Abstract: An encoder in a motor system measures radial movement and translational movement of a disk with a single integrated sensor disposed on a microprocessor chip. The encoder measures position information and eccentric movement of the disk by the integrated sensor. The measured positional information and eccentric movement information are then combined generating single corrected positional information of the disk. The corrected single positional information may be provided to a user in standard format for operation of the motor system.

Abstract: The invention provides a key input device comprising a plurality of key tops 7 arranged on a surface of a main body case, each of the key tops 7 having a body 73 of transparent resin, the key body 73 being provided with a light blocking film 71 formed over a front surface thereof, the light blocking film 71 being partly cut out to form a light transmitting pattern 72 representing a character. LEDs 8 are arranged below the key tops 7. Each of the key tops 7 has a semitransparent screen 9 formed on a rear surface thereof in an area to be illuminated with LEDs 8 and extending only over a region opposed to the light transmitting pattern 72.

Abstract: A communication system including two endpoints (transceivers or a transmitter and receiver) and a serial link between them. At least one endpoint is configured to generate encoded data in accordance with a line code and to transmit the encoded data over the link. The line code specifies a block code for encoding cells of application data and control bits, and typically also special characters that do not match bit sequences of encoded cells. Other aspects of the invention are methods for generating (and endpoint devices configured to generate and transmit, or receive and process) such encoded data, and methods for performing functions of multiple layers of a communication protocol in response to such encoded data. In accordance with the invention, multiple levels of communication protocol functionality can be efficiently incorporated within a line code.

Abstract: An encoder includes a DC tracking device that generates a flip signal as a function of a statistical measure of portions of a communication signal. The flip signal has a flip state and a nonflip state. A flip device selectively flips the portions based on the flip signal to reduce an average DC value of the communication signal.

Abstract: In an angle computation method and apparatus for a variable reluctance resolver, the maximum values Vsin(max) and Vcos(max) of sine and cosine output voltages in respective positive value ranges and the minimum values Vsin(min) and Vcos(min) of the sine and cosine output voltages in respective negative value ranges are extracted, and on the basis of these values, offset values, amplitude values, sin-cos voltage ratio, and a zero-point correction value are obtained in accordance with the following equations: VSINOFFSET=(Vsin(max)+Vsin(min))/2 VSINAMP=(Vsin(max)?Vsin(min))/2 ?SINPHASE=sin?1(VSINOFFSET/VSINAMP)?VSINOFFSET/VSINAMP VCOSOFFSET=(Vcos(max)+Vcos(min))/2 VCOSAMP=(Vcos(max)?Vcos(min))/2 K=VSINAMP/VCOSAMP On the basis of the thus-obtained values, an angle ? is obtained in accordance with the following equation: F(Vsin?VSINOFFSET, K(Vcos?VCOSOFFSET), ?SINPHASE)=?.

Abstract: Efficient calibration of circuits is performed using injection imprecise voltage by using different voltages in a subtractive manner to be able to calibrate with respect to a voltage that is out of a desirable measurable range using measuring circuitry. Efficient background calibration of circuits is also achieved by providing an equivalent circuit element to circuit elements receiving an injected calibration signal, and switching circuit elements. Such imprecise voltages can be determined through such calibration, and then used to calibrate a second circuit generating the imprecise voltages.

Abstract: An AD converter capable of achieving both an improved processing speed and a reduced circuit area in good balance. The AD converter pipelines analog-to-digital conversion by using a two-stage configuration consisting of a first conversion unit, or the prior stage, and a second conversion unit, or the subsequent stage. The first conversion unit is a conversion unit of noncyclic type. The second conversion unit is a conversion unit of cyclic type. The second conversion unit is given a conversion processing speed higher than that of the first conversion unit so that the second conversion unit performs cyclic processing twice while the first conversion unit performs conversion processing once.

