Abstract: A carton for use in microwave ovens includes a base and a removable cover. The base has a cooking surface at least partially covered with a microwave susceptor material. The base defines an aperture arrangement. In preferred embodiments, the carton is triangular-shaped with an apex region. The apex region does not have a susceptor material, and can include a microwave shield. The removable cover can function as a cover, a platform, and a tray. A packaged food product includes a food product, such as a slice of pizza, oriented within the carton. Methods of packaging and use are provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dynamically focusing an imaging mechanism on a moving target surface having a variable geometry is herein disclosed. Apparatus for focusing an imaging mechanism may include an objective, a prism, or another optical device that forms part of an optical train of an imaging mechanism, a sensor for measuring a distance to the target surface, and a mechanism for modifying the depth of focus of the objective, prism or other optical device. Data from the sensor may be used to create a predictive model of the target surface. Data from the sensor is also used to fit or correlate the generated model to an exemplary target. Data from the correlated model is used to drive the mechanism for modifying the depth of focus of the objective, prism, or other optical device to maintain the surface of the exemplary target in focus.

Abstract: A system and method for laser source detection. An exemplary embodiment of the system includes a first array of lenses, a second array of opto devices (including light sources and light detectors), and at least one processor. By positioning the array of lenses to determine the lens position at which energy from an incoming laser is greatest on the light detectors, the approximate location of the laser source may be determined. Upon determining the source, responsive action may be taken. If the incoming laser is from a friendly party, a friendly-party notification may be provided. If the incoming laser is from an enemy, reciprocal targeting or false reflections may be employed.

Abstract: A laser measuring method in a laser measuring system, which comprises a rotary laser system for projecting a laser beam by rotary irradiation and at least one photodetection system having at least one photodetector for receiving the laser beam, comprising a step of emitting at least two fan-shaped laser beams by the rotary laser system, at least one of the fan-shaped laser beams being tilted, a step of receiving the laser beams at least at three known points by the photodetection system, a step of obtaining elevation angles with respect to the rotary laser system based on photodetection signals which are formed when the photodetector receives the laser beam, and a step of measuring an installing position of the rotary laser system based on elevation angles and position data at the three known points.

Abstract: A CCD image sensor includes a first diode row comprised of photodiodes arranged in a row, a second diode row extending in parallel with the first diode row and comprised of photodiodes arranged in a row, photodiodes in the second diode row being staggered by a half pitch relative to photodiodes in the first diode row, a first charge transfer device transferring signal charges received from K-th photodiodes in the first diode row wherein K is an odd number, a second charge transfer device transferring signal charges received from L-th photodiodes in the first diode row wherein L is an even number, a third charge transfer device transferring signal charges received from K-th photodiodes in the second diode row, a fourth charge transfer device transferring signal charges received from L-th photodiodes in the second diode row, a charge-detecting capacitor receiving signal charges at different timings from one another from the first to fourth charge transfer devices, and a charge-detector detecting signal charges

Abstract: An imaging system includes a pixel that does not require a row select transistor. Instead, an operating voltage is selectively provided to the pixel's readout circuitry, and the readout circuitry provides output signals based on charge or voltage of a storage node. The operating voltage can be selectively provided to each row of a pixel array by a row driver. Each pixel includes a source follower transistor that provides an output signal on a column output line for readout. An anti-blooming transistor may be linked to each pixel's photosensor to provide an overflow path for electrons during charge integration, prior to transfer of charge to the pixel's storage node by a transfer transistor. Electrons not produced by an image are introduced to the photosensor prior to image acquisition, filling traps in the photosensor to reduce image degradation.

Abstract: An imaging system for a vehicle is provided. The system includes an image sensor generating a plurality of image frames, and a controller coupled to the image sensor. The controller is programmed to detect an obstructed image frame from the plurality of image frames. The obstruction corresponds to a windshield wiper of the vehicle. In response to detecting an obstructed image, the controller optimizes the obstructed image for display or use by a vehicle system. The controller detects an obstructed image by at least one of object sensing confirmation, edge detection, negative shift detection or headlight illumination detection.

Abstract: An image sensor comprising a pixel sensor, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor and a fourth transistor. The pixel sensor receives illumination to generate a photocurrent. The first transistor coupled to a voltage source and the pixel sensor, is controlled by a reset signal to activate or deactivate. A first node is coupled to the first transistor and the pixel sensor, and the voltage source provide a first potential. The second transistor coupled to a second node and the first node, receives a reference voltage. The third transistor, coupled to the voltage source, is controlled by the voltage on the second node. The fourth transistor coupled to the third transistor and the image sensor, is controlled by a selection signal to activate or deactivate.

