Abstract: Disclosed is a pneumatic tire which comprises belt layers in a tread part and belt cover layers formed by winding organic fiber cords spirally and continuously in the tire circumferential direction on outer peripheries of at least both edge portions of the belt layer respectively. The organic fiber cords are twisted cords of at least one polyketone fiber yarns having a heat shrinkage stress at 150° C. of 0.19 to 0.60 cN/dtex.

Abstract: A method of forming a discrete product from a continuous web of material. The discrete product having a discrete part and a minimum distance from the discrete part to its end edge. The method may include the steps of providing a continuous web of material, placing a discrete part onto the web of material, determining the location of the discrete part on the web of material, phasing a subsequent process in relation to the location of the discrete part and performing the subsequent process in such a way so as to preserve a minimum distance from the discrete part.

Abstract: A device and method for the manufacture of medical devices, specifically, endovascular grafts, or sections thereof. Layers of fusible material are disposed upon a shape forming member and seams formed between the layers in a configuration that can produce inflatable channels in desired portions of the graft. After creation of the seams, the fusible material of the inflatable channels may be fixed while the channels are in an expanded state. A five axis robotic seam forming apparatus may be used to create the seams in the layers of fusible material.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to multi-layered fabric for clothing and protective wear. More particularly it relates to a multilayer fabric providing improved insulation to the body of the wearer from the temperature differential in the environment in which the fabric is worn.

Abstract: A device such as an MEMS device is fabricated by cutting a laminate of a semiconductor substrate and a glass substrate. Grooves are formed in the glass substrate, and the semiconductor substrate and the glass substrate are laminated together such that the groove faces the semiconductor substrate. The laminated substrates are irradiated with a laser along the groove from the side of the glass substrate. In this way, the laminate is cut into elements.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of making a segmented pultrusion die, said method comprising the steps of: selecting a first block having a first length sized to permit end cutting along an axis of said first block; end cutting said first block along said axis thereof, to form a first die segment having a first cavity extending therethrough, said first cavity having a first cross-sectional profile, selecting a second block having a second length; processing said second block to form a second die segment having a second cavity extending therethrough, said second cavity having a second cross-sectional profile which matches said first cross-sectional profile; aligning said first and said second die segments together to match said first cross-sectional profile together with said second cross sectional profile to form a continuous die having a constant cross-sectional profile; and securing said aligned first and second die segments together to permit said segmented pultrusion die to be used in place of a single die.

Abstract: A bonding method that enables adhesive protruding out from a joint to be removed easily. A primer 14 is applied onto a part of a region 13a of a joint 13 between a glass plate 11 and a molding 12. An adhesive 15 for which adhesion is realized through the primer 14 is applied such as to fill the joint 13 with the adhesive 15.

Abstract: Apparatus for a plasma processing that can minimize losses of power dissipated, allow to shorten processing timescale and improve a yield. There are the insulating and heat insulating means (a plate for insulating and heat-insulating 7C) which is made of the material having low dielectric constant for insulating the high frequency and small thermal conductivity for heat insulating, a placing means (a stage 7A and a cooling plate 7B), for placing an object to be processed, provided with an electrode which is provided in a manner to overlap the insulating and heat insulating means, and to which a high frequency is supplied to generate bias, and a temperature adjusting means (pipings 5A, 5B, a cooling device 5C and a passage 701) which is provided on the placing means and controls temperature of this placing means.

Abstract: A sub-atmospheric downstream pressure control apparatus (200) includes a first flow restricting element (FRE) (202); a pressure control chamber (PCC) (204) located in serial fluidic communication downstream from the first FRE; a second FRE (206) located in serial fluidic communication downstream from the PCC; a gas source (208); and a flow controlling device (210) in serial fluidic communication downstream from the gas source and upstream from the PCC.