Abstract: A delta sigma modulator look-ahead IIR filter response can be divided into a natural response and a pattern response using superposition techniques. The look-ahead delta sigma modulators of the signal processing systems described herein include an infinite impulse response filter (“IIR”) that produces multiple output look-ahead natural responses to input signals having a look-ahead depth of “M”. The multiple output lookahead IIR filter reduces the amount of processing and memory used by the delta sigma modulator to generate quantizer output values. The multiple output lookahead IIR filter uses extended delay stages and modified feedback coefficients to concurrently produce multiple look-ahead natural responses. In one embodiment, the multiple output lookahead IIR filter concurrently produces M look-ahead natural responses.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer includes: a phase detector, a loop filter, a controllable oscillator, a frequency divider, and a sigma-delta modulator for providing the division factor according to an integral part and a fractional part. The sigma-delta modulator includes a controller for providing a first digital value, a second digital value and a third digital value; a first adder for combining the second digital value, the third digital value, and a digital feedback value to generate a combination result; a quantizer for quantizing the combination result to generate a quantization value; a second adder for combining the first digital value and the quantization value to generate the division factor; and a multiplier for multiplying the quantization value by a constant multiplication factor; wherein the controller adjusts the third digital value in response to the reference signal for making an output frequency resolution substantially fixed.

Abstract: A system for reducing digital-to-analog converter (DAC) resolution for an amplitude modulated signal comprises a first logic configured to determine a desired DAC output voltage range, a second logic configured to select a DAC reference voltage level corresponding to the desired DAC output voltage range, a third logic configured to select a number of digital bits for conversion to the analog domain, the number of bits chosen from a larger number of digital bits, and a DAC configured to receive the selected DAC reference voltage level and convert the selected number of digital bits to a signal in the analog domain.

Abstract: An apparatus for the conversion of a digital input signal into an analog output signal, the apparatus including a first circuit receiving the digital input signal that is representative of the analog output signal and suitable for producing a first signal on an output line, and a second circuit for supplying a second signal on the output line, in response to a further digital signal. The further digital signal is a function of external variables, and the union of the first and second signal on the output line forms the analog output signal.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for analog-to-digital conversion and peak detection includes at least one stage, which includes a first switch, second switch, current source or capacitor, and discriminator. The discriminator changes state in response to a current or charge associated with the input signal exceeding a threshold, thereby indicating whether the current or charge associated with the input signal is greater than the threshold. The input signal includes a peak or a charge, and the converter includes a peak or charge detect mode in which a state of the switch is retained in response to a decrease in the current or charge associated with the input signal. The state of the switch represents at least a portion of a value of the peak or of the charge.

Abstract: An A/D conversion apparatus for converting an analog signal into a digital signal includes a successive approximation A/D converter receiving the analog signal and outputting high-order data of the digital signal, a flash A/D converter receiving the analog signal and outputting low-order data of the digital signal, and a coupling circuit coupling the high-order data and the low-order data and outputting the digital signal.

Abstract: Each stage of a pipeline ADC includes an analog delay cell, a sub-stage ADC, and a multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC). The MDAC includes a sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA) circuit, a summer, a gain stage, and a DAC. The MDAC is arranged in cooperation with the analog delay cell such that the effects of a long comparator decision time under high-speed conditions are minimized. The first SHA, half clock cycle delay cell with unity gain transfer function, samples the input signal during the first clock period, followed by a strobe of the sub-ADC. Substantially half of the clock period can be utilized for the comparison time of the sub-ADC using the described methods. Since decoding is completed before MDAC sampling the first SHA output so that the complete half clock cycle can be arranged for amplifier settling in order to achieve the maximum operating speed with a given amplifier bandwidth.

Abstract: A sampling network comprises analog comparator for comparing an analog voltage to a plurality of successive voltage inputs. A plurality of capacitors are connected in parallel with a first end of each of the capacitors coupled to the first input of the analog comparator to provide one of the successive voltage inputs. A first plurality of switches includes one switch associated with each of the plurality of capacitors to connect an input voltage to the second end of the capacitor. A bulk of a switch of the first plurality of switches is connected to the input voltage while the input voltage is being sampled and to a power supply voltage while the reference voltage is being sampled. A second plurality of switches is in parallel with the first plurality of switches and further includes one switch connected to each of the plurality of capacitors. The second plurality of switches connect a reference voltage to a second end of the capacitor.

Abstract: A target tracking arrangement predicts the state of a target. The predictor may be a Kalman filter. In the presence of a target which is maneuvering, the prediction may be in error. A maneuver detector is coupled to receive residuals representing the difference between the predictions and the target state. The maneuver detector is matched to the predictor or Kalman filter to thereby tend to reduce the undesirable effects of system noise. The matching may be of the frequency response.

Abstract: Occurrence of interference is detected using sampled amplitude data obtained by oversampling a beat signal. It is detected by comparing the absolute value (|VD|) of variation in the sampled data with a threshold value (TH). When interference occurs, a wideband signal is superposed on the beat signal, and this disturbs the signal waveform of the beat signal to drastically varies its amplitude. Therefore, occurrence of interference can be detected without fail regardless of the scheme on which a radar as the source of an interference wave is based and even when the amplitude of the interference wave is low. In addition, when low-frequency noise is superposed on the beat signal, erroneous detection of occurrence of interference can be prevented.

Abstract: A positioning satellite for a constellation of satellites of a radio navigation satellite system includes transmitter adapted to transmit operational signals intended to enable the determination of positions of radio navigation receivers, receiver adapted to receive at least some of the operational signals transmitted by positioning satellites of the constellation that are in view and processor adapted to interrupt transmission of the operational signals by the transmitter at selected times for a selected duration and to analyze during each transmission interruption at least some of the operational signals received by the receiver during at least a portion of the selected duration, for example to verify the waveform thereof and/or to determine pseudodistances.

Abstract: Provided is an antenna control apparatus for controlling an antenna mounted on a stratospheric platform of the stratospheric communication system. The apparatus includes a plurality of location signal receivers, each receiver being positioned at each of predefined different points of the stratospheric platform and receiving a location signal for the stratospheric platform, a calculating circuit for calculating an adjustable displacement for the antenna, and an antenna driver for adjusting a direction of the antenna. The calculating circuit calculates a location and attitude of the stratospheric platform based on the location signals, and then computes the adjustable displacement using the location and attitude information. This invention can reduce power consumption in the stratospheric platform and recovery time of directional point of the beam.

Abstract: Arrival directions and patterns of intensities of radiowaves are observed by a monitor station 12a. An observed pattern given by the monitor station 12a is compared with simulated patterns of intensities and emitting directions of a simulated radiowave, and a position whose simulated pattern shows the best correlation with the observed pattern given by the monitor station 12a is identified as a location of the radiowave emitting source. Accordingly, a time for preparing data base by the radiowave propagation simulation can be decreased, and the radiowave monitor can be more efficient.

Abstract: A substrate is provided with a multiplicity of electrically conductive elements, and the elements are interconnected to form an antenna structure for desired application. Either the antenna pattern itself may be altered according to the invention, or one or more feed points may be changed, or all of the above. As such, the electrically conductive elements may be interconnected to change the directionality of the antenna pattern, the gain, the frequency response, or other operational characteristics. The electrically conductive elements may be arranged in the form of an inchoate antenna pattern or regular array. Switches at key points of the structure enable the pattern to be changed dynamically. Such switching may be carried out in real time in accordance with transmissions/reception characteristics, or in advance using simulations associated with the switched elements.

Abstract: A transmitted signal's higher order statistics of temporally dependent waveforms are exploited to geolocate low power signals. The geolocation is independent of the characteristics or encoded data of the transmitted waveform. The method uses spatial fourth order cumulants or spatial second order moments in a Blind Source Separation and generalized eigenvalue decomposition to determine unique matrix pencil eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The eigenvectors provide are orthogonal to the steering vector of the transmitted signal save one, which represents the steering vector. This property is used to determine Steering vectors, AoA or geolocation. The receiver includes a multi-element array and does not need a priori knowledge of the transmitted signal source to geolocate the target transmitter. The methods and apparatus for geolocation does not require typical demodulation.

Abstract: A method and system for determining the location of an object. The system may implement a number of sensors at different locations that are positioned to receive a transmitted or reflected signal from the object. Also disclosed is a system and method of calculating object position based upon the time difference of arrival (TDOA) from each sensor, or the relative time difference of arrival (RTDOA). A known distribution of noise is added to the time of arrival (TOA) prior to calculating the object position.

