Abstract: A light source useful for a wide variety of lighting applications such as signage, architectural or automotive designs, as well as cosmetic and/or functional features for other products can be created by combining a light collector comprising a sheet of material having a fluorescent substance incorporated therein and an optical element juxtaposed adjacent the collector. Light incident on the collector induces fluorescence that is trapped by total internal reflection, concentrated, and radiated from an edge of the collector. The size of collector plate with respect to its thickness is such that it provides an intensified image along its edge that is readily visible during both daytime and nighttime. The optical element modifies the distribution of light output from an edge of the collector. The optical element is preferably configured to decrease divergence of light emitted from the edge. The optical element may also direct the light emitted from the collector above or below the plane of the collector.

Abstract: A field emission element includes a substrate, a cathode conductor disposed on the substrate, an insulating layer structure on the cathode conductor that has a first insulating layer on the cathode conductor and a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, a gate disposed on the second insulating layer, a gate hole provided through the gate and the insulating layer structure to expose a portion of the cathode conductor therethrough, and an emitter on the exposed portion of the cathode conductor in the gate hole. The first insulating layer is covered by the second insulating layer at a side surface of the gate hole and a dielectric constant of the first insulating layer is different from that of the second insulating layer.

Abstract: A halogen incandescent lamp comprises a light-transmitting envelope filled with a gas including a halogen gas and an inert gas. A pair of inner conductive wires is arranged in the envelope. A triple-coiled filament, which has a first coiling, a second coiling, and a third coiling having about 1.5 to about 4 turns, is re-crystallized, is arranged in the envelope, and is connected between ends of the inner conductive wires. The triple-coiled filament is held by a support member. The halogen incandescent lamp may be utilized to a lighting apparatus.

Abstract: A color cathode-ray tube (CRT) having an evacuated envelope with an electron gun therein for generating at least one electron beam is provided. The envelope further includes a faceplate panel having a luminescent screen with phosphor elements on an interior surface thereof. A focus mask, having a plurality of spaced-apart first conductive strands, is located adjacent to an effective picture area of the screen. The spacing between the first conductive strands defines a plurality of apertures substantially parallel to the phosphor elements on the screen. Each of the first conductive strands has a substantially continuous insulating material layer formed on a screen facing side thereof. A plurality of second conductive wires are oriented substantially perpendicular to the plurality of first conductive lines and are bonded thereto by the insulating material layer. The insulating material layer comprises a low porosity lead-zinc-borosilicate glass.

Abstract: In a color cathode ray tube in which a shadow mask and an inner magnetic shield are supported by a mask frame and an electron shield is provided in the mask frame, at least a part of the electron shield is made to have a smaller anhysteretic magnetic permeability than the shadow mask, the mask frame and the inner magnetic shield when an applied magnetic field is 800 A/m (10 Oe). Since the magnetic resistance of the electron shield increases, it is possible to reduce a leakage magnetic field from a tube-axis-side edge of the electron shield. Thus, a color cathode ray tube that reduces mis-landing due to a terrestrial magnetism and has no color displacement can be provided.

Abstract: A light-absorptive antireflection film comprising a light-absorptive film formed on a glass substrate containing pigment microparticles and having a physical thickness of not less than 10 nm and an antireflection multilayer film attenuating reflected light of incident light by interference of light, wherein at least one layer of the antireflection multilayer film is an electroconductive thin film having a surface resistance of not more than 1000 &OHgr;/□, and a display device including the same and methods of producing them.

Abstract: An amalgam assembly for a fluorescent lamp includes a glass exhaust tubulation extending from an envelope portion of the lamp toward a base portion of the lamp, the tubulation being closed at an end adjacent the lamp base portion, and a glass body disposed in the tubulation and retained by a pinched portion of the tubulation, the glass body being disposed between the pinched portion and the closed end of the tubulation. A mercury amalgam body is disposed between the glass body and the closed end of the tubulation. A mercury wetting metallic layer is disposed on a selected one of (i) an inside surface of the tubulation between the pinched portion and the closed end of the tubulation, and (ii) a surface of the glass body whereby to a wet at least one of (i) the interior surface of the glass tubulation and (ii) the surface of the glass body, to prevent the amalgam, when liquidized, from flowing past the tubulation pinched portion and into the lamp envelope.