Abstract: A neutral beam etching device for separating and accelerating a plasma is provided. The device includes a first chamber having a first opening formed at one side thereof; a second chamber having a second opening formed at one side thereof and being disposed inside the first chamber to form a plasma generation area; a first channel fluidly communicating the first opening with the plasma generation area; a second channel fluidly communicating the second opening with the plasma generation area; a coil disposed on an outer surface of the first chamber and which generates a magnetic field to generate a plasma in the plasma generation area; and an acceleration part disposed within the first and second chambers and configured to separate the plasma into a positive ion and an electron, accelerate the positive ion and the electron, and discharge the positive ion and electron through the first and the second channels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for applying aligned decorative tape patterns to opposite sides of a glass sheet. The glass sheet is positioned such that the first side of the glass sheet is accessible to a tape application head. A first tape pattern is automatically applied to the first side of the glass sheet with the tape application head by referencing a location and orientation of a first corner of the sheet. The sheet of glass is then turned over such that the second side is accessible to the tape application head. A second tape pattern is automatically applied to the second side of the glass sheet with the tape application head by referencing the location and orientation of the first corner. The first and second tape patterns are precisely aligned as a result of referencing the same corner of the glass sheet.

Abstract: A device for laying reinforcement cords (41) of a tire. The device is formed of a first frame (1) comprising a motor-driven shaft (10) with an axis XX?, the motor-driven shaft (10) supporting a reference form on which the blank (4) of the tire rests. The first frame (1) itself is mounted rotatably about an axis ZZ? on a second frame (2) in such a manner that the axis ZZ? has a point of intersection with the axis of rotation XX? and belongs to the equatorial plane (E) of the blank (4) or of the reference form on which the blank rests. A third frame (3) is rigidly connected to the second frame (2), the third frame (3) supporting an apparatus (13) for laying the lengths of cords (41) by projection of the lengths of cords directly into their final position on the receiving surface formed by the tire blank (4).

Abstract: A tape dispensing device having a block with a cutting edge. Extending from the block are side members. A retaining bar is moveably connected to and extends between the side members such that the block, side members and retaining bar define an opening. A roll of tape is disposed through the opening and as the roll of tape decreases in size, the retaining member is moved along the side members to retain the roll of tape within the opening.

Abstract: A window blind includes a transmission mechanism for lifting and lowering and/or tilting the slats of a Venetian blind. The mechanism includes a manually operated or motorized driving unit, and at least one cord roll-up unit. In the manually operated configuration, a single independent operating device is connectable to one or more driving force inputs of the mechanism. Also disclosed is a method for controlling a blind.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mobile block set, which mainly includes an inside block, at least one interconnecting block and an outside block. The inside block, the interconnecting block and the outside block are combined and connected to one another by using a mounting element, whereby the mobile block set is assembled to the side of a upper rail, a lower rail, or the housing of a remote power-driven device of the curtain. The present invention changes the entire length of each mobile block sets, causes the entire lengths of the upper rail, the lower rail and the remote power-driven device (all include mobile block set) to meet the requirement of the width of the window, and provides the high convenience of the installation of curtain.

Abstract: A shutter slat comprises lower and upper edges, and a first and a second sidewall defining together with the edges a hollow. The upper edge of the shutter slat has a hooked portion and is free of any openings to the hollow. The shutter slat is adapted for use in a shutter assembly, which comprises two such slats and a link comprising two hooked ends and a web therebetween. Each end of the link has a termination point and the points of the two ends are at different distances from the web.

Abstract: A ratchet system for winding a rolling door assembly. The ratchet system includes a support bracket, a cam, and a biasing device. The support bracket is preferably mounted onto a fixed structure of the rolling door assembly. The cam is pivotally mounted about the support bracket and positioned adjacent to a portion of an overhead shaft of the assembly. The cam is shaped and sized to cooperate with this portion of the overhead shaft between a first position, where the cam allows rotation of the overhead shaft along a first direction, and a second position, where the cam has a surface engaged with the overhead shaft and where further rotation of the overhead shaft along a second direction, opposite to the first direction, is blocked by the cam. The biasing device is used for urging the surface of the cam onto the overhead shaft. The ratchet system is particularly useful for adjustably controlling the rotation of the overhead shaft of the rolling door assembly during the winding thereof.

Abstract: An assembly for tensioning sheet material such as pvc, canvas and other textiles for advertising banners and other signage includes a frame with a channel which has a narrow opening. The sheet material is located in the channel and is held by means of a strip having feet or other formations which engage under the narrow opening to anchor the sheet material.