Abstract: An optical sensor is provided corresponding to a scanning line and a reading line. The optical sensor includes a light-receiving element, a current flowing between both terminals thereof being changed according to the amount of incident light and a transistor whose gate is connected to one end of the light-receiving element, one of a source and a drain being connected to the scanning line and the other being connected to the reading line. In an initialization period in which the scanning line is selected, a predetermined initialization voltage is applied to the gate and, after the application of the initialization voltage ends, a result according to the amount of received light is output based on a voltage on the reading line.

Abstract: In a data line driver for driving data lines of a display apparatus including a data register adapted to sequentially latch video data signals in synchronization with latch signals, a data latch circuit adapted to latch all the sequential video data signals latched in the data register in synchronization with a strobe signal to generate digital output signals, a digital/analog converter adapted to convert the digital output signals of the data latch circuit into analog signals, and an output buffer adapted to apply the analog signals of the digital/analog converter to the data lines, the data latch circuit has a reset terminal adapted to receive a reset signal, so that the digital output signals of the data latch circuit are reset by the reset signal to fixed gradation data regardless of the strobe signal.

Abstract: In a photo detection arrangement, the current through a detector 10 is sensed by a series resistor Rs and amplified and amplified at 21. The output of the amplifier is compared with a reference voltage 23, which is chosen to correspond to an overload input applied to the detector. When the comparator 22 triggers, a latch 24 is set, which controls a switch 25 to remove the supply voltage to the detector applied to the detector by power amplifier 14. In this way, protection is afforded to the detector 10 without recourse to a high value series resistor. Moreover, the latch provides an output to demonstrate that an overload has occurred.

Abstract: A light receiving device is disclosed by which a reception characteristic of a light receiving system can be improved. The light receiving device includes a photoelectric conversion element for receiving a light signal and performing photoelectric conversion of the light signal, and a data detection section for using an decision level for the light signal received by the photoelectric conversion element to detect modulation data included in the light signal. The light received device further includes an decision level control section for feedforward controlling the decision level to be used by the data detection section based on a level of the received light signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor photosensor comprises: a semiconductor substrate; a first photodiode formed on the semiconductor substrate; a second photodiode formed on the semiconductor substrate; a first amplifier circuit configured to amplify photocurrent from the first photodiode, the first amplifier circuit being formed on the semiconductor substrate; a second amplifier circuit configured to amplify photocurrent from the second photodiode, the second amplifier circuit being formed on the semiconductor substrate and having an amplifying characteristic substantially identical to that of the first photodiode; an infrared transmissive filter configured to attenuate visible light components relative to infrared light components in incident light, the infrared transmissive filter being provided on the second photodiode; and a subtraction circuit configured to output a difference between an output of the first amplifier circuit and an output of the second amplifier circuit, the subtraction circuit being formed on the semicond

Abstract: A solid state image pickup device has: an n-type semiconductor substrate; a p-type layer formed in the n-type substrate; a first n-type region formed in the p-type layer and constituting a photodiode therewith; a first gate structure including a charge storage region and a control gate, formed on the semiconductor substrate adjacent to the first region; a second n-type region formed adjacent to the first gate structure on opposite side to the first region, constituting a non-volatile memory element with the first region and the first gate structure; and a control circuit for applying write and read voltages to the control gate, for tunneling and writing charges, and for reading stored information. A solid state image pickup device is provided which can execute a novel pixel signal read operation.

Abstract: An optocoupler package is disclosed. The optocoupler package includes a substrate comprising a leadframe and a molding compound, and a plurality of optocouplers, each optocoupler including (i) an optical emitter, (ii) an optical receiver, (iii) and an optically transmissive medium disposed between the optical emitter and optical receiver, where the optical emitter and the optical receiver are electrically coupled to the leadframe.

Abstract: A pixel for use in CMOS or CCD image sensors is disclosed. The pixel includes a light sensitive element, such as a photodiode, formed in a semiconductor substrate. An anti-reflective coating is formed over the photodiode to reduce reflection of incident light. The reduced reflection results in greater “signal” reaching the photodiode.

Abstract: An eccentric optical system forming an optical path where an incident light beam is internally reflected three times to fold the optical path, and then emitted from a transmission surface and imaged on an image surface, and an optical path where the incident light beam is internally reflected two times to fold the optical path, and then emitted from a branching surface and imaged on an image surface. At least two surfaces of the optical operating surfaces are rotationally asymmetric surfaces.