Abstract: A panel display using gold as a conductive element and a matrix of carbon fibers as emitters is presented. The invention provides a novel defined pixel width of three emitter fibers per cell wherein each cell is positioned within three emulsion layers of suspended nano-crystals stack positioned vertically atop one-another. Each of these respective layers is excited by a single carbon fiber. In the preferred embodiment, fiber length ends from each cell are positioned at the mid-point of each respective polymer layer thickness and produce one of red, green, or blue colors required to complete the image formation.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent (EL) display device includes an organic EL element formed on a substrate. The organic EL element includes a lower electrode, an organic EL layer and an upper electrode that are sequentially stacked on the substrate. A flat panel is attached to the substrate to encapsulate the organic EL element. At least one through hole is formed in the organic EL display device so as to allow gas inside the organic EL display device to flow out during an encapsulation process. A cap is provided to shut the one or more through holes.

Abstract: A non-evaporating getter maintains the adsorbability for the residual gases, and in addition, secures sufficient characteristics particularly even when it experiences a high-temperature and low-vacuum condition in the fabrication process of a display unit. The non-evaporating getter includes a substrate having no function as a getter and a polycrystalline film arranged on the substrate which film contains Ti as the main component and has a host of voids in the interior thereof. A non-evaporating getter is made by forming a polycrystalline film containing Ti as the main component on the concavo-convex surface of the substrate which substrate has concavities and convexities on a surface thereof and has no function as a getter.

Abstract: An electrode plate, a method of manufacturing the same, a gas discharge panel using an electrode plate, and a method of manufacturing the same are provided by incorporating a relatively simple structure, which can keep electrodes formed on a plate from peeling or becoming misaligned. In the electrode plate, at least one electrode is formed and adhered to a main surface of a plate by a thick film or thin film formation method, wherein of all ends of the electrode, at least an end opposite to an end at a power supply point is adhered to the main surface of the plate with stronger adhesion than the other parts of the electrode.

Abstract: A plasma display panel having a plurality of surface discharge electrode pairs formed in a column direction at predetermined intervals, each surface discharge electrode pair having a pair of sustaining electrodes extending in a row direction so that a discharge gap is put between the sustaining electrodes. Each sustaining electrode is made up of a transparent conductive thin film, is provided with a main electrode portion formed in stripe shapes so as to face the discharge gap and a metal film of which a width is narrower than a width of the main electrode portion, and a sub-electrode portion formed at a side opposite to the discharge gap side of the main electrode portion which corresponds. With this configuration, a high image quality and a low power consumption can be obtained.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front plate, at least one electrode disposed on the front plate, a back plate opposing the front plate, the back plate being spaced apart from the front plate, at least one electrode disposed on the back plate, and a plurality of partition walls disposed between the front plate and the back plate. The partition walls divide a space between the front plate and the back plate into a plurality of display cells. Each of the partition walls has a plurality of projections opposing one of the front plate and the back plate. The projections are arranged such that the projections do not overlap the at least one electrode disposed on the one of the front plate and the back plate.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a substrate, a dielectric layer formed on a top surface of the substrate, and partitions spaced a predetermined distance apart from each other and having a snaking or meandering shape. The partitions form channels having main discharge spaces and auxiliary discharge spaces alternately arranged and connected to each other. Red (R), green (G) and blue (B) phosphors are coated on the main discharge spaces in a triangular shape and where G and R phosphors are aligned with each other in a horizontal direction. The thicknesses of partitions forming the main discharge spaces where the R and G phosphors are coated are greater than thicknesses of the partitions forming the main discharge spaces where the B phosphor is coated.

Abstract: The invention concerns faceplate, more particularly for plasma display, comprising a substrate on which is provided at least one electrode, made of conductive material consisting of a metal alloy based on aluminium and/or zinc having a melting point higher than 700° C.; the electrode is designed to be coated with a dielectric layer. Thus, the harmful effects derived from reactions of the electrode materials with those of the dielectric layer are limited, in particular when said layer is being cured.

Abstract: An electrodeless lighting system which is emitting light using microwave generated in a magnetron comprises: a main case including a waveguide through which microwave is transmitted, a resonator coupled to an exit of the waveguide, and a bulb located in the resonator; a subsidiary case including a magnetron generating the microwave, and a high voltage generator for providing the magnetron with high voltage; and a microwave transmission cable connected from the magnetron to the waveguide for transmitting the microwave, whereby the emitting portion can be minimized by separating components which are not really needed for emitting, and lowering of performance and damage of the bulb or the resonator by infiltration of impurities such as dust can be prevented.