Abstract: Laminate papers for use in decorative laminates and a process for producing the laminate paper is disclosed. The laminate paper is made using a sulfur dye. In the past, sulfur dyes caused acidification of the paper, causing the paper to become brittle. In accordance with the present invention, a buffering agent is added in relatively low amounts in order to inhibit acidification of the paper. It was discovered that the buffering agents also provided various other advantages and benefits.

Abstract: Wallpaper base containing chemical pulp, filler, chemical additives, and, as an option, groundwood pulp. Reduction of the wet expansion is achieved in that the paper has a man-made fiber content of at least 5 wt-%.

Abstract: A multilayer fibrous nonwoven mat containing at least one transition zone comprised of a mixture of the slurries used to form the layers on each side of the transition zone, the transition zone having a thickness of at least 1 percent of the thickness of the mat. At least one of the layers contains glass fibers. The multilayer mats are particularly useful as facers on gypsum wall board, insulating foam, a wood material and a broad range of other materials. The multilayer mats are made by a method that involves using a lamella in the forming box on a wet laid mat machine, between slurries, the lamella ending a significant distance prior to a moving forming wire. The transition zone or zones provide superior interlaminar shear strength and other properties compared to multilayer fibrous mats produced on wet laid machines having two or more separate forming boxes.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for and a method of thixocasting a cast iron, that can effectively prevent the scale from mixing in the die (cavity) thereby to obtain sound iron castings having good mechanical properties. The apparatus includes at least a pair of dies that can freely opened and closed to define a cavity to be filled under a pressure, and an injector that injects the semi-molten iron into the cavity through a hole in a gate at the entry of the cavity so as to throttle the entry. The gate is a separate member disposed at the entry of the cavity every time an injection casting operation is carried out and is taken out together with the casting after the injection casting operation.

Abstract: Molten metal is injected uniformly into a horizontal mold from a feed chamber in a horizontal direction at a controlled rate, directly on top of the metal already within the mold. A cooling medium is applied to the bottom surface of the mold, with the type and flow rate of the cooling medium being varied to produce a controlled cooling rate throughout the casting process. The rate of introduction of molten metal and the flow rate of the cooling medium are both controlled to produce a relatively uniform solidification rate within the mold, thereby producing a uniform microstructure throughout the casting, and low stresses throughout the casting.

Abstract: Molten metal is injected uniformly into a horizontal mold from a feed chamber in a horizontal or vertical direction at a controlled rate, directly on top of the metal already within the mold. A cooling medium is applied to the bottom surface of the mold, with the type and flow rate of the cooling medium being varied to produce a controlled cooling rate throughout the casting process. The rate of introduction of molten metal and the flow rate of the cooling medium are both controlled to produce a relatively uniform solidification rate within the mold, thereby producing a uniform microstructure throughout the casting, and low stresses throughout the casting.

Abstract: A cogeneration system has an advantage that a cogeneration section is divided into a main unit and a sub unit, and an engine and a generator are included in the main unit, to thus enable the main unit and the sub unit to be installed at different locations, so that the main unit can be installed on the ground floor or basement of a building to thus minimize building vibrations or noises generated by a load, and the sub unit can be installed near to an air conditioner to thus minimize the length of a refrigerant passage, thereby reducing the installation cost and the flow passage resistance.

Abstract: A method and device for cooling and/or purifying a process gas, in which the process gas is precooled in a precooler by indirect heat exchange with a second coolant stream, and then cooled in a deep-freeze unit in indirect heat exchange with a first coolant stream. The first process stream is generated by vaporizing a condensed gas. At least one part of the first coolant stream leaving the deep-freeze unit is sent as at least part of the second coolant stream to the precooler, and at least another part of the first coolant stream leaving the deep-freeze unit is used with at least one part of the second coolant stream leaving the precooler to vaporize the condensed gas is vaporized and is vaporized. The part of the first coolant stream used to vaporize the condensed gas may be the part leaving the deep-freeze sent to the precooler.

Abstract: A fixing device for a radiator mainly provides a joining side extending outward from a lateral side of each of the elastic members thereof and has a plurality of locating parts in the elastic members. The joining side is inserted into two lower lateral sides of the radiator and locating parts are fixedly attached to the circuit board by means of a fastening element respectively.