Abstract: In an antenna device having a substantially conical conductive member, having upper and lower sides made open, erected in a substantially vertical direction around a substantially circular microstrip patch provided on the upper side of a substantially circular substrate, the lower opening portion of the conductive member is grounded to a ground plate provided on the lower side of the substrate, and the diameter of the upper opening portion of the conductive member is larger than the diameter of the lower opening portion of the conductive member.

Abstract: An antenna of this invention has a ground pattern and a planar element having a cut-out portion from an edge portion farthest from a feed position toward the ground pattern side, and the ground pattern and the planar element are juxtaposed with each other. By providing the cut-out portion, the miniaturization can be realized and current paths to obtain radiation in the low frequency range can be secured. In addition, because the planar element and the ground element are juxtaposed with each other, the volume necessary for the implementation is reduced, and it becomes easy to control the antenna characteristic, particularly, the impedance characteristic, thereby the broad bandwidth can be achieved.

Abstract: An antenna element includes a radiating antenna element having an elliptical shape disposed on a first surface of a substrate. A dielectric clearance region having an elliptical shape is disposed about the radiating antenna element to space the radiating antenna element from a ground plane. The clearance region is shaped such that a portion of the radiating element in which an antenna feed is disposed is proximate the ground plane. The antenna can also be provided having an elliptically shaped tuning region disposed within the radiating antenna element. The antenna is suitable for use in single-ended or differential ultra wide band (UWB) transmitting and/or receiving systems.

Abstract: A compact sized embedded, multiband, multi-standard, interoperable antenna for portable devices used in wireless applications is provided. The antenna design includes an asymmetrical structure provided on a double-sided printed circuit board. The asymmetrical structure covers both the ultra-wideband and the wireless local area network band. The asymmetrical structure provided on the front side of the printed circuit board is a primary radiator with a supplement strip radiator, whereby the bottom of the primary radiator is close to the vertical ground plane and fed by a probe extended from a coaxial line. The asymmetrical structure on the front side provides a well-matched bandwidth covering the ultra-wideband band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. A second supplement strip is provided on the backside of the printed circuit board which provides the second resonance at the 2.4 GHz wireless local area network band.

Abstract: A mobile wireless communications device may include a portable handheld housing, and a wireless transceiver carried by the housing. A pair of an antennas are positioned in side-by-side relation preferably in the upper portion of the portable handheld housing. A human interface diversity controller is connected to the wireless transceiver to preferentially operate with the plurality of antennas based upon a relative position of the portable handheld housing with respect to a hand of a human user. The device can select or weight the antennas based upon the position of the device when being held by a user.

Abstract: An antenna device that can surely prevent water from coming into the part where the transmission table is introduced and allows the number of parts to be reduced so that the cost can be reduced. The antenna device includes an antenna module that receives radio waves transmitted from a satellite, a cover member having a sufficient internal space to store the antenna module and its bottom opened, and a bottom plate to close the open bottom of the cover member. The transmission cable is connected to the antenna module. The transmission cable is inserted from the hole provided at the cover member and sealed by a seal material including silicon resin in the hole. The bottom plate is made of a metal plate and a magnet plate and the magnet plate has projections to position the magnet. After the bottom plate is attached, a composite resin material is filled and the cover member has its bottom side sealed.

Abstract: An improved transceiver assembly for a vehicle for detecting potentially hazardous objects is disclosed. The transceiver assembly preferably comprises a patch array feed antenna having an array of a plurality of patches for generating a beam and for detecting the beam as reflected from the potential hazards. The antenna is formed in or on a housing which also contains a parabolic dish that moves to sweeps the beam of radiation towards the potential hazards outside of the vehicle. In a preferred embodiment, approximately 77 GHz radiation is generated from and detected by the antenna.

Abstract: A distributed loaded antenna system including a monopole antenna is disclosed. The antenna system includes a radiation resistance unit coupled to a transmitter base, a current enhancing unit for enhancing current through the radiation resistance unit, and a conductive mid-section intermediate the radiation resistance unit and the current enhancing unit. The conductive mid-section has a length that provides that a sufficient average current is provided over the length of the antenna.