Abstract: A low/band/high pass filter includes first and second plasmas, each with a path for the flow of electromagnetic energy at frequencies above the plasma frequency. A path for the flow of electromagnetic energy is coupled to the second port of the first plasma and to a first port of the second plasma. The plasma frequency of the second plasma is greater than that of the first plasma. Energy below the plasma frequency of the first plasma is reflected from the first port of the first plasma, and energy above the plasma frequency of the second plasma propagates to the second plasma. That energy above the plasma frequency of the first plasma but below the plasma frequency of the second plasma reflects from the second plasma and is coupled out of the system. That energy at a frequency above the second plasma frequency propagates through the second plasma.

Abstract: An electron source (10) has an electron source element (10a) including a lower electrode (12), a drift layer (6) and a surface electrode (7). The drift layer (6) is interposed between the lower electrode (12) and the surface electrode (7). When a certain voltage is applied between the surface electrode (7) and the lower electrode (12) such that the surface electrode (7) has a higher potential than that of the lower electrode (12), a resultingly induced electric field allows electrons to pass through the drift layer (6) and then the electrons are emitted through the surface electrode (7). When a forward-bias voltage is applied between the surface electrode (7) and the lower electrode (12), a reverse-bias voltage is applied after the forward-bias voltage has been applied to release out of the drift layer (6) an electron captured by a trap (9) in the drift layer (6).

Abstract: An electronic ballast for driving at least one gas discharge lamp from a source of AC power which has a substantially sinusoidal line voltage at a given line frequency includes a rectifying circuit; a valley fill circuit; and an inverter circuit connectable to the at least one gas discharge lamp; The inverter circuit has a single controllably conductive device and an inductor; the inductor connectable to the at least one gas discharge lamp; the inverter circuit being adapted to draw current from the source of AC power whereby the total current drawn from the source of AC power has a total harmonic distortion below about 33.3%; and whereby the lamp current crest factor below about 2.1.

Abstract: A direct-current dimmer switch with low noise. A direct-current switch is turned on relatively slowly to avoid noise generation. Input capacitance of the direct-current switch device works in conjunction with a switch input series resistor to avoid a sharp turn-on characteristic. A set-point is compared against a voltage ramp to generate a pulse provided to the switch input. Essentially the full voltage is supplied to the load during the pulse. In one embodiment, a field-effect transistor with a low series resistance is used as the direct-current switching device. The ramp is generated by an integrator that is turned off at zero crossings of the alternating input line voltage to re-set the integrator. In a further embodiment a detector, such as a passive infra-red detector, is used to turn on the dimmer switch at a pre-set level.

Abstract: An electronic ballast system is disclosed for operating one or more fluorescent lamps having a subsystem with universal input from 108V to 305V, a battery, along with a battery charger and associated logic, that provides for emergency lighting, as well for operating at least one of the fluorescent lamps. The electronic ballast system includes a circuit that allows for a fluorescent lamp to be energized without the preheating of it cathodes, as well as includes a circuit for power factor correction that uses of an average current mode implemented by a pulse-width modulator to derive a power factor for the electronic power circuit that approaches unity.

Abstract: A switching control circuit for a voltage inverter generates an oscillating signal that causes reduced electromagnetic interference by the voltage inverter by way of modulating the frequency of the oscillating signal within a specified frequency range. A randomized signal generator creates a randomized signal, which is then used to drive a frequency range converter that is employed to produce a frequency modulation signal. The current state of the frequency modulation signal is based on the current state of the randomized signal, with the frequency range converter limiting the current state of the frequency modulation signal so that the oscillating signal will only operate within the specified frequency range. A variable frequency oscillator then generates the oscillating signal whose frequency is based on the current state of the frequency modulation signal.

