Abstract: A hermetic sealing cap member capable of suppressing deterioration of characteristics of an electronic component resulting from a sealant such as solder coming into contact with the electronic component in a package is obtained. This hermetic sealing cap, which is a hermetic sealing cap employed for an electronic component storing package for storing an electronic component (5, 34), comprises a hermetic sealing cap member (11, 41), a first plating layer (12, 42) formed at least on a region other than a region of the hermetic sealing cap member formed with a sealant (3, 32) and a second plating layer (13, 43), formed on the region of the hermetic sealing cap member on which the sealant is arranged, containing a material superior in wettability with the sealant to the first plating layer.

Abstract: A tool is used to hold an array of wafer scale protective caps and place the array onto a semiconductor wafer. The tool comprises a first tool half made from a semiconductor which has a coefficient of thermal expansion which is about the same as that of the wafer. The first tool half has surface features for molding and retaining the array. The caps have central areas surrounded by sidewalls.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a package; two semiconductor chip fixing parts located adjacently to each other in the package; and first and the second semiconductor chips, each of which is fixed on the semiconductor chip fixing part and has a field effect transistor formed therein. A gate lead G1, a source lead S1, and a drain lead D2 are arranged from left to right on the first surface of the package and a drain lead D1, a source lead S2, and a gate lead G2 are arranged from left to right on the second surface. A gap between the source lead S1 and the drain lead D2 is two times a gap between the gate lead G1 and the source lead S1, and a gap between the drain lead D1 and the source lead S2 is two times a gap between the source lead S2 and the gate lead G2.

Abstract: Diamond heat spreaders are produced having thermal properties approaching that of pure diamond. Diamond particles of relatively large grain size are tightly packed to maximize diamond-to-diamond contact. Subsequently, smaller diamond particles may be introduced into the interstitial voids to further increase the diamond content per volume. An interstitial material is then introduced which substantially fills the remaining voids and should have favorable thermal properties as well as form chemical bonds with the diamond. Alternatively, the packed diamond may be subjected to ultrahigh pressures over 4 GPa in the presence of a sintering aid. The resulting diamond heat spreader has diamond particles which are substantially sintered together to form a continuous diamond network and small amounts of a sintering agent.

Abstract: A lead frame type of semiconductor apparatus includes a die pad on which a semiconductor chip is mounted; ground terminals which are to be grounded; power supply terminals which are connected to a power supply; inner leads connected to the ground terminals and power supply terminals, in which a pair of adjacent inner leads for power supply terminal and ground terminal are extended inwardly; a chip capacitor mounting pad which is provided at inner ends of the extended inner leads; and a chip capacitor which is mounted on the chip capacitor mounting pad so that a decoupling capacitor is provided.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is provided wherein conductive paths 40, formed of crystal that grows better along the X-Y axis than along the Z axis, are embedded in an insulating resin 44, and the back surface of the conductive path 40 is exposed through the insulating resin 44 and sealed. With this arrangement, fractures of the conductive paths 40 embedded in the insulating resin 44 are suppressed.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including a second insulating film formed on a substantially flat surface, on which a surface of a first wiring and a surface of a first insulating film are continued, to cover the first wiring, a wiring trench formed in the second insulating film, connection holes formed in the second insulating film to extend from the wiring trench to the first wiring, dummy connection holes formed in the second insulating film to extend from the wiring trench to a non-forming region of the first wiring, and a second wiring buried in the connection holes and the wiring trench to be connected electrically to the first wiring and also buried in the dummy connection holes, and formed such that a surface of the second wiring and a surface of the second insulating film constitute a substantially flat surface.

Abstract: A method and structure for suppressing localized metal precipitate formation (LMPF) in semiconductor processing. For each metal wire that is exposed to the manufacturing environment and is electrically coupled to an N region, at least one P+ region is formed electrically coupled to the same metal wire. As a result, few excess electrons are available to combine with metal ions to form localized metal precipitate at the metal wire. A monitoring ramp terminal can be formed around and electrically disconnected from the metal wire. By applying a voltage difference to the metal wire and the monitoring ramp terminal and measuring the resulting current flowing through the metal wire and the monitoring ramp terminal, it can be determined whether localized metal precipitate is formed at the metal wire.