Abstract: An electronic device having a first piece, a second piece moveable with respect to the first piece, and a position sensor operable to sense the position of the second piece relative to the first piece. The electronic device is operated in a first mode or a second mode dependent upon the position of the second piece relative to the first piece. Optionally, a proximity sensor is provided to detect the presence of a body in close proximity to the device when the second piece is in an open position relative to the first piece.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments comprise a system comprising a spatially distributed multimode optical fiber; a pixelated photodetector configured to detect a plurality of optical signals provided from said fiber, a first portion of the optical signals indicative of modal conversion and a second portion of the optical signals indicative of modal interference, a predetermined area of said pixelated photodetector adapted to be illuminated by the first portion of the optical signals; and a signal processing module adapted to decode and interpret a plurality of detected variables related to the optical signals.

Abstract: The invention provides a fiber-optic sensing system, utilizing a fiber-grating-based sensor, for a physical parameter, e.g., a pressure or a temperature. Different kinds of fiber-grating-based sensors may be used for this purpose but in-fiber gratings such as Fiber Bragg Grating, Long Period Grating and Surface Corrugated Long Period Fiber Grating are particularly suitable. Due to the small size of the optical fiber and the fact that same fiber acts as the sensing element as well as the signal conducting medium, it is possible to install the sensor in a small diameter needle which is commonly used for medical diagnosis and treatment. As a result, when the fiber-optic sensing system of the invention is used for in-vivo measurement of a biological parameter, such a sensing needle can be used for different in-vivo pressure or temperature sensing applications without causing too much harm and discomfort to the subject tested.

Abstract: A position-measuring device for generating a measuring signal includes a track, which has an incremental graduation having a specified graduation period that extends along a measuring direction, having at least one discontinuity of the incremental graduation at a reference position for generating a reference signal and having a scanning unit movable relative to the track along the measuring direction, for scanning the incremental graduation, the at least one discontinuity formed by a modification of a transverse substructure of the incremental graduation that extends perpendicular to the measuring direction, and that deflects radiation beams originating from the scanning unit. The deflection direction at the discontinuity deviates from the deflection direction in other regions of the incremental graduation. The scanning unit includes at least two reference-pulse detectors provided for receiving radiation beams having a different deflection direction.

Abstract: A passive all fiber optic encoder that will be able to determine speed, position, and direction of movement of a movable object. The all passive encoder utilizes no electronics within the sensing part and therefore is deployable in harsh environments, electrical, electromagnetic and radiation fields, otherwise not possible with conventional electronic encoders. The system utilizes a multiwavelength light source and one optical fiber leading to the encoder sensor housing which has a shutter, a light filter assembly and reflective mirror. The movement of the shutter produces a sequential series of light impulses sequenced proportional to the movement of the shutter. The light filter assembly utilizes a minimum of two different filters each of which passes or rejects light within a certain space and wavelength range.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fine pattern forming apparatus and a fine pattern inspecting apparatus. In one preferred form, the fine pattern forming apparatus includes a surface irregularity information reading device for detecting a shape signal corresponding to a surface irregularity of a surface of an original, while scanning the surface by use of a first probe, and a surface irregularity information writing device for processing a substrate to be processed, while scanning a surface of the substrate by use of a second probe, wherein an applied electric voltage to the second probe is changed in accordance with the shape signal while a distance between the second probe and the substrate is kept substantially constant, or the distance between the second probe and the substrate is changed in accordance with the shape signal while the applied electric voltage to the second probe is kept substantially constant, such that the substrate is processed in accordance with the surface irregularity of the original.

Abstract: An image sensor module includes a substrate, frame layer, a photosensitive chip, a lens holder, and a lens barrel. The substrate has an upper surface, and a lower surface on which second electrodes are formed. The frame layer is arranged on the upper surface of the substrate, a cavity formed between the frame layer and substrate. The photosensitive chip is mounted on the upper surface of the substrate and located within the cavity. The lens holder has an upper end face, a lower upper face, and an opening penetrating through the lens holder from the upper end face to the lower end face, the upper end of the opening is formed with an internal thread and the lower end of the opening is formed with a breach, so that the internal diameter of the upper end of the opening is smaller than the lower end of the opening, the lens holder is adhered on the upper surface of the substrate by glue, therefore, the frame layer is located within the breach of the lens holder.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mass spectrometry method for analysing mixtures of substances using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, whereby said mixtures of substances are ionised prior to analysis.