Abstract: An electronic ballast comprises a direct current power supply configured to provide a direct current voltage. A switching circuit, including first and second switching elements, is connected in parallel with the direct current power supply, and is configured to convert the direct current voltage to a high-frequency alternating current. A load circuit, including a discharge lamp, a resonance inductor, and a resonance capacitor, is operated by the high-frequency alternating current. A driving circuit is arranged between the switching circuit and the load circuit. A driving circuit is provided with feedback windings magnetically connected to a detecting winding of the current transformer. A driving circuit is configured to control a switching frequency of the first and second switching elements according to a detected current of the detecting winding. A magnetic energy control means is configured to control a magnetic energy of the current transformer.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting device comprises a plurality of discharge lamps, at least one reflector, and at least one leakage transformer. Each leakage transformer lights three discharge lamps and comprises: a first leakage transformer, which comprises a frame-core shaped substantially rectangular and two bar-cores disposed parallel to each other and orthogonal to two opposing sides of the frame-core with a predetermined gap from the frame-core, has two of primary and secondary windings structurally independent of each other, and which lights two discharge lamps of the three; and a second leakage transformer, which comprises a frame-core shaped substantially like square-U letter and a bar-core disposed orthogonal to two opposing sides of the frame-core with a predetermined gap from the frame-core, has one primary and secondary winding structurally independent of each other, and which lights remaining one discharge lamp.

Abstract: A control system for selectively illuminating fluorescent light units in a fluorescent fixture having a plurality of fluorescent light units. A control system employs a first relay which when energized connects one of the light units to energizing power and a second relay which when energized connects a second and third light unit to energizing power. The control switch has one position in which the first relay is energized to turn on the first light unit and a second position in which the second relay is energized to turn on the second and third light units. The control switch also has a third position in which both relays are energized thereby turning on all three light units. Current steering through diodes in the switch and at the relays permits a single wire to be employed connecting the switch at a convenient manually accessible area to the relays at the fluorescent light fixture.

Abstract: A dual function solid state relay for a motor control includes four solid state switches and 6 terminals, wherein a set of 2 switches are for up operation allowing a current flow through a load in one direction and the other set of 2 switches are for down operation allowing the current flow through the load in the opposite direction. Out of 2 switches during up operation, one switch connects V+ to one end of the load and the other switch connects a Ground to the other end of the load. During down operation mode, the operation is similar to the up operation except that the voltage polarities connected to the each end of the load is reversed. Out of 6 terminals, 2 are for up and down inputs and 2 are for the outputs to the load and the remaining 2 are for V+ connection and Ground connection. In another embodiment, with the addition of a input signal control circuit to the dual function solid state relay, only one input signal from a push button switch is required for the both, up and down, operations.

Abstract: A micro-machined actuator for use in, among other things, sensors and data storage devices. The actuator includes a stator wafer and a micro-mover positioned adjacent to the stator wafer. Between the stator wafer and the micro-mover are electrodes that are set to specified voltages and that emanate electric fields that position the micro-mover relative to the stator wafer. Also between stator wafer and the micro-mover are bumpers that prevent the electrodes from coming into contact with each other.

Abstract: A system for driving an electric actuator unit with a polarity-dependent actuation direction contains a driving unit with a voltage input, at least one polarity control input and two voltage outputs whose polarity depends on the polarity control signal at the polarity control input, and a control input. The actuator unit is operated in at least one of the drive directions only if a corresponding polarity control signal is present and the control input is additionally supplied with a predefined control signal.

Abstract: A positioning servo controller is provided in which optimization of the positioning state can be conducted simply by adjusting an adjustment gain. In a positioning servo controller with: a speed feedforward controlling section (22) which sets a value that is obtained by adding a first feedforward compensation amount to a position deviation, as a speed command; an acceleration feedforward section (23) which sets a value that is obtained by adding a second feedforward compensation amount to a speed deviation, as an acceleration command, the second feedforward compensation amount being obtained by amplifying a differential value of the first feedforward compensation amount; and a torque amplifier (3) in which an acceleration deviation is used as a torque command, and which drives a controlled object on the basis of the torque command, the values of the first feedforward gain and the second feedforward gain are values of functions in which the value of the adjustment gain is used as an argument.

Abstract: A method for controlling a switched reluctance motor includes controlling an applied voltage to supply constant current to each of the coils of the switched reluctance motor in order of rotation; and determining a switching timing for switching the phases of the coils such that the switching to an exited phase occurs when the variation amount of the applied voltage to the coil having the exited phase is substantially zero.

Abstract: Processor-based field oriented control for brushless doubly-fed induction machine having first and second polyphase stator windings is programmed to operate the machine in various modes, as a motor or a generator, with bumpless switching between operating modes. An electronic power converter controls a current supplied to the first stator winding to control the torque of the machine, with the second stator winding selectively connected to an AC line. Stationary coordinates for in-phase and quadrature current commands are coordinate transformed using a voltage vector for voltage induced on the first polyphase stator winding to control current in the first stator winding, with or without a position sensor. The electronic power converter controls the voltage supplied to the first stator for generating, with the second stator selectively connected to a load. The machine can also be controlled to operate as a singly-fed motor at lower speeds, with the second stator winding shorted.