Abstract: An etchant including C2HxFy, where x is an integer from two to five, inclusive, where y is an integer from one to four, inclusive, and where x plus y equals six, etches doped silicon dioxide with selectivity over both undoped silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. Thus, undoped silicon dioxide and silicon nitride may be employed as etch stops in dry etch processes which utilize the C2HxFy-containing etchant. C2HxFy may be employed as either a primary etchant or as an additive to another etchant or etchant mixture. The invention also includes semiconductor devices that include structures that have been patterned with an etchant of the present invention or in accordance with the method of the present invention. Specifically, the present invention includes semiconductor devices including doped silicon oxide structures with substantially vertical sidewalls and adjacent undoped silicon oxide or silicon nitride structures exposed adjacent the sidewall.

Abstract: A bottom die and a top die stacked on the bottom die are configured to provide a daisy chain function. Both die include an input/output function control bonding pad (20G), a first bonding pad (20C) controllable to function as either an input or an output, and a second bonding pad (20E) controllable to function as either an output or an electrically floating pad in response to a corresponding input/output function control signal. The top die (30) is stacked on the bottom die (20) and the first bonding pad (20C) of the bottom die (20) is wire bonded to the first bonding pad (30C) of the top die (30). A first reference voltage (VDD) on the function control bonding pad of the bottom die configures its first bonding pad as an output and its second bonding pad as electrically floating, and a second reference voltage (VSS) on the function control bonding pad of the top die configures its first bonding pad as an input and its second bonding pad as an output, to thereby provide the daisy chain function.

Abstract: A high performance thermally enhanced package and method of fabricating the same is provided. A chip (a wire bond chip or a flip chip) and a carrier (lead frame or tape carrier) are bonded together using flip-chip technology and thermal compression. The chip and the carrier are encapsulated using a molding compound. The package has a smaller overall size and the capacity to withstand electromagnetic interference.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided that pertains to resisting crack initiation and propagation in electrical interconnections between components and substrates in ball grid array microelectronic packages. A hybrid of dielectric defined and non-dielectric defined electrical interconnects reduces the potential for electrical interconnection failure without having to control the dielectric defined interconnect ratio of substrates. In addition selective orientation of the dielectric defined edge portion of the electrical interconnect away from the point where cracks initiate resists crack propagation and component failure.

Abstract: An energy harvester and method for electrical energy harvesting from electromagnetic interference, generated by electrical wiring and/or an electrical appliance, by receiving electromagnetic field energy radiated by the electromagnetic interference and converting the electromagnetic field energy to an electrical current for powering an electrical device. The voltage associated with the electrical current may be increased in preparation for powering the electrical device. The electrical current may be stored in preparation for powering the electrical device.

Abstract: A series and parallel combined dual power system operates as a series combined power system, or as a parallel combined power system; the power from an engine directly drive the load; the system engages in the operation as the series combined power system incase of a light load; the load is driven by the engine in case of a normal load; an optional rechargeable device is adapted to the system; either or both of a primary and a secondary dynamo-electric units functions as a motor on the power from the rechargeable device to jointly drive the load with the power from the engine; and functions to provide power drive in case of a light load.

Abstract: The present technique relates to a power and data signal transfer assembly including a plurality of conductors. Through the transfer assembly, power and data signals may be distributed and transferred to a wide variety of devices and locations. Moreover, in one example, power and data signals may be carried over a power conductor working in conjunction with a further conductor. In a further example, the assembly may include advantageous features, such as circuit protection circuitry and LEDs.

Abstract: A vehicle door handle device which includes a handle body assembled to a panel of a vehicle door, an operation member provided in the handle body for operating a latch mechanism for switching a latched state and an unlatched state relative to a vehicle body of the vehicle door, and a detection member provided in the handle body for detecting an impact.

Abstract: In an apparatus for driving and controlling plural on-vehicle electrical loads, an on-vehicle power supply generates power to be supplied the loads each having a priority. A power calculating device calculates a current available amount of the power to be supplied from the power supply, and a priority changing device changes one or more of the priorities on the basis of inputted information about a vehicle condition, the information including conditions of the loads. A command producing device produces a command value indicative of an amount of the power to be supplied to each of the loads by using the priorities. In this case, a sum of the power to be supplied to each load is kept within the available amount of the power to be supplied. A controller controls the power to be distributed to each of the loads on the basis of the command value.

Abstract: A system for preventing theft of a vehicle having at least one essential module being essential to mobilization of the vehicle. The system comprises a control apparatus for controlling operation of the at least one essential module, and at least one armored encapsulation, encapsulating the control apparatus and at least a portion of the essential module. At least one of a shape, configuration, material, size and location of the armored encapsulation within the vehicle is selected so as to prevent accessing the control apparatus without substantially damaging at least one of the armored encapsulation and the essential module, thereby preventing the mobilization of the vehicle.

