Abstract: To provide the electric motor assist type power steering apparatus, which can prevent the aggravation of the feeling of the steering, and which can transmit the assist steering force brought by the electric motor to the steering shaft completely, by preventing the flexure of the worm shaft of the electric motor assist type power steering apparatus, preferably the pinion assist type electric power steering apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for attenuating waves in a bore hole, and seismic surveying systems incorporating the same. In one embodiment, an attenuating device includes a soft compliant bladder coupled to a pressurized gas source. A pressure regulating system reduces the pressure of the gas from the gas source prior to entering the bladder and operates in conjunction with the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in a bore hole to maintain the pressure of the bladder at a specified pressure relative to the surrounding bore hole pressure. Once the hydrostatic pressure of the bore hole fluid exceeds that of the gas source, bore hole fluid may be admitted into a vessel of the gas source to further compress and displace the gas contained therein. In another embodiment, a water-reactive material may be used to provide gas to the bladder wherein the amount of gas generated by the water-reactive material may depend on the hydrostatic pressure of the bore hole fluid.

Abstract: A software library for controlling tissue-stimulating prostheses is provided. A plurality of software modules are stored in the library, enabling users to input abstract, high-level commands, for example at a psychophysical level, which do not require detailed knowledge of system-level operating requirements of the prosthesis. Upon receipt of such commands, the software library is accessed in order to obtain software modules to carry out the commands, in order to generate a software command set. The software command set is communicated to the processor of the prosthesis, or directly to the prosthesis.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a speaker diaphragm used for a range of audio equipment, a speaker diaphragm made using this manufacturing method, and a speaker employing such diaphragms. This manufacturing method for a speaker diaphragm offers good productivity, preventing deviation in wettability and heat deformation of speaker diaphragms in plasma treatment, and also offers a speaker with good input power durability. A meshed etching tunnel (2) made of aluminum is disposed inside a cylindrical quartz reactive chamber (1), and speaker diaphragms (4) are aligned inside the tunnel at a certain interval. Opposing electrodes (5) are disposed outside the reactive chamber (1). Plasma is applied at low temperature to prevent heat deformation. Uniform wettability is also assured by the use of the meshed etching tunnel (2), achieving high productivity.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a speaker diaphragm used for a range of audio equipment, a speaker diaphragm made using this manufacturing method, and a speaker employing such diaphragm. This manufacturing method for a speaker diaphragm offers good productivity, preventing deviation in wettability and heat deformation of speaker diaphragms in plasma treatment, and also offers a speaker with good input power durability. A meshed etching tunnel (2) made of aluminum is disposed inside a cylindrical quartz reactive chamber (1), and speaker diaphragms (4) are aligned inside the tunnel at a certain interval. Opposing electrodes (5) are disposed outside the reactive chamber (1). Plasma is applied at low temperature to prevent heat deformation. Uniform wettability is also assured by the use of the meshed etching tunnel (2), achieving high productivity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved structure for quick-assembly cabinet; and comprises a cabinet with a loudspeaker provided thereon. The first side of cabinet is provided with a loudspeaker holder and the second side opposite to the loudspeaker holder is provided with a screw hole. Loudspeaker stand is provided with an expansion plate larger than the foregoing loudspeaker holder; and the back of magnetic loop is provided with a pair of screw holes that allow screw to penetrate from behind the box to fix the loudspeaker. The loudspeaker holder and loudspeaker stand are provided with joints and openings, respectively. Thus the sound box can be assembled faster and no screws are needed on the front side of loudspeaker and, therefore, the production efficiency is significantly improved and the cabinet looks more attractive than conventional cabinets.

Abstract: Aircraft engine pod with acoustic attenuation.

Abstract: An exhaust system has a tubular member (1) to discharge exhaust produced in an engine or a compressor and a muffler (5) connected to the tubular member (1). An exhaust chamber 10 to attenuate noise emitted from the muffler (5) due to pulsation of the exhaust is arranged in the tubular member (1) or at an exhaust upstream side in the muffler (5).

Abstract: A method of lacing together two parts of an inflatable evacuation slide uses a single piece of cord that is passed through multiple pairs of apertures formed in the two parts to be joined. Thereafter, the loops formed by passing the cord through the multiple apertures are laced together and secured with a conventional key loop. In operation, once the key loop is released, since the lacing is composed of a single length of cord, rather than multiple independent loops, the tension in all of the lacing is released simultaneously thereby allowing the lacing to unravel reliably irrespective of the load on the lacing.