Abstract: The antenna includes a base and a plurality of antenna feeds carried by the base for respective different rotational polarizations. A plurality of inner elongate convex coupler elements are carried by the base and connected to respective ones of the antenna feeds for respective different rotational polarizations, and a plurality of outer elongate convex resonant elements are carried by the base and extend outwardly therefrom a distance greater than the plurality of inner elongate convex coupler elements. The plurality of outer elongate convex resonant elements may be tuned to different resonant frequencies to thereby support the different rotational polarizations. Thus, a small circularly polarized antenna with a hemispherical pattern for high frequency (HF) or satellite applications is achieved.

Abstract: A slot-line planar antenna has a substrate, an outer conductor disposed on one principal surface of the substrate and having an opening defined therein, an inner conductor disposed on the one principal surface of the substrate and positioned within the opening, the outer conductor and the inner conductor jointly defining a looped aperture line therebetween, and an electronic device electrically interconnecting the outer conductor and the inner conductor for controlling an electromagnetic wave field of a slot line provided by the aperture line.

Abstract: An antenna arrangement includes aground conductor (302) incorporating two slots (304a,304b) having an electrically small separation and connections (308a,308b) for coupling a transceiver to each slot to enable the ground conductor to function as two substantially independent antennas. Such a device enables efficient diversity performance to be obtained from small volume. The ground conductor, slots and transceiver are integrated in a module (206) adapted for connection to a further ground conductor which provides the majority of the antenna area. The further conductor would typically be a printed circuit board ground plane or mobile phone handset. Matching and broadbanding circuitry may conveniently be incorporated in the module. By varying the area of the connections between the module and the further ground conductor, the resonant frequencies of the slots can be modified.

Abstract: In order to have an antenna apparatus small in size and capable of switching its directivity pattern without degrading its antenna efficiency, the present invention provides an antenna apparatus having a driven element formed at an approximately center position of a planar printed circuit board and parasitic elements not performing feeding formed before and behind the first antenna element, respectively, so that the driven element is caused to function as a radiator and either one of the parasitic elements is made to have a length as long as an electrical length of a radiator or slightly shorter than that to function as a director and the other one of the parasitic elements is left to have an electrical length longer than that of the radiator to function as a reflector.

Abstract: Compact multi-band antenna system (500) includes a main reflector (502) having a shaped surface of revolution about a boresight axis of the antenna operable at a plurality of frequency bands spectrally offset from each other. A multi band feed system (300) is provided for the main reflector that includes a subreflector (304) formed as a shaped surface of revolution about the boresight axis of the antenna, and a horn antenna (302). The horn antenna has one or more ridges (312) disposed in a throat region (314) of the horn antenna extending in a direction aligned with the boresight axis (3100 of the antenna. The horn antenna is coupled to the shaped surface of revolution defining the subreflector.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an antenna apparatus comprising a reflector including a V-like structure (from the cross-sectional view) with an angle. A radiation unit (antenna) is set within the V-like structure. The angle is about 120 degree. The V-like structure includes a fixing plate, a first side plate attached on a first edge of the fixing plate and a second side plate attached on a second edge of the fixing plate, thereby constructing the angle.

Abstract: A phased array antenna module for use in the gigahertz bandwidth. The module includes a metallic core with a pair of chip carrier assemblies secured to opposite sides of the core. The core has an internal waveguide with a signal splitter for directing electromagnetic wave energy evenly to the two chip carrier assemblies. A flexible, cylindrical connector assembly electrically couples the chip carrier assemblies to an aperture board. The aperture board includes a plurality of dipole antenna radiating elements. The module core is coupled directly to a cold plate. A direct thermal path is created between the chip carrier assemblies, the module core and the cold plate for highly efficient cooling of the electronic components on the chip carrier assemblies.

Abstract: A method of projecting a compensated principal image may include projecting a principal image onto a surface and projecting an intended calibration image onto a calibration area of the surface. The intended calibration image may be projected when the principal image is not projected onto the calibration area. The calibration image displayed on the surface is received and compared to the intended calibration image to determine an observed difference. Projection of the principal image is modified based on the observed difference.

Abstract: Switching between 2D and 3D visualization is achieved by an optical-index matching fluid (9) which can be brought between a lenticular sheet (6, 7) and a top plate (10). The fluid may contain two immiscible fluids while switching is based on (re)distribution of the fluids due to electrostatic forces.