Abstract: Equipment for exchanging power, in shunt connection, with an electric power network. A reactive impedance element and a voltage source converter provide mutual connection in series. The power network has a nominal voltage of a fundamental frequency and a given phase position. The converter is intended for generating a fundamental-tone voltage within a control range which limits the amplitude of the fundamental-tone voltage. The control range limits the amplitude of the fundamental-tone voltage to a value that is lower than the nominal voltage of the power network and comprises generation of a reactive component of the fundamental-tone voltage with a phase position that either coincides with the phase position for the voltage of the power network, or that deviates by 180° electrically form the phase position for the voltage of the power network.

Abstract: In a load drive control system containing a control apparatus and a drive apparatus which drives a load in accordance with a drive control signal supplied from the control apparatus, a single signal produced from the control apparatus serves both as the drive control signal and as a power supply enabling control signal for the drive apparatus, without the need to provide an internal DC power supply in the drive apparatus. A switching element in the drive apparatus is controlled to apply a supply voltage from a drive power source to circuits in the drive apparatus only while the drive control signal is being supplied from the control apparatus.

Abstract: A motor in which drive coils are arranged in an axial direction of a cylindrical rotor magnet of which an outer peripheral surface is magnetized, the drive coils are cylindrical bodies having respectively center holes into which a rotor shaft is to be inserted, curling cases each of which is formed by bending a flat plate made of a magnetic material into a tubular shape, surround the drive coils, respectively, and surround a cylindrical surface of the rotor magnet with a predetermined gap therebetween, and portions of the surfaces of the curling cases, which face the drive coils associated therewith, serve as yoke parts, respectively, while other portions of the curling cases, which face the rotor magnet, are formed to be pole teeth, and also serve as yoke plates.

Abstract: A stepping motor includes a magnet ring 1 whose outer peripheral surface is circumferentially divided to form radial protrusions and recesses and whose outer peripheral surface consists of a cylindrical permanent magnet magnetized to the same polarity, first and second cylindrical coils 2 and 3, a first outer magnetic pole portion 8 excited by the first coil, a second outer magnetic pole portion 9 excited by the second coil, and an output shaft 10 formed of a soft magnetic material and fixed to the inner peripheral portion of the magnet ring, the output shaft 10 being opposed to at least one of the first outer magnetic pole portion and the second outer magnetic pole portion in a predetermined axial range and equipped with an inner magnetic pole portion excited by at least one of the first coil and the second coil. Accordingly, a low-cost, high output, and high resolution stepping motor can be provided without hindering miniaturization.

Abstract: An integrated blower for cooling device comprises an electric drive with at least one set of a flat stator and a magnetized rotor, a casing with an inlet and an outlet, and radial impeller. The flat stator integrated with the casing thus the flat stator serves as at least a part of the casing, and the magnetized rotor integrated with the radial impeller. The flat stator comprises circumferential arrayed coils with magnetic axes coincide with a plane of the flat stator. The radial impeller comprises blades attached to a backplate and a shroud, and circumferential arrayed magnetic means thus serve as the magnetized rotor. The magnetic means placed and magnetized along the plane of the flat stator thus magnetic axes of the coils and the magnetic means located at one plane substantially.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved flat vibration motor to be disposed in a mobile communication terminal, etc. for generating a vibration signal. A brushless-type vibration motor without brushes and a commutator is adopted, instead of a brush-type vibration motor with the brushes and commutator. An eccentric portion is disposed on one side of the peripheral surface of a rotor made of a permanent magnet, and one or more pairs of hall sensors are mounted in the vibration motor so as to start and drive the vibration motor. A motor controller may be used as internally or externally disposed on the vibration motor. The arrangement of a stator coil is improved so as to reduce the loss of magnetic flux as well as remove the non-operation points, thereby preventing the starting and driving disorders of the vibration motor, and improving its performance and efficiency.