Abstract: A vehicle electrical system is disclosed having a plurality of electrical subsystems for supplying power to different component groups of the vehicle. A voltage regulator is provided each subsystem for setting the voltage on each electrical subsystem independently of the other electrical subsystems. One such subsystem includes a battery having a grounded terminal and an ungrounded terminal. An electrical system controller including data processing capacity provides control of the voltage level on the charging subsystem through a charging regulator having an output connected to the ungrounded terminal of the battery and a control input. An electrical power generator is connected to energize the charging regulator. Instrumentation connected to the electrical system controller provides measurements of current discharged from the battery, current delivered to the battery, and battery temperature.

Abstract: A multi-cell battery includes a battery box having at least three battery plate compartments, wherein the plates in one compartment lie in planes substantially perpendicular to plates in the other two compartments. The compartments can be of rectangular shape and arranged with the length direction of one compartment substantially perpendicular to the length direction of the other two compartments.

Abstract: A method and apparatus that allows a battery charger/tester to store and retrieve information from a storage media. Information, such as the result of the charge and testing of the battery, can be stored on the storage media. Additionally, information, such as firmware updates, can be uploaded from the storage media.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a series charger with separate detection of batteries which includes a charging control device for converting the inputted AC power into DC power so as to charging four batteries in series connection. The charging control device further provides a reference voltage source to a control IC which is connected with a current detector for measuring the current value of the batteries. Each of the series-connected batteries is parallel-connected with a switch element. A one-way diode is interposed between the positive end of the batteries and each of the switch elements. Besides, the control IC provides −&Dgr;V to the positive terminal of the respective charging circuit of the batteries for detecting the end-point voltage thereof. When each of the batteries is fully charged, the respective switch element is switched in a close circuit so that the charging current continues to flow downward for further charging operation.

Abstract: A multi-battery automatic charging circuit with individual regulator is further provided with one secondary or more than one output interface to convert an AC source via a rectifier into a DC charging source, thus to supply power to an external rechargeable device or a DC load of different voltage through a tap of the circuit specific voltage; or alternatively, a primary battery, or a rechargeable battery provided with storage capacity, or any other rechargeable device generally available in the market is placed in the battery holder provided otherwise for the placement of rechargeable batteries to charge the external rechargeable device or to supply power to a DC load.

Abstract: The present method for indicating a battery state of a hybrid car detects &Dgr;V/&Dgr;I which is a change value of voltage and current from a first state and a second state of a battery 1 being charged/discharged. The battery state indicating method determines whether the battery is charged/discharged in a battery protective state based on the &Dgr;V/&Dgr;I and indicates that the battery protective state is established when the battery is charged/discharged in a protective state.

Abstract: An uninterruptible power supply includes a power supply unit for generating DC power at a predetermined voltage from AC power supplied from the outside to supply the DC power to an electronic device, and a rechargeable battery unit including rechargeable battery cells for storing the power supplied thereto from the power supply unit for supplying the electronic device with the power stored in the rechargeable battery upon service interruption of the AC power. The rechargeable battery unit includes a battery state monitoring unit for monitoring a state of the rechargeable battery cells and a communicating unit for notifying the electronic device of information indicative of the state of the rechargeable battery detected by the battery state monitoring unit. The rechargeable battery cells include nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries.

Abstract: A power supply is provided with a plurality of secondary batteries, a voltage detection circuit for detecting voltages of the respective secondary batteries or voltages of a plurality of battery modules each of which is a series connection of secondary batteries, and temperature sensors for detecting temperatures of secondary batteries. Each of the temperature sensors has a temperature characteristic that its electric resistance is small when the temperature of an associated secondary battery is low and increases as the temperature of the associated secondary battery increases past a setting temperature. The voltage detection circuit detects the voltages of the respective secondary batteries or the voltages of the respective battery modules as well as battery temperatures by using the temperature sensors as parts of lead wires for detection of the voltages.

Abstract: In a general-purpose induction motor, a three-phase induction motor 10 is provided with a terminal box containing terminals for electrical connection and a conversion module 30 contained in the terminal box and coupled to the three-phase induction motor. The conversion module has a function of converting a plurality of types of single-phase AC into a single type of three-phase AC. With this structure, the general-purpose induction motor can be used with the single-phase AC.

Abstract: Voltage regulation, transient response and efficiency of a voltage regulator module (VRM) is improved where short duty cycles are necessitated by large differentials of input and output voltage by including at least one clamping of a tap of an inductance in series with an output of each of a plurality of parallel branches or phases which are switched in a complementary fashion or providing coupling between inductors of respective phases. Such coupling between inductors is achieved in a small module with an integrated magnetic structure. Reduced component counts are achieved while deriving built-in input and output filters. Principals of the invention can be extended to isolation applications and push-pull forward converts, in particular. A lossless clamping circuit is also provided allowing spike currents to be suppressed while returning power to the output of the VRM.

Abstract: A step-down converter includes a self-conducting switching transistor (T1) and an inductance (L) located in a series arm, and a freewheeling diode (DF) located in a shunt arm. The switching transistor (T1) is controlled by a control transistor (T2). The control transistor supplies a blocking voltage, which is generated by a Zener diode (D1) in the series arm, to the switching transistor (T1) once a maximum value for a current (IL) in the series arm has been reached.

Abstract: A switching regulator utilizing on/off control that reduces audio noise at light loads by adjusting the current limit of the switching regulator. In one embodiment, a switching regulator includes a state machine that adjusts the current limit of the switching regulator based on a pattern of feedback signal values from the output of the power supply for a preceding N cycles of the drive signal. The state machine adjusts the current limit lower at light loads such that cycles are not skipped to reduce the operating frequency of the switching regulator into the audio frequency range until the flux density through the transformer is sufficiently low to reduce the generation of audio noise.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed matter, a voltage regulator may supply power to a component within a computer system. A timer may be provided. The voltage regulator may operate synchronously, and when the timer expires the voltage regulator may operate non-synchronously. For one embodiment, the voltage regulator may operate non-synchronously when the timer expires and the component is in a sleep state.

Abstract: A switching signal generator for a switching power supply employing a DC-DC modulator has an adder, an integrator and a quantizer. A gate driver circuit is provided upstream of a power switch element and receives a quantizer output. By feeding back a gate driver circuit output to the adder of the &Dgr;&Sgr;-modulator, a large phase margin is obtained at a high-frequency switching. The switching signal generator for the &Dgr;&Sgr;-modulation type switching power supply has an improved direct-current transmission linearity characteristic relative to direct-current input, and that is stably controllable and of high efficiency. Furthermore, a DC-DC converter has an adder, an integrator and a quantizer, the integrator having a mechanism for adjusting its gain.

Abstract: In a switching controller whose error signal amplifier essentially exhibits P action, the load step performance of the switching controller is detected via an evaluation circuit. This signal is fed directly to the pulse-duration or pulse-frequency modulator for the final controlling element, substantially circumventing the error signal amplifier for the switching controller. Through this measure, output capacities of the switching controller can be reduced without stability problems.

Abstract: A switching network with trimmable resistors lies in a control loop of a voltage generator that can be switched off from the supply voltage by a logic device. The logic device and also the switching network are driven by the same signals. The circuit configuration can be used for trimming or switching off the output voltage generated by the voltage generator during the functional test. As many settings as possible for the output voltage can be tested by a small number of control signals.

Abstract: A controllable assembly of current sources includes several first output terminals, with a first transistor associated with each first output terminal, the current on each first output terminal depending on the current flowing through the first transistor, and a circuit configured, in response to a predetermined variation of a control voltage, to successively progressively turn on, then progressively turn off, each first transistor. The first transistors are MOS transistors, and each first output terminal is associated with a current mirror formed of MOS transistors, the current mirror providing to the first output terminal a current depending on the current flowing through the first transistor.

Abstract: A startup circuit for a bandgap voltage reference generator circuit. Monitoring an internal reference voltage of the bandgap voltage reference generator circuit, current flow for the bandgap circuit diodes is initiated following circuit startup, e.g., initial application or DC power. In one embodiment, the monitored bandgap circuit reference voltage is replicated and used to assert and then de-assert a control signal used for initiating the diode current flow.

Abstract: An eye monitor for evaluating a binary input signal of a transmission link and for recognizing the edges of an eye diagram of the input signal is described. A decision circuit is provided which is directly connected to an integrator. The input signal and a variable threshold are provided to the decision circuit. An output signal of the integrator is used to recognize the edges of the eye diagram.