Abstract: A grease protecting apparatus (10) includes a heat sink (12), and a grease cover (14). The heat sink includes a bottom surface (122) for contacting with a heat-generating component. A layer of thermal grease (16) is spread on the bottom surface of the heat sink. The grease cover is attached to the bottom surface of the heat sink and covers the grease to protect the grease from contamination. The cover includes a main body (142) defining a protecting space (143) therein for covering the grease, and two wings (144) extending from two opposite sides of the main body for attaching the grease cover to the bottom surface of the heat sink. The wings defines a plurality of perforations (148) therein to make the wings be capable of tilted upwardly and downwardly.

Abstract: The present invention provides a type of heat radiating fin, particularly one having multiple-face jutted snaps, said multiple-face jutted snaps are snapped to and pulled through matching snap holes provided on matching snap fold sides on the same heat-radiating fin, thereby to enhance high heat-radiating efficiency.

Abstract: A heat receiving jacket in a liquid cooling device for electronic equipment, for transferring a heat from a heating portion in the electronic equipment to liquid refrigerant, is composed of a fin piece having a base portion formed thereon with thin fins which rise up from one surface of the base portion, being curved, and a casing accommodating therein the fin piece in its center part so as to cause the liquid refrigerant to flow between the thin fins. Further, the cooling device includes a plurality of heat receiving jackets and a plurality of heat radiating portions which are alternately connected so as to constitute a passage for the liquid refrigerant, a part of the passage being connected with a circulation pump so as to constitute a closed circulation passage for the liquid refrigerant. With this configuration, it is possible to provide a liquid cooling device capable of decreasing the temperature rise of a heating element such as a CPU, having a high performance and being excellent in costs.

Abstract: A heat exchanger comprises a core portion including a plurality of tubes with a heat medium flowing therein and fins coupled to the outer surface of the tubes for promoting heat exchange with the heat medium, a pair of header tanks extending in a direction perpendicular to the length or the tubes at the longitudinal ends of the tubes and communicating with the tubes, and a pair of inserts arranged substantially parallel to the length of the tubes at the ends of the core portion to receive the heat transmitted from the core portion and having the ends thereof supported on the header tanks, each header tank includes a core plate with the tubes fixed thereon and a tank body providing the internal space of the tank with the core plate, and the ends of each insert are arranged outside the internal space of the tank and the insert is movably fitted in the header tank and along the length thereof and is immovable in a direction perpendicular to the length thereof.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a plurality of flat tubes stacked with each other, and a tank connected at an end of each tubes to communicate with the tubes. The tank includes a tube joint part having a plurality of tube inserting holes, and a plurality of ribs extending in a tube width direction on the tube joint part. The ends of the ribs are positioned outside of the ends of the tube inserting holes. The tube joint part has a deformation allowable portion at an outside of the ends of the ribs so as to allow the tube joint part to be deformed in a tube longitudinal direction. The tube joint part has a plurality of approximately V-shaped cross-sections, in which the tube inserting hole and the rib are provided without a flat face therebetween.

Abstract: A heat exchange device comprises a housing defining first and second fluid passages therein separated by an interface therebetween, for directing first and second fluids therethrough, respectively, a means for creating turbulence in the second fluid while passing through the second fluid passage, and a means integrated with the interface for increasing heat transfer surface areas for both the first and second fluids, thereby increasing heat transfer efficiency therebetween.

Abstract: A heat exchange module (1) includes a fan duct, an evaporator (22), a condenser (26) and an electric fan (50). The fan duct includes a lower portion (10) and an upper portion (30). The lower portion cooperates with the upper portion to define therebetween an air passage (90). The evaporator contains therein a working fluid. The condenser is in fluid communication with the evaporator. The evaporator and the condenser are received in the air passage defined by the fan duct. The working fluid turns into vapor in the evaporator upon receiving heat from a heat-generating component (70) and the vapor turns into condensate upon releasing the heat to the condenser. The electric fan is attached to the fan duct. The electric fan produces an airflow flowing through the air passage for removing the heat away from the condenser.

Abstract: A heat dissipation device includes a fin set, a sinuous heat pipe transferring heat to different parts of the fin set, and a base thermally contacting the heat pipe. The heat pipe has a middle U-shaped portion and two L-shaped portions at two sides of the U-shaped portion, respectively. The base is for contacting with a heat generating electronic device and transferring heat from the electronic device to the heat pipe and the fin set. The fin set defines a passageway in a middle of thereof. The U-shaped portion of the heat pipe is received in the passageway of the fin set and thermally engages with the fin set.