Abstract: To provide comprehensive MS—MS analysis, a time-nested separation is employed using two time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers. Parent ions are separated in a slow and long TOF1, operating at low ion energy (1 to 100eV), and fragment ions are mass analyzed in a fast and short TOF2, operating at much higher keV energy. A low energy fragmentation cell between TOF1 and TOF2 is tailored to accelerate fragmentation and dampening steps, mostly by shortening the cell and employing higher gas pressure. Slow separation in TOF1 becomes possible with an introduction of novel TOF1 analyzers. Higher performance is expected with the use of novel hybrid TOF1 analyzers, combining radio frequency (RF) and quadratic DC fields. An RF field retains low-energy ions within a TOF1 analyzer, while a quadratic DC field improves resolution by compensating for a large relative energy spread.

Abstract: A detector that may contain a glow discharge ionizer and a photo-ionizer. The existence of both ionizers may increase the accuracy and number of chemical compounds that can be simultaneously monitored for chemical screening applications. The detector is particularly useful for screening explosives, chemical agents, and other illicit chemicals.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reaction cell for reactions between different types of ion species and a related mass spectrometer to analyze the ion products. The invention consists in an RF-operated straight ion guide with a side inlet, particularly suitable for reactions between positive and negative ion species, one ion species being fed in through the side inlet. Particularly favorable is an ion guide made up of a set of coaxial apertured diaphragms with a slight axial potential gradient. The reactions can be used for a fragmentation of multiply charged protein or peptide ions by electron transfer, or for the removal of excess charges of multiply charged biopolymer ions, for example.

Abstract: A mass analyzer for use in a mass spectrometry system comprises an elongate rod set. The rod set has first and second ends and an inscribed circle within the rod set. The radius of the rod set varies from one end of the rod set to the other, so that ions of different mass to charge ratios will become unstable at different locations along the rod set. This characteristic can then be used to cause ejection of ions at different locations along the rod set, in a mass dependent manner. Detectors placed linearly along the rod set can then be used to detect ions and determine the mass of the ions from their ejection locations.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for nanomachining operations. Excitation energy settings are provided to minimize machine induced scan cutting. Cut operations can be operated in a feedback mode to provide controlled cutting operations. Measurement and sweep techniques to facilitate nanomachining operations are disclosed.

Abstract: An enhanced vision system for an aircraft is disclosed. The system includes an imaging sensor mounted on the aircraft. The imaging sensor detects a range of radiation emanating from a scene. A display-generating processor is operationally connected to the imaging sensor and generates symbology representing information useful to operation of the aircraft. The display-generating processor combines the generated symbology with the detected range of radiation from the imaging to create a representation of the scene. The representation of the scene is created such that the generated symbology is scaled to conformally overlay the detected range of radiation. A display is operationally connected to the processor. The display is configured to display the representation of the scene such that the representation of the scene is non-conformal with a pilot's view out of a windshield of the aircraft.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a passive infrared sensor includes an infrared sensing element 4, a pair of lenses 5R and 5L that set mutually substantially 180° opposing side detection areas of the infrared sensing element 4, and mirrors 6R and 6L that cause infrared light from the side detection areas to enter the infrared sensing element 4. An infrared light incident surface of the passive infrared sensor is disposed facing the opposite direction from an attachment surface 30 to which the passive infrared sensor is attached at the time of installation, and the passive infrared sensor is also disposed with a lens 5C that sets plural front detection areas in the front direction. A slit 7 for allowing infrared light to be transmitted is formed in the mirrors 6R and 6L in order to allow the infrared light from the front detection areas to enter the infrared sensing element 4.

Abstract: A detector module is proposed for producing an X-ray detector for an X-ray computed tomograph. The module includes a number of detector units, each including sensor elements arranged next to one another in the z-direction and in a phi-direction running perpendicular thereto. The detector units are held on a carrier plate in the manner of a column extending in the z-direction. In order to ensure a precise alignment of the sensor elements, the detector units are positioned on the carrier plate via a collimator element.

Abstract: A monolithic solid-state detector using a staggered arrangement of pixels in multiple rows improves spatial resolution without requiring reduction in pixel size. Parallelogram shapes of CZT monolith allow tiling in one dimension without inefficient zones between monoliths. A scanning device using linear array of detectors with non-rectangular shape and staggered rows of detection elements such that no dead zones occur within a scan field.

Abstract: A detector of radiation uses a composite material, and process manufactures the detector. The detector includes layers (6) of a semiconducting composite material including a host matrix made of a polymer and semiconducting-type guest particles dispersed through the host matrix, means (22–26) for creating an electric field in the layers, and a stack of sheets (4) of a first material emitting particles by interaction with the radiation, the layers alternating with the sheets, each of the layers being associated with one of the sheets, the stack having opposite faces, each containing the edges of the sheets and layers. The means for creating includes, for each layer, a group of parallel and conductive tracks (22) which extend from one face to the other, parallel to this layer, and which are in contact with it.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector element for x-radiation, which can be used in particular in a flat dynamic x-ray detector (FDXD). In the detector element, a directly converting conversion layer (2) is arranged between an electrode layer (2) and a matrix of pixel electrodes (4), there also being a photoconductive separating layer (3) between the pixel electrodes (4) and the conversion layer (2). In the unilluminated state, the separating layer (3) acts as an electrical barrier for free charge carriers of the conversion layer (2), which have been produced by x-radiation and migrate in the electric field between the electrodes (1, 4). After readout of the charge transfers in the pixel electrodes (4), the separating layer (3) can be rendered conductive by illumination with reset light from a diode arrangement (6), so that charge accumulations at its interface can flow away.

Abstract: An apparatus for injecting plasma in the atmosphere is provided, including a plurality of dielectric panels (13a, 13b, 13c), and 13d, which are disposed in parallel at predetermined intervals, a gas supply portion (14), to which the dielectric panels (13a, 13b, 13c, and 13d) are fixed and which supplies a gas to spaces between the dielectric panels (13a and 13b), between the dielectric panels (13b and 13c), and between the dielectric panels (13c and 13d), power electrodes (15a, 15b, and 15c), which are linearly installed near the gas supply portion (14) and between the dielectric panels (13a and 13b, between the dielectric panels 13b and 13c, and between the dielectric panels 13c and 13d), respectively, ground electrodes (16a, 16b, 16c, and 16d), which are formed in the ends of the dielectric panels (13a, 13b, 13c, and 13d), respectively, and a high frequency generator (17), which applies high frequency power to the power electrodes (15a, 15b, and 15c) and the ground electrodes (16a, 16b, 16c, and 16d).

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for processing particles. The apparatus comprises a particle source having an exist aperture; an extraction electrode located at the exist aperture; an acceleration electrode adjacent to the extraction electrode; a processing compartment adjacent to the acceleration electrode; and a deceleration electrode located adjacent to the processing compartment. The invention also relates to methods of processing particles and to particles processed by the apparatus and methods of the invention.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, there is a method of fabricating a material for transmission electron microscopy comprising removing a first portion from a material having a thickness of (d1) to form a thinned material having a thickness of (d2), contacting the thinned material to a sacrificial layer having a thickness of (s1), and removing a second portion from the thinned material so the thinned material has a thickness of (d3), wherein (d3)<(d2).

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes a confocal optical microscopy, an excitation light source unit that emits excitation light for generating fluorescence from a fluorescent material, and a light-receiving unit. The confocal optical microscope includes an excitation light input port for taking in excitation light from the excitation light source unit, and an output port for outputting fluorescence generated by the excitation light. The light-receiving unit includes an input portion for taking in signal light containing fluorescence from the confocal optical microscope. An input portion of the light-receiving unit is optically connected to the output port of the confocal optical microscope through an optical fiber.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a radiation image conversion panel exhibiting durability. By providing a radiation image conversion panel possessing a phosphor sheet having a support and provided thereon a stimulable phosphor layer and a protective film which covers the phosphor sheet, and an electrically conductive layer is designed to be provided on at least one of the surfaces on the stimulable phosphor layer side of the phosphor sheet and on the stimulable phosphor layer side of the protective film, undesired electrons generated within the stimulable phosphor layer can be removed via the electrically conductive layer, whereby degradation of the stimulable phosphor caused by the electrons is prevented, thereby improving durability.

Abstract: A binderless storage phosphor screen comprises a vacuum deposited CsBr:Eu phosphor layer on a support, wherein the support includes a layer of amorphous carbon and optionally one or more auxilliary layers.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for reducing the influence of plasma generated debris on internal components of an EUV light source. In one aspect, an EUV meteorology monitor is provided which may have a heater to heat an internal multi-layer filtering mirror to a temperature sufficient to remove deposited debris from the mirror. In another aspect, a device is disclosed for removing plasma generated debris from an EUV light source collector mirror having a different debris deposition rate at different zones on the collector mirror. In a particular aspect, an EUV collector mirror system may comprