in a non-magnetic amorphous matrix and each are surrounded by a grain-confining material which inhibits growth of grains during annealing.

Abstract: An ion beam deposition system for sputtering material layers comprising a vacuum chamber, a substrate positioned in the vacuum chamber, a first target holder capable of holding at least one target of a first material, said first target holder being positioned in the vacuum chamber, a second target holder capable of holding at least one target of a second material, said second target holder being positioned in the vacuum chamber, a first ion beam source for directing ions at the at least one target of the first material for depositing said first material onto the substrate, and a second ion beam source for directing ions at the at least one target of the second material for depositing said second material onto the substrate. Said deposition system includes a control system that allows materials to be deposited from the first and second target holder with negligible delay between the depositions.

Abstract: An anode monitoring system for monitoring the integrity of anodes 2 provided on a metallic structure such as a pipeline system 1. A signal circuit Sn including the pipeline 1 and one of the anodes 2 is set up and appropriate signals are looked for at a central station 4. Reception of the signal at the central station 4 is dependent on the integrity of the anode 2 under inspection at that time. If the anode 2 is missing or defective the expected signal is not received and thus the fault in the anode 2 can be detected. A notch filter 5 is inserted in series between each anode 2 and the pipeline 1. The filter 5 provides a high impedance which can be signalled across but does not interfere with the cathodic protection system.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electro-chemical deposition system that is designed with a flexible architecture that is expandable to accommodate future designs and gap fill requirements and provides satisfactory throughput to meet the demands of other processing systems. The electro-chemical deposition system generally comprises a mainframe having a mainframe wafer transfer robot, a loading station disposed in connection with the mainframe, one or more processing cells disposed in connection with the mainframe, and an electrolyte supply fluidly connected to the one or more electrical processing cells. Preferably, the electro-chemical deposition system includes a spin-rinse-dry (SRD) station disposed between the loading station and the mainframe, a rapid thermal anneal chamber attached to the loading station, and a system controller for controlling the electro-chemical deposition process and the components of the electro-chemical deposition system.

Abstract: There is provided a water electro system which permits easy recycling of recovered pure water. The water electrolysis system includes: an electrolyte membrane 11 sandwiched by catalyst layers 12 and 13; a water electrolysis means 1 that brings out hydrogen from one catalyst layer and brings out a gas/liquid mixture of oxygen and pure water from the other catalyst layer by electrolyzing pure water; a gas/liquid separating means 2 that separates pure water 7 from the gas/liquid mixture; and a backflow means 8 that makes the separated pure water 7 flow back to the water electrolysis means 1. The gas/liquid separating means 2 is arranged to be directly connected to a discharge opening 3 through which the gas/liquid mixture is brought out from the water electrolysis means 1, and the gas/liquid mixture flows back directly to the gas/liquid separating means 2 through the discharge opening 3.

Abstract: An electrochemical device (18) for generating a desired gas of the type includes an ionically conductive electrolyte layer (20), a porous electrode layer (22), and a current collector layer (16) that has a high electrical conductivity and is porous to a desired gas (24) generated by the electrochemical device (18). The current collector layer (16) is substantially formed as a film comprised of a layer of spherical refractory material objects (26) having a conductive coating (12) of a precious metal. The coated spherical objects (26) have a desired diameter (28) making them suitable for forming into the film.

Abstract: Composites comprising porous polymeric membrane films meeting the following equation: 75 MPa<(longitudinal membrane tensile modulus+transverse membrane tensile modulus)/2, wherein at least a portion of the porosity of the membrane is imbibed with resin and methods for making the same. The composites have unusually high resistance to fracture and catastrophic failure.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a sputtering system that enables forming a high-quality thin film including no impurity, and it is also an object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a high-quality thin film with the sputtering system.

Abstract: Provided are a fluid-type multiple electrochemical system to be applied to a biosensor manufacturing process. The system performs the processes of forming an internal layer or an enzyme layer on an electrode array formed on a substrate collectively by using a fluid having a simple structure.

Abstract: A biosensor, a biosensor array, and an efficient method for simultaneously manufacturing a plurality of biosensors with improved reproducibility are provided. The method involves forming a sacrificial layer on a substrate. Next, a lower insulating layer is formed on the sacrificial layer, and a plurality of electrodes and electrode pads are formed on the lower insulating layer. An upper insulating layer is formed on the lower insulating layer with the plurality of electrodes and electrode pads, and a hard mask layer is formed on the upper insulating layer. After a portion of the hard mask layer and the upper insulating layer is etched to expose the plurality of electrodes and electrode pads, the remaining portion of the hard mark layer and the sacrificial layer is removed, so that the substrate is separated from the insulating layer.

Abstract: A low power gas sensor is provided for detecting one or more gases in a gas sample. The gas sensor includes a sensor for sensing a desired gas and a heater for heating the sensor. During operation, a controller provides power to the heater to heat the sensor to an operating temperature during a first period of time. Once at the operating temperature, the controller may read the sensor to determine a measure of the detected gas in the gas sample. Once a measurement is taken, and to conserve power, the controller removes the power to the heater allowing the heater and sensor to cool to at or near the ambient temperature for a second period of time. The second period of time may be longer than the first period of time, and in some cases, substantially longer. In some embodiments, the sensor and heater may be thermally isolated from some or all of the remainder of the gas sensor, such as the sensor substrate.

Abstract: A gas sensor (1a) having a laminate including an alumina substrate (11) having a heating resister (115) embedded in the alumina substrate (11); a first oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (131) containing zirconia and alumina and partly constituting an oxygen-detecting cell (13) and the first solid electrolyte layer (131) being laminated with said alumina substrate (11); a second oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (121) containing zirconia and alumina and partly constituting an oxygen-pumping cell (12); an ion-leakage preventing ceramic spacer (143) for preventing oxygen-ions from leaking from the second oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (121) to the first oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (131), the spacer (143) being laminated between the first and second oxygen-ion conductive solid electrolyte layers (131, 121); and a gas-diffusion space (141) formed between an electrode (133) of the oxygen-detecting cell (13) and an electrodes (126) of the oxygen-pumping cell (

Abstract: The invention concerns a non-thermosensitive liquid medium for analyzing, purifying or separating species in a channel and comprising at least a polymer consisting of several polymeric segments. The invention is characterised in that the polymer is of the irregular block-copolymer or irregular comb-like polymer type and has on the average at least three junction points between polymeric segments of different chemical or topological nature. The invention also concerns methods for analyzing, purifying or separating species using a non-thermosenstive separation medium.

Abstract: To provide a biochip, a biochip manufacturing method, an electrophoresis method, and an electrophoresis apparatus, by which the detection accuracy may improve, there is a biochip introducing a sample in band form into a sample separation passage, by a means for reducing the band width of sample, at which the sample is before being introduced in the sample separation passage in band form. The band of sample supplied to the sample separation passage is compressed, and the expansion by diffusion may be prevented, thus the detection accuracy may improve.

Abstract: Polymeric surfactants (molecular micelles) are disclosed for use in open tubular capillary electrochromatography or in high performance liquid chromatography. For example, fused silica capillaries are coated with thin films of charged polymers in a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM). A PEM coating may be formed in situ by alternate rinses with positive and negative polyelectrolytes. At least the innermost of the negatively charged polymer layers is a molecular micelle. Prototype embodiments have successfully separated seven benzodiazepines from one another. The run-to-run, day-to-day, week-to-week and capillary-to-capillary reproducibilities were very good, with relative standard deviation values less than 0.01. The PEM-coated capillary was very robust over at least 200 runs. Stability against high and low pH values was also observed.

Abstract: An improved aqueous cathodic electrocoating composition having a binder of an epoxy-amine adduct and a blocked polyisocyanate crosslinking agent; wherein the improvement is the use of a hydoxyl-carbonate blocked polyisocyanate crosslinking agent. Electrodeposited finishes are formed that have reduced weight loss when heated to cure.

Abstract: A method for determining a quantity of each of alloy phases in the plating layer includes subjecting each alloy phase in the plating layer to constant potential electrolysis in each of a plurality of ranges of potentials obtained on the basis of the immersion potential of each alloy phase and the immersion potential of a basis metal, by using a plated metal material having different kinds of alloy phases in the plating layer as the anode, to determine the quantity of each alloy phase in the plating layer on the basis of the quantity of electricity consumed in each range of the potentials during the electrolysis.

Abstract: A substrate treating apparatus provided with a plating unit, a bevel etching unit, a cassette stage on which a cassette for accommodating a wafer and a cassette for accommodating a dummy wafer are placed, and a transport robot for transporting the wafer or the dummy wafer among the cassettes, the plating unit and the bevel etching unit. The plating unit is capable of performing a copper plating process on the wafer and the dummy wafer, and the bevel etching unit is capable of etching a peripheral edge of the wafer and etching away a copper film formed on the dummy wafer.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a plating apparatus capable of forming a plated film having a uniform thickness in a substrate to be treated. In a plating apparatus using a face down method in which a voltage is applied between a cathode electrode (5) provided in contact with a peripheral edge portion of a substrate (1) to be treated and an anode electrode (6) provided in a plating solution vessel (3), thereby carrying out plating, there is provided an anode electrode moving device (13) for vertically moving the anode electrode (6) corresponding to a plating situation of the substrate (1).