Abstract: An image forming method and a charged particle beam apparatus suitable for suppressing the inclination of charging when scanning a two-dimensional area with a charged particle beam. A third scanning line located between a first scanning line and a second scanning line is scanned. After the first, second and third scanning lines have been scanned, a plurality of scanning lines are scanned between the first and third scanning lines and between the second and third scanning lines.

Abstract: A method of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for improving a picture quality. In the method, first and second sustain pulses having a different width during the sustain period are alternately applied to the first and second row electrodes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes (a) first and second substrates facing each other, (b) a plurality of first electrodes formed on the first substrate and extending in parallel with one another, (c) a plurality of second electrodes formed on the second substrate and extending in parallel with one another perpendicularly to the first electrodes, and (d) a plurality of display cells arranged at intersections of the first electrodes with the second electrodes, wherein a first selection pulse is input into the first electrodes and a second selection pulse is input selectively into one or more of the second electrodes to thereby control whether light is to be emitted in each of the display cells, and at least one of the display cells has a third electrode formed on the first substrate and being electrically connected to a first electrode other than a first electrode belonging to a display cell to which the third electrode belongs.

Abstract: A driving method for a plasma display panel realizes a high quality display at low power consumption while restraining a false contour. After a selective discharge for setting discharge cells to a light-on state or a light-off state is generated in one subfield of N subfields constituting each field, the selective discharge is generated again only in subfields placed at predetermined positions from the beginning of each field.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of displaying video images on a plasma display panel. The invention is applicable in plasma display panels. According to the invention, in order to achieve contouring movement compensation, the subscans are divided into two symmetrical groups of subscans. Moreover, the movement of the video image to be displayed with respect to the preceding video image is estimated so as to generate a movement vector for each pixel of the video image. Finally, for each pixel of the video image, the subscans of the second group are displaced by an amount proportional to the estimated movement vector.

Abstract: One pixel (10) is comprised of a controlling TFT (Tr1), a TFT (Tr3) functioning as a threshold voltage generating element, a TFT (Tr4) functioning as a reset element, a driving TFT (Tr2), a capacitor (C1) holding the gate voltage of the driving TFT, a TFT (Tr5) functioning as a current restraining means for being controlled so as to be OFF at a reset operation time, and an EL element (E1). At the reset operation time in which a terminal voltage of the capacitor (C1) is reset to a predetermined electrical potential, a current restraining means comprising the TFT (Tr5) is controlled so as to prevent excess current due to an operation of the driving TFT (Tr2) from being imparted to the EL element (E1).

Abstract: A light emitting display driven by a data current. A first voltage corresponding to the data current is applied to a first capacitor formed between a gate and a source of a driving transistor. A second voltage corresponding to a threshold voltage of the driving transistor is applied to a second capacitor formed between the gate and source thereof. The first and second capacitors are coupled to establish the voltage between the gate and source thereof as a third voltage, and a driving current from the driving transistor is transmitted to a light emitting element. In this instance, the driving current is determined by the third voltage.

Abstract: Dot inversion schemes are disclosed on novel display panel layouts with extra drivers. A display panel comprises substantially a set of a subpixel repeating group comprising a pattern of six columns and two rows: R R G B B G B B G R R G wherein at least one set of adjacent column subpixels share image data from a single driver upon the display panel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent display and a driving method thereof, which divides one frame into a plurality of subframes. Since the present invention divides one frame into several subframes, and drives an organic EL device with the subframes assigned to the upper bits and with the corrected gray data for representing the detailed grays between the basic grays during the subframes assigned to the lower bits, it is possible to represent sufficient number of grays regardless of the unstable luminescence characteristics of an organic EL device.

Abstract: A display device comprising a driver circuit which modulates the duty cycle of the on-state of a pixel during a frame period. Preferably the driver circuit comprises a comparator and more preferably the comparator is formed of thin film transistors constituting a differential pair and an inverter. Also provided is a method of driving a display device comprising the step of modulating the duty cycle of the on-state of a pixel during a frame period. Beneficially the display device is an organic electroluminescent active matrix display device.