Abstract: A scaffolding (10) for elevating a worker (not shown) above a floor or ground surface is disclosed. The scaffolding (10) broadly includes a pair of frames (12) and (14), cross bracing (16) coupling the frames (12,14) together, and a plurality of walkboards (18, 20, and 22) removably supported between the frames (12,14). Each of the frames (12,14) includes a plurality of slotted ledgers (32, 34, 36, 38) and (40, 42, 44, 46) coupled to and extending horizontally between corresponding support posts (24,26) and (28,30), respectively. Each ledger is configured to facilitate initial assembly of the frames (12,14) and to prevent undesired shifting of a walkboard supported thereon. For example, the ledger (38) is defined by a U-shaped wall (60) that presents an arcuate walkboard bearing support surface (62) having open, recessed slots (64,66,68,70,72) defined therein. Each slot is configured and dimensioned to receive a portion of the supported walkboard and prevent shifting of the walkboard along the ledger axis.

Abstract: A rope ladder having a plurality of steps, each step having a horizontal support surface and two bores and at least two spaced-apart ropes, each with a stop member fixed to the ropes thereby providing a downward stop for each step.

Abstract: A lubrication system is provided for a planetary gear train. The system includes an oil supply that disperses oil to a thrust bearing. The thrust bearing purges the oil radially outward. A strategically placed molded cavity collects and channels the oil from the thrust bearing into the planet bearings. Features in a planet gear carrier and a planet gear face washer can form the oil flow path. The washer can have a further feature for expelling the oil after the planet bearings are lubricated. By using the planet gear end face washer, this arrangement allows for the cavity to be cast rather than machined to thereby reduce the cost of increasing the flow of oil into the planet bearings.

Abstract: A wheelchair lift (10) for a vehicle is disclosed. The wheelchair lift includes a lift platform assembly (13) coupled to a frame (18). The wheelchair lift also includes a reciprocating assembly (12) in communication with the lift platform to reciprocate the lift platform between a raised position and a lowered position. A locking mechanism (47) is coupled to the frame and lockingly engages a portion of the reciprocating assembly (34) to maintain communication between the reciprocating assembly and the lift platform if a portion of the reciprocating assembly fails.

Abstract: A device for remote maintenance and monitoring of an elevator installation has at least one input for the detection of first signals from an elevator control and/or from a sensor, at least one output of second signals to a telecommunications network and a processor and a data memory. A set of remote maintenance functions is stored in the data memory and each of these remote maintenance functions is selectively activatable.

Abstract: When there is a breakdown in either one of first and second power converters supplying electrical power to a multi-winding motor comprising a wind-up mechanism, a rescue operation can be safely and reliably carried out by using the remaining power converter. A wind-up mechanism comprises a two-winding motor having first and second windings, and, during normal operation, power is supplied to the first and second windings from first and second inverters respectively. When the first inverter has broken down due to excessive current, first and second contactors are switched off, and a third contactor comprising a short-circuiting unit is switched on. Consequently, both windings receive power from the second inverter, enabling the rescue operation to be carried out without causing vibrations.

Abstract: The invention concerns a device for determining the position of an elevator car (2). In accordance with the invention, a resistance wire (3) is permanently installed in the vertical direction in the elevator shaft (1). An operating voltage+UB and a reference voltage GND are applied to the two ends of the resistance wire (3). A voltage tap (8) is mounted on the elevator car (2), and the contact (9) of the voltage tap (8) slides along the resistance wire (3) as the elevator car (2) moves. A voltage UPos, which corresponds to the present position of the elevator car (2), is supplied to a position-sensing unit (6) by a measuring line (10). The position-sensing unit (6) can determine the movement and speed of the elevator car (2) from the change in the voltage UPos with respect to time.

Abstract: A double deck elevator comprising an upper cage and a lower cage vertically movable together in a hositway, wherein a space between the upper cage and the lower cage is covered by covers. The covers guide airflow flowing around the space to reduce air turbulence noise, and consequently the quietness and comfortableness in the cages is improved.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lift cage, a lift with the lift cage and a method of assembling the lift. The lift cage comprises a three-dimensional body for receiving persons or articles to be conveyed and has a support body for accepting all forces acting on the three-dimensional body during the conveying of the persons or articles. The three-dimensional body is suspended in the support body. The support body comprises two side frames which are connected together by way of at least one top frame in moment-stiff manner.

Abstract: An elevator counterweight comprises a counterweight frame constructed from several vertical beams and at least three horizontal crossbars wherein the vertical beams penetrate the horizontal crossbars and form therewith several grid fields in which weight elements are arranged and fixed. The two outermost grid fields disposed above the lowermost horizontal crossbar are open towards the side and can each receive a counterweight guide shoe and a safety brake device.

Abstract: A brake actuation assembly for a vehicle is actuatable to apply and release tension to one or more elements that connect to a brake system of the vehicle. The brake actuation assembly includes an electrically powered brake actuator, a manually operable control, and a manual brake actuator. The electrically powered actuator includes a motor with a driveshaft for driving connection with the elements. The motor is actuatable to rotate the driveshaft in a brake-applying direction to apply tension to the elements and in a brake-releasing direction to release tension to the elements. The manual actuator includes a handle and a cable. The manual actuator is movable between an operative position wherein the cable connects the handle to the driveshaft to enable rotation of the handle to rotate the driveshaft in the brake-applying and brake-releasing directions via the cable, and an inoperative position wherein the handle is disconnected from the driveshaft.

Abstract: An electrically activated parking brake can include a constant power motor for actuating a cam that is connected via a cable to the parking brake. The cam has a variable radius perimeter such that a roller follower or linkage operably engages the cam by rolling along the perimeter of the cam. The follower will move radially outward from the center of rotation, as the cam rotates in a positive direction. A cable is operably attached to the follower and to a cable mechanism operably associated with a brake system on a wheel. The brake system applies the brakes when the cable or linkage is pulled by the follower after the cam rotates a full cycle.

Abstract: A actuator for a brake ort clutch includes a support member which has a flange projecting radially therefrom. An annular piston is slidably and sealingly mounted on the support member on one side of the flange. A pair of disk springs are mounted on the support member on the other side of the flange. A hollow brake-engaging member surrounds the flange, the piston and the disk springs. A first end of the brake-engaging member is coupled to the piston. A second end of the brake-engaging member is coupled to the disk springs and is adapted to engage a wheel brake. The flange, support member, piston and brake-engaging member enclosing a piston chamber. The disk springs are biased to urge the second end of the brake-engaging member away from the flange. Fluid pressure in the piston chamber urges the second end towards the flange.

Abstract: A brake caliper has a piston retained in a bore that abuts a brake pad for moving the brake pad into selective engagement with a rotor to effect braking. The piston has a composite cap that is formed of a cap piece made of strong material, such as steel, and an insulator, made of polyimide resin material, for example. The insulator is preferably in the form of a ring clamped between the cap piece and the piston to create a thermal break and minimize heat transfer from the brake pad to the piston and caliper assembly.

Abstract: A shock absorber includes a body having an outer cylinder which rotates relative to an inner cylinder to provide an adjustable damping force through fluid bypass. A plurality of ports are formed through the inner cylinder to provide the fluid bypass when a passageway within an inner surface of the outer cylinder is aligned therewith. Predetermined patterns of ports selectively adjust the dampening force of the shock absorber. When the passageway is rotated out of alignment with all the ports, no adjustment to the dampening force results as the inner surface of the outer cylinder seals the outer surface of the inner cylinder. When the passageway is rotated to be aligned with a pattern of the ports, the peak damping force is reduced during a longitudinal bypass zone of the stroke as defined by the port pattern. By locating a check valve within the passageway, bypass fluid flow will only occur in one direction.

Abstract: The object of this invention is to provide an apparatus for absorbing shock. This apparatus stepwise absorbs impact energy applied thereto in case of a collision of automobiles or a sudden drop of elevators to protect passengers. In an embodiment, the shock absorbing apparatus includes two or more impact panels (110, 120, 130, 140, 150 and 160), and a plurality of shock absorbing members (210, 220, 230, 240 and 250) installed between the impact panels, and each engraved with a broken line so as to crash along the broken line to absorb impact. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes two or more impact panels (410, 420, 430, 440, 450 and 460) arranged in parallel to each other, and each engraved with at least one broken line so as to crash along the broken line to absorb impact, and a panel support member (600) supporting the parallely arranged impact panels.

Abstract: A suitcase includes a housing defining an interior chamber. The housing has a panel, which has a first end and a second end. The panel also has at least one wheel rotatably connected to the housing adjacent to the first end of the panel for enabling rolling movement of the suitcase across a surface. A plurality of spaced apart axles are fixedly connected to the housing. The suitcase also contains a roller being rotatably carried by each of the axles. Each of the rollers have a portion protruding into the panel and a portion protruding exterior to the panel. An endless belt may be circumscribed around the rollers.

Abstract: A lift truck (6) for the transport of a battery block (1) of an industrial truck, such as a fork-lift truck. The lift truck (6) includes at least one electrical unit. The electrical unit can be connected with the battery block (1) to be transported for supplying electrical energy to the lift truck (6). The lift truck (6) may not have its own battery. The electrical unit can be an electrical traction drive motor.

Abstract: A hydrodynamic coupling device, in particular, a torque converter or fluid clutch comprises a housing assembly (12), a turbine wheel (32) provided inside the housing assembly (12), a torque converter lockup clutch assembly (56), with which a torque transmission connection can be established as desired between the turbine wheel (32) and the housing assembly (12), whereby the torque converter lockup clutch assembly (56) comprises: at least one essentially annular friction element (66, 68), which is connected to the turbine wheel (32) for mutually rotating about a rotational axis (A), and; a pressing element (58), which is connected to the housing assembly (12) for mutually rotating about the rotational axis (A), and the at least one friction element (66, 68) can be subjected to the action of said pressing element in order to establish the torque transmission connection between the turbine wheel (32) and the housing assembly (12).

Abstract: An apparatus for clutch braking in a multi-speed transmission comprising a prime mover, a transmission system, an output shaft and a torque converter. The transmission comprises a first stage and a second stage wherein the first stage comprises at least two range clutches and the second stage comprises at least two direction clutches. The range and direction clutches are slipped, locked and/or engaged to brake the system.

Abstract: A one-way clutch having a plurality of sprags (3) arranged at an annular space between a driving side member and a driven side member along a circumferential direction thereof, two cages (4, 5) on an outer side and an inner side for retaining the sprags, and a spring member (6) in an annular shape, in which the outer side cage (4), the inner side cage (5) and the spring member are respectively formed with pockets for sprags (4a, 5a 6a) of sufficiently large numbers and the sprags are contained at portions of the pockets. The pockets of a number the same as a number of pieces of using the sprags may be formed at any of the annular members of the outer side cage (4) and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-plate clutch in which friction engagement elements are disposed within a clutch case so that a power is transmitted by an applying tightening load to the friction engagement elements, wherein a tone wheel is provided on an outer periphery of the clutch case. Further, the present invention provides a rotational speed detection sensor attaching structure for attaching a rotational speed detection sensor for detecting a rotational speed of a multi-plate clutch having a clutch case provided at its outer periphery with a substantially cylindrical portion, wherein the cylindrical portion is provided with an oil port opened to the outer periphery and adapted to discharge lubricating oil and the rotational speed detection sensor is attached to a position opposed to the oil port so that the rotational speed is detected by detecting a position of the oil port.

Abstract: An apparatus and method that effects selectable width of a roller track conveyance system having multiple roller tracks with asymmetric wall heights. The system includes a clip that connects lower or mating walls of two single roller tracks together. The connected roller tracks each have their own set of rollers, which form respective dispensing surfaces. A removable divider bar, which is capable of being selectively placed into the clips between the connected roller tracks, may be placed to divide the dispensing surfaces into separate surfaces or may be selectively removed to form a larger, single dispensing surface.

Abstract: A two-axis robot includes a vertical tubular post mounted for rotation about its vertical axis, with a vertically slidable shaft extending through the post. An arm on the upper end of the post projects radially outward and has a gripper assembly thereon with operable jaws for gripping a specimen tube. The robot is positioned between two reference locations, for retrieving a specimen tube from one reference location and transferring it to the other. The reference locations are located along a circle circumscribed by a central vertical axis of the gripper jaws as they swing about the rotational axis of the post.

Abstract: On each of a plurality of disposed racks, an injection drug storing container is each detachably mounted. The injection drug storing container includes a transportation means for transporting a stored injection drug in one direction. The injection drug transported by the transportation means is housed in each housing portion formed on a circumferential portion of a rotating body one by one. The injection drug in each housing portion is sequentially delivered one by one by rotation of the rotating body.

Abstract: A conveying system including individually motorized transport elements or shoes that transport articles laterally across a conveyor. The motorized transport elements ride along tracks across the width of the conveyor. A motor drives each transport element across the conveyor. Local controllers in the transport elements or in the conveyor control the application of power to the motors and, thereby, the lateral positioning of the transport elements and the conveyed articles.

Abstract: A conveyor for conveying products (2), comprising a conveyor belt (1) and a moving endless guiding element (12) which includes a straight portion (4) extending between two guide wheels (5, 6), which straight portion (4) is capable of guiding products (2) that are present on the conveyor belt in lateral direction towards and over the edge of the conveyor belt, wherein the distance between the two guide wheels is adjustable.

Abstract: A carrier for transporting pellet-like objects is disclosed. The carrier has a fixed jaw portion and a movable jaw portion positioned in spaced relation and opposite to the fixed jaw portion. The movable jaw portion is movable between an open and a closed position. When in the closed position, the jaw portions cooperate to grip the pellet-like item. The jaw portions are mounted on a movable conveyor which moves the carriers through a processing station which performs an operation on the pellet-like object while it is gripped by the jaw portions. An actuator extends from the movable jaw portion and is used to actuate the jaw portions into the closed position. A camming surface engages the actuator to close the jaw portions. Parts of the camming surface are sloped so as to gradually close and gradually allow the jaw portions to open.

Abstract: A bucket elevator conveyor system of the straight horizontal, “C” and “Z” configurations. In these bucket elevator conveyor systems, loading of the buckets can occur anywhere along the horizontal run adjacent the take-up end and discharge of the buckets can be made at the drive area or along the bottom run of the upper horizontal sections of the “Z” and “C” configuration. This provides not only for discharge of the product from the buckets traveling along the lower path of the conveyor, but also provides for simple, intermediate discharge. In addition, there are provided relapping mechanisms to assure proper relapping of the buckets, This is accomplished by reason of a unique bucket design having a cam on one end combined with the front and rear flanges angled to assure proper operation and lapping of the buckets.

Abstract: An adjustable length conveyor bed includes conveyor sections that are movably positioned relative to one another and that include at least one belt support or roller at an upper portion of the respective sidewalls. A fixed roller support is mounted to one section and has a fixed roller rotatably mounted thereto. A continuous belt is reeved along a belt routing path around the rollers and defines a conveying surface at and along the support rollers. A guide roller is movable with the other section and relative to the fixed roller to maintain a generally constant tension in the belt as the conveyor bed is adjusted. The sections are movable relative to one another and securable at a desired degree of extension by securing the other section relative to the fixed roller support.

Abstract: An idler supporting a conveyor belt, said idler having a pad including a bottom surface and a top surface; a bore in said bottom surface, said bore including a frusto-conical portion extending from the bottom surface toward the top surface, whereby as the pad wears, the bore is exposed in the top surface.

Abstract: The present invention involves a magnetic detent action device for switches utilizes the magnetic field interaction of a pair of magnetic members each having a side-by-side multipole magnetic pattern. One magnetic member is fixed relative to a switch body, while the other magnetic member is attached to a switch actuator. The magnetic members have a repeating pattern of north, south, and nonmagnetic portions. The switch body holds the two magnetic members in contact or in closely parallel proximity, and, as the switch actuator is moved, the two magnetic members and their respective magnetic poles move relative to each other creating a switch detent action as the magnetic fields of alike and opposite poles of the two magnetic members pass through each other. The magnetic detent action may be implemented in slide, rotary, or other switches.

Abstract: A make-before-break selector switch for use in high-voltage applications allows power to a load to be switched from a first power source to a second power source such that the second connection is made before the first is broken. The selector switch includes a blade coupled to a selector switch control such that the blade may be placed in a first position to electrically couple a first power source electrical contact to a load electrical contact and in a second position to electrically couple a second power source electrical contact to the load electrical contact. T-shaped and v-shaped blade implementations are examples of configurations that may be used.

Abstract: A steering column switch for a vehicle has a switch unit whose control lever is pivotably disposed in two transverse pivot planes which are preferably approximately perpendicular to each other and is coupled to switching members having switching contacts such that the switching contacts load the connecting contacts of a strip conductor support (20) in dependence on a working position of the control lever. A region of the control lever facing the switching members has contact points which are tapped by contact elements disposed on the switching member side to provide an electric connection to the strip conductor support. The ends of the contact elements facing the control lever load the contact points approximately at a right angle with respect to the strip conductor support and below a pivot axis of the control lever which extends parallel to the strip conductor support.

Abstract: A push button, designed such that it is not damaged or broken even when an excessive external force is applied. The push button includes a control panel having a seat depression and a switch controlling a function. A button unit is seated in the seat depression so as to be movable by a predetermined distance. A push unit passes through the seat depression and moves by a force transmitted from the button unit to push the switch. The push button also has first and second springs having different spring constants. When a normal external force is applied, the second spring having a smaller spring constant, is elastcally compressed to turn the switch on or off. When an excessive external force is applied, the first and second springs are elastcally compressed to absorb the external force, thus preventing components, such as the switch, from being damaged or broken.

Abstract: A medium voltage switching device comprising an electromagnetic actuation chain and power supply means for providing electric power to said electromagnetic actuation chain. The power supply means comprise at least a first power supply device which is electrically connected to a medium voltage power distribution line, so as to drain electric power directly from it, and second circuit means for storing at least the electric energy drained for the medium voltage power distribution line, and for providing said electromagnetic actuation chain with a power supply.

Abstract: Element for heat exchanging between fluids, where the flowing canals for the fluids consist of slits on either side of a thin, folded sheet material (1), and that the ratio between the slit width (24) of the canals and depths (25) in the slits is less than 0.15 times the thickness of the sheet material.

Abstract: A method of treating a fluorocarbon feedstock includes generating, in a high temperature zone, an electrical arc between at least one cathode and at least one anode, generating in the high temperature zone and by means of the electrical arc and a plasma gas, a thermal plasma having a tail flame, allowing a fluorocarbon feedstock comprising at least one fluorocarbon compound to form a reactive thermal mixture with the thermal plasma tail flame, with the fluorocarbon compound dissociating into at least one fluorocarbon precursor or reactive species having fewer carbon atoms than the fluorocarbon compound, and cooling the reactive thermal mixture to form, from the fluorocarbon precursor or reactive species, a fluorocarbon product.

Abstract: A plasma generator generates positive ions and negative ions in a plasma. An ion extracting portion (4, 5) selectively extracts the generated positive ions and negative ions from the plasma, and accelerates the extracted ions in a predetermined direction. The positive ions and the negative ions are selectively applied to the workpiece (X). The plasma generator applies a high-frequency voltage to a process gas in a vacuum chamber for generating a plasma which is composed of positive ions and electrons from the process gas, and interrupts the high-frequency voltage for attaching the electrons to the residual process gas to generate negative ions. The application of the high-frequency voltage and the interruption of the high-frequency voltage are alternately repeated.

Abstract: A plasma reactor (11) of the silent discharge or dielectric barrier type for treatment of a gaseous medium is provided with a layer of material (34) positioned to present a surface extending along at least part of the length of the gas flow path. Particulates or selected species are entrapped on the surface. A preferred electrode arrangement provides surface discharge in the plasma at the surface of the layer of material.

Abstract: A DC magnetron sputter reactor for sputtering deposition materials such as tantalum and tantalum nitride, for example, and its method of use, in which self-ionized plasma (SIP) sputtering and capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) sputtering are promoted, either together or alternately, in the same chamber. Also, bottom coverage may be thinned or eliminated by inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) resputtering. SIP is promoted by a small magnetron having poles of unequal magnetic strength and a high power applied to the target during sputtering. CCP is provided by a pedestal electrode which capacitively couples RF energy into a plasma. The CCP plasma is preferably enhanced by a magnetic field generated by electromagnetic coils surrounding the pedestal which act to confine the CCP plasma and increase its density.