Abstract: A heat transfer device includes a vapor chamber that houses a phase change material such as water. The heat transfer device may be selectively formed from a combination of polymeric and non-polymeric materials. In one embodiment, the vapor chamber is formed from a polymer layer surrounding a sealing layer formed from non-polymeric material. The heat transfer device may further include one or more fin members operable to diffuse heat from the vapor chamber to the ambient/outside environment. The fins may be solid structures, or may each define a fin chamber in communication with the vapor chamber. In one embodiment, the fin members are formed from non-polymeric material.

Abstract: A corrugated fin or turbulizer for a heat exchanger comprises a series of corrugations with parallel side walls. The side walls are provided with a series of parallel slits between which one-sided or two-sided louvers are defined. Each of the louvers has first and second edges extending along an adjacent pair of slits, and at least one bend located between the edges, thereby causing at least one of the edges of the louver to project outwardly of the plane of the side wall, and providing the side wall with improved crush resistance. The corrugations may preferably be rectangular or trapezoidal in form, having generally flat top and bottom surfaces defined by two closely-spaced bends. The top and bottom surfaces may preferably be provided with protrusions, at least some of which extend close to the bends. This assists in creating localized areas of weakness along which the bends can be formed cleanly.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a plate-type heat exchanger in which a heat medium is sealed in a hollow part of an airtight structure formed in the interior of a plate-like container, and the heat medium is moved by capillary force from a condensing part to an evaporating part in the hollow part along heat-medium-guiding grooves formed in the container's inside surface portions that face the hollow part; wherein a plastic workable metal plate of specific thermal conductivity is prepared; a carving tool is used to repeatedly carve out a surface portion of the metal plate at specific intervals along the surface portion, forming a plurality of plate-like fins; and a plurality of grooves formed between these fins is used as heat-medium-guiding grooves.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel heat exchanger with a plurality of basic heat exchanger bodies, comprising flat heat exchange tubes—connecting at least one supplying or distributing pipe and at least one discharging or collecting pipe to one another, able to be flowed through by a liquid and/or gaseous heat exchange medium, equipped on the outside with heat exchange fins and arranged parallel to one another —, the distributing pipe and the collecting pipe being formed as elongate, tank-shaped hollow distributing and diverting and collecting and diverting bodies which are equipped with at least one supply line and/or discharge line for the heat exchange medium and in which there is arranged or can be arranged in each case a diverting chamber insert with a plurality of distributing and collecting chambers that are identical to one another for supplying partial streams of medium on a quantitatively individual basis to the heat exchange tubes and for discharging the medium from the heat exchange tubes, and the w

Abstract: The present method and device is for configuring the geometry of a surface to emit highly non-diffuse radiant energy. When a target surface is placed in a region where it is targeted by the emitting surface, there can be a net heat flow from the surface emitting the radiant energy to the target surface, notwithstanding the target surface may be at higher temperature than the emitting surface. This method is employed in a radiant heat pump whereby the surface for emitting energy radiation surrounds a target. The temperature of the target, which is originally at a higher temperature than the temperature of the surface, can have further temperature increases as a result of the net heat flow thereby resulting in a useful temperature increase in the target's temperature. The target may then use the temperature increase to upgrade heat flowing through the target for use in industrial processes.

Abstract: Safety valve apparatus for a pressure telemetry system utilizing a small diameter tubing conveying pressure from a downhole pressure chamber to the surface, the system pressurized with a monitoring gas, is presented. A check valve assembly is placed along the fluid flow path having a check valve with an operating member. The operating member moves to a sealed position by floating on an activating fluid. The operating member must be of low effective specific gravity to float on wellbore hydrocarbon fluids, either liquid or gas. Consequently, in one preferred embodiment, the check valve operating member is a hollow dart which retains the monitoring gas inside the hollow portion, thereby effectively reducing its specific gravity such that it will float on the activating fluid.