Abstract: A bar-type vibration motor has a stator unit including a body and a magnet attached in the body; a rotor unit including a rotary shaft having one end fixed to an eccentric weight and the other end fixed to a stationary member, a portion of the rotary shall adjacent to the eccentric weight being rotatably supported by the body like a cantilever, a commutator having several segments attached on one side of the stationary member, and an armature fixed to the stationary member spaced apart from the magnet, and electrically connected with the commutator; and a power supply unit including a fixing cap faxed to the body and a brush mounted on the fixing cap to supply voltage to the armature.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electric drive, including a stator (4) and a rotor (3), for a paper processing machine, in particular a printing press having at least two rotary subassemblies (1, 2), the stator (4) and the rotor (3) being separated from one another by an air gap. This electric drive is distinguished in that the one subassembly (1) contains the rotor (3) and the other subassembly (2) the stator (4).

Abstract: There is provided an axial gap type rotating electric machine which is small-sized and achieves a high motor efficiency as a drive source having a high torque using, for example, a strong magnet by reducing an energy loss by an induced current.

Abstract: A rotor for an electrical machine, including axial conductors for the rotor field windings inserted into axial slots in the rotor body and are secured against the forces which occur during operation by peripherally arranged means, wherein a single conductor is disposed in each slot. The conductor is preferably disposed upright in the axial slot.

Abstract: A universal motor has a brush cage assembly in which a U-shaped clip 34 is located about a wall of a through hole 28 of a bearing bracket 24 for receiving a brush cage 30. The clip 34 has an outer limb 42 with inwardly and rearwardly directed barbs 44 to grip an outer surface of the wall to prevent removal of the clip 34 and an inner limb 36 with outwardly and forwardly directed barbs 42 which resiliently deform as the cage 30 is inserted to snare the cage 30 should it move in the opposite direction. The clip 34 thus prevents withdrawal of the brush cage 30 and provides a lateral spring force against the cage 30 to reduce cage lateral position tolerance and movement.

Abstract: A unidirectional transducer for a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. In one embodiment the device includes (1) a defined area on a piezoelectric substrate within which is located an open circuit reflector perpendicular to the SAW direction of propagation; and a pair of low reflectivity transducer electrodes located within the defined area and connected to opposing bus bars, the electrodes perpendicular to the direction of the SAW propagation and positioned with the excitation center of the pair of electrodes located about seven-eighths of a Rayleigh wavelength at a center frequency of the SAW from the reflector.

Abstract: A film bulk acoustic wave resonator of the invention includes a substrate; a resonant structure provided on the substrate constituted by a lower electrode, a piezoelectric film and an upper electrode; and an acoustic multilayer of a plurality of reflective films provided between the substrate and the resonant structure. At least one of the reflective films of the acoustic multilayer has a specified crystal plane orientation, and an X-ray rocking curve full width at half maximum that is preferably not greater than 10 degrees, and more preferably is not greater than 3 degrees. This makes it possible to obtain better resonance characteristics than in the case of the prior art, by increasing the efficiency with which bulk waves propagating towards the substrate are reflected.

Abstract: A single piezoelectric is excited at a first frequency to cause two vibration modes in a resonator producing a first elliptical motion in a first direction at a selected contacting portion of the resonator that is placed in frictional engagement with a driven element to move the driven element in a first direction. A second frequency excites the same piezoelectric to cause two vibration modes of the resonator producing a second elliptical motion in a second direction at the selected contacting portion to move the driven element in a second direction. The piezoelectric is preloaded in compression by the resonator. Walls of the resonator are stressed past their yield point to maintain the preload. Specially shaped ends on the piezoelectric help preloading. The piezoelectric can send or receive vibratory signals through the driven element to or from sensors to determine the position of the driven element relative to the piezoelectric element or resonator.

Abstract: A piezo actuator system, is presented herein. A piezo actuator system comprises a number of piezo actuators which may lengthen and shear. Using the lengthening and shearing, the piezo actuator system grips and moves an object in response to a first and a second control signal, respectively. The possible displacement of the object is limited by the maximum shear of the piezo actuators. To increase the possible displacement, the piezo actuators may be controlled to perform a linear shear sequence or a shuffle sequence. During the linear shear sequence, the object is moved; during the shuffle sequence the object is substantially stationary, while the piezo actuators are repositioned with respect to the object, after which the object may be moved further using the linear shear sequence.

Abstract: Disclosed are a cathode ray tube and a funnel therefore. An anode button is installed on the funnel to meet the condition of 2.8?T, in which T is a B/A ratio, A is a distance on a central axis of the funnel between a seal edge face of the funnel, which abuts a panel, and the anode button, and B is a distance on the central axis of the funnel between the anode button and a neck seal of the funnel, which is positioned at the opposite side of the seal edge face in the funnel. According to this invention, it is possible to prevent mechanical interference and electrical interference, such as distortion of deflection magnetic field, caused depending on the installation position of the anode button on the funnel.