Abstract: An anodic oxidation apparatus and an anodic oxidation method are provided that enable uniform photoirradiation of a treatment part of a target substrate, thereby realizing enhancement in uniformity of anodic oxidation in the surface of the target substrate; The anodic oxidation apparatus includes: a lamp that emits light; a target substrate holder provided at a position reached by the emitted light and capable of holding the target substrate; a cathode electrode that is provided on the way of the emitted light to reach the target substrate and that has an opening portion to allow light to pass therethrough and has a conductor section not transmitting light; and a vibrating mechanism to periodically vibrate a spatial position of one of the cathode electrode, the lamp, and the target substrate holder.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a method for electrofilling a metal or alloy inside at least one opening located in a front surface of a substrate, said front surface of the substrate includes the at least one opening and a top field surrounding the at least one opening, said at least one opening includes a bottom and sidewalls surfaces wherein at least the bottom surface comprises an exposed metallic surface, said method includes steps of: (a) immersing the substrate in an activation (or wetting) solution; (b) applying ultrasonic or megasonic vibrations to the substrate and to the activation (or wetting) solution; (c) applying high pressure electrolyte jets to the substrate, said electrolyte includes metallic ions of said metal or alloy; and (d) applying an electroplating current to the substrate to electroplate said metal or alloy inside the at least one opening.

Abstract: An electroplating method that includes: a) contacting a first substrate with a first article, which includes a substrate and a conformable mask disposed in a pattern on the substrate; b) electroplating a first metal from a source of metal ions onto the first substrate in a first pattern, the first pattern corresponding to the complement of the conformable mask pattern; and c) removing the first article from the first substrate, is disclosed. Electroplating articles and electroplating apparatus are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of fabrication of copper interconnect by means of copper electroplating is disclosed. In the conventional method of fabricating copper interconnect for integrated circuits, critical steps such as deposition of copper seed layer and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) are required. However in this invention, both the seed layer deposition and CMP are not required.

Abstract: A method of applying a conductive carbon coating to a non-conductive surface and a printed wiring board having through holes or other nonconductive surfaces treated with such carbon coatings are disclosed. A conditioning agent is applied to the non-conductive surface to form a conditioned surface. A liquid dispersion of electrically conductive carbon (for example, graphite) having a mean particle size no greater than about 50 microns, combined with an organic binding agent, is coated on the conditioned surface to form an electrically conductive carbon coating. The conductive carbon coating is then optionally fixed on the (formerly) nonconductive surface and dried. The resulting coating has a low electrical resistance and is tenacious enough to be plated and exposed to molten solder without creating voids or losing adhesion, yet is easily removable from copper surfaces of the substrate by microetching.

Abstract: An aqueous alkaline non-cyanide zinc electroplating bath containing zinc ions for producing bright electrodeposits of zinc and a brightening agent comprising a polymeric quaternary amine and a reducing sugar, and a compound that forms a reducing sugar upon hydrolysis.

Abstract: A method of producing a metal or an alloy from metalliferous material by removing O,S, or N from a solid body of metalliferous material by electrolysis in an electrolytic cell is disclosed. The cell includes a molten halide salt or mixture of halide salts as an electrolyte. The cation of the salt is selected from the group that includes Ca, Ba, Li, Na, K, Mg, Sr, Cs and Y. In one aspect of the invention the method includes conducting the electrolysis under conditions wherein the solid body of metalliferous material is made part of a cathode of the electrolytic cell, the cathode includes a conductor for electrically connecting the cathode with an electrical potential, the conductor has high resistance to chemical attack by the electrolyte at high temperatures, and the conductor is at least partly immersed in the electrolyte.

Abstract: A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a plurality of metal-based anodes facing and spaced apart from an aluminium-wettable drained cathode surface on which aluminium is produced. The drained cathode surface is formed along the cell by upper surfaces of a series of juxtaposed carbon cathode blocks, the cathode blocks extending across the cell. The drained cathode surface is divided into quadrants by a longitudinal aluminium collection groove along the cell and by a central aluminium collection reservoir across the cell. Pairs of quadrants across the cell are inclined in a V-shape relationship, the collection groove being located along the bottom of the V-shape and arranged to collect molten aluminium draining from the drained cathode surface and evacuate it into the aluminium collection reservoir during cell operation.