Abstract: A well tool for applying a pulling or a pushing force to an object in an interior of a well bore comprising: a) a inner member comprising an first elongated member, a second elongated member and an actuation means axially interconnecting the first elongated member and the second elongated member; b) an outer elongated member longitudinally moveably engaged with the inner member; c) a first seal defined between the first elongated member and the outer elongated member; d) a second seal defined between the second elongated member and the outer elongated member; e) a first piston area defined at a first end portion of the outer elongated member between an outer diameter of the outer elongated member and a sealed outer diameter of the first elongated member; f) a second piston area defined at a second end portion of the outer elongated member between the outer diameter of the outer elongated member and a sealed outer diameter of the second elongated member; and g) a sealed chamber defined between the first seal a

Abstract: A cable duct device in a swellable packer (1) of the kind in which the packer (1) is adapted to be able of sealing an annulus (3), and in which the swellable packer (1) is provided with at least one opening (6) therethrough adapted to constitute a duct for a cable (12).

Abstract: An improved inflatable packer is provided. In one embodiment, the improved packer has a tubular mandrel with an outer diameter essentially equal to the deflated inner diameter of an inflatable element surrounding the mandrel and has fluid flow passages that are adapted to cause at least a portion of pressurized fluid for inflating the element to be introduced into the annular space between the packer and the mandrel in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tubular mandrel.

Abstract: An arrangement is described of a plug with a sealing system for pressure testing of bore holes and the like in a formation or the like, comprising a pipe in which the plug is fitted in a plug-carrying chamber, and the plug closes the passage through the pipe in cooperation with sealing bodies, as the plug is arranged (rests) in a seat in the chamber. The arrangement is characterised in that the sealing bodies (23,25) are arranged in connection with the inner wall of the pipe (10) above (upstream) and/or below (downstream) of the chamber (30), and are arranged to form a seal against the respective cylindrical extensions (44,46) of the plug body (45) above and/or below the chamber.

Abstract: A cup tool includes a cup tool tube having a threaded upper end for connection to a high-pressure mandrel, an outer surface over which an elastomeric cup is slidably mounted for movement from an unset position for entry into a wellbore to a set position in which an annular gap is obstructed to contain fluid pressure below the elastomeric cup. The cup tool tube includes an annular jump step designed to inhibit movement of the cup to the set position during insertion of the cup tool into the wellbore, and a gauge ring located above the jump step.

Abstract: An activating mechanism for a hydraulically operable downhole tool provided in a drill string, in which the mechanism is incorporated in the drill string and has a tubular housing, a pressure piston mounted for linear reciprocating movement in the housing between first and second end positions, a mandrel coupled with the piston for movement therewith between an activating position and a non-activating position to control the supply of hydraulic pressure fluid to operate the downhole tool when the mandrel is in the activating position, a cam arrangement for controlling the linear movement of the piston, and a cam follower to permit linear indexing movement of the piston, communication means for applying drill string pressure to the piston, and means biasing the piston in a direction from the second end position to the first end position so that, when drill string pressure is released, the activating mechanism is indexed.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for determining suitable displacement fluids for use in subterranean formations are provided. One example of a method is a method for identifying an inverter fluid to use for inverting an oleaginous-external/aqueous-internal fluid in a subterranean formation.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for operating an artificial lift well. In one embodiment, the well is operated between an on cycle and an off cycle. Preferably, the off cycle is determined by detecting an increase in the pressure differential between the casing pressure and the tubing pressure. In another embodiment, the well is optimized by measuring the production of the well in one cycle of operation. The measured production is compared to the production of a previous cycle. A controller then optimizes the well based on the increase or decrease of the production from the previous cycle.

Abstract: An expander tool includes segments capable of deflecting inward in response to a restriction encountered while expanding a tubular downhole. The expander tool includes an inner mandrel having a tapered surface about its outside diameter, the segments disposed around the inner mandrel with corresponding tapered surfaces in contact with the tapered surface of the inner mandrel and a compression sleeve disposed around the inner mandrel. A compressive load on the compression sleeve applies a preload force biasing the segments to a raised position on the tapered surface and hence an extended position. This preload enables expansion of the tubular with the segments in the extended position. Upon reaching the restriction, an increased pull force on the expander tool forces the segments down the tapered surface of the inner mandrel against the bias of the preload to a retracted position such that the expander tool assumes a smaller maximum outer diameter.