Abstract: A field emission display. Gate electrodes are formed in a predetermined pattern on a first substrate. An insulation layer is formed on the first substrate covering the gate electrodes. Cathode electrodes are formed in a predetermined pattern on the insulation layer. Emitters are provided electrically contacting the cathode electrodes. A second substrate is provided opposing the first substrate with a predetermined gap therebetween. The first substrate and the second substrate form a vacuum container. An anode electrode is formed on a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate. Phosphor layers are formed in a predetermined pattern on the anode electrode. Portions of the cathode electrodes are removed to form emitter-receiving sections. Fences are formed between the emitter-receiving sections, one of the emitters being provided in each of the emitter-receiving sections electrically contacting the cathode electrodes.

Abstract: Provided is a field emission display (FED) with a carbon nanotube emitter and a method of manufacturing the same. A gate stack that surrounds the CNT emitter has a mask layer that covers an emitter electrode adjacent to the CNT emitter, and a gate insulating film, a gate electrode, a focus gate insulating film (SiOx, X<2), and a focus gate electrode formed on the mask layer. The focus gate insulating film has a thickness 2 ?m or more, and preferably 3˜15 ?m and is preferably made using PECVD. A flow rate of silane and nitric acid for forming the focus gate insulating film and/or the gate insulating film are maintained at 50˜700 sccm and 700˜4,500 sccm, respectively. By doing so and by making the oxide thick, the oxide is less apt to crack and thus less apt to generate a leakage current.

Abstract: This invention is directed to phosphor particles and to field emission displays using the particles, each of the particles is coated with an electrically conducting material to impart to the particles environmental stability, stability under use conditions, and reduced charging.

Abstract: A flat panel display which can adjust a white balance to a proper level according to the difference among the crystal grains of driving TFT active layers without changing the sizes of the driving TFT active layers. The flat panel display also can obtain an appropriate luminance by supplying an optimal amount of current to each sub-pixel. The flat panel display has a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels and each sub-pixel has a self-luminescent element and a driving thin film transistor. Each of the driving thin film transistors has a semiconductor active layer having a channel region is connected to the self-luminescent element of the corresponding sub-pixel in order to supply current to each of the self-luminescent elements. At least the channel regions of the semiconductor active layers have crystal grains of different sizes or shapes for different sub-pixels.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device structure includes a substrate, a first electrically conductive layer formed over the substrate wherein the first electrically conductive layer has a positive polarity, and a transparent organic light emitting device formed over the first electrically conductive layer. The structure also includes a transparent electrically conductive metal layer formed over the transparent organic light emitting device wherein the metal has a work function less than 4 eV, and a second electrically conductive layer formed over the transparent electrically conductive metal layer, wherein the second electrically conductive layer has a negative polarity, and wherein the second electrically conductive layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a transparent electrically conductive oxide and a transparent electrically conductive polymer.

Abstract: A hole transporting region made of a hole transporting material, an electron transporting region made of an electron transporting material, and a mixed region (light emitting region) in which both the hole transporting material and the electron transporting material are mixed and which is doped with a triplet light emitting material for red color are provided in an organic compound film, whereby interfaces between respective layers which exist in a conventional lamination structure are eliminated, and respective functions of hole transportation, electron transportation, and light emission are exhibited. In accordance with the above-mentioned method, the organic light emitting element for red color can be obtained in which power consumption is low and a life thereof is long. Thus, the display device and the electric device are manufactured by using the organic light emitting element.

Abstract: A transmissive-type organic electroluminescent display device includes a substrate including sub-pixel regions thereon, an array element in each sub-pixel area that includes thin film transistors, a partition wall at a border portion between adjacent sub-pixel regions made of a transparent insulating material, a first electrode made of a transparent conductive material in each sub-pixel region between adjacent partition walls, an organic electroluminescent layer on the first electrode in each sub-pixel region between the adjacent partition walls, a second electrode made of a transparent conductive material on the organic electroluminescent layer and a passivation layer covering the second electrode.

Abstract: A flat panel display device which is capable of preventing in-line shorts by forming as a face plate a common power line impressing an equal power supply to all pixels. The flat panel display includes a power supply layer formed on an insulation substrate and connected with source/drain electrodes through contact holes; and an insulating layer formed with a contact hole to insulate the power supply layer and a thin film transistor, wherein the thin film transistor is formed over the insulating layer and includes the source/drain electrodes.

Abstract: The invention provides an organic light emitting device which can electrically connect an auxiliary wiring and a second electrode without using a mask for pixel coating, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display unit. In organic light emitting devices, for example, a first electrode as an anode, an insulating film, an organic layer including a light emitting layer, and a second electrode as a cathode are layered in this order from a substrate side. The organic layer has a break part on a side face of an auxiliary wiring. The auxiliary wiring and the second electrode are electrically connected through this break part.

Abstract: In a PDP apparatus a first protrusion is formed in the column direction at a scan electrode. A second protrusion is formed in the column direction at a sustain electrode. The first and second protrusions face each other with a protrusion gap therebetween. An area of the first protrusion is greater than that of the second protrusion. A first sustain pulse is applied to the scan electrode and a second sustain pulse is applied to the sustain electrode in a sustain interval. In an exemplary embodiment a first interval during which a voltage of the first sustain pulse is less than that of the second sustain pulse is longer than a second interval during which a voltage of the first sustain pulse is greater than that of the second sustain pulse.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp used for a vehicle, includes a semiconductor light emitting element for generating light to be emitted by the vehicular lamp and a current controlling unit for changing a current supplied to the semiconductor light emitting element based on the speed of the vehicle. The current controlling unit may reduce the current, if the speed of the vehicle is lower than a predetermined speed. The current controlling unit may reduce the current, if the vehicle is stopped.

Abstract: A multi-functional high intensity discharge automobile headlamp features a circuit board installed within a system control box. The circuit board comprise a circuit for automatic detection and protection so that the voltages of the near lights and far lights can be determined and correctly switched, a circuit for DC/DC conversion connected to a far/near light switch and a DC/AC voltage regulator so that the voltages necessary for the near or far lights can be supplied, a circuit for voltage regulation and high-voltage starting so that the high-voltage power can be suitably controlled, a circuit for near light high-voltage control, a circuit for far light high-voltage control and a DC/AC voltage regulator for providing a low-frequency, square-wave, AC signal for voltage regulation.

Abstract: A power supply device supplying power to a data driver of a light emission display device. The power supply device includes: an external reference voltage supply supplying an external reference voltage; a reference voltage generator converting external power into a regulated direct current (DC) reference voltage and outputs the regulated DC reference voltage when the external power is changed. A reference voltage selector selects one of the reference voltages output from the external reference voltage supply and the reference voltage generator and outputs a selected reference voltage. A voltage converter converts the regulated reference voltage output from the reference voltage selector into a plurality of internal DC power sources to be supplied to the drivers.

Abstract: An active matrix electroluminescent (OEL) display device including a p-type organic thin-film transistor (TFT) is provided. This device has a high aperture ratio, and is easily produced in an array structure. The display device includes a counter electrode, an intermediate layer including at least a light emitting layer on the counter electrode, a pixel electrode formed on the intermediate layer, a first electrode that is disposed on the pixel electrode and insulated from the pixel electrode, a second electrode that is disposed on the pixel electrode and connected to the pixel electrode, a p-type organic semiconductor layer contacting the first electrode and the first drain electrode, and a first gate electrode that is disposed on the p-type organic semiconductor layer and insulated from the first electrode, the first drain electrode, and the p-type organic semiconductor layer.

Abstract: An incremental distributed driver divides power delivered to multiple lamps into two power delivery stages. The first power delivery stage operates in voltage-mode to provide a partial operating voltage to the lamps. The second power delivery stage operates in current-mode to regulate current levels for each of the lamps and to provide additional operating voltages for the respective lamps. Each of the power delivery stages includes a polarity-switching network and a common set of driving signals from a controller can be used to drive the polarity-switching networks of both power delivery stages. The first power delivery stage delivers a majority of the power to the lamps and the second power delivery stage facilitates control of individual lamps while providing the remaining power to the lamps.

Abstract: A push-pull driver for powering fluorescent lamps in a backlight system includes a transformer with three primary windings to realize the advantages of both a push-pull switching topology and a full-bridge switching topology. The first and the second primary windings alternately conduct currents in opposite polarities to generate an alternating current signal to power one or more lamps coupled to a secondary winding of the transformer. The third primary winding is short-circuited to preserve energy stored in the transformer in a null state when both the first and the second primary windings are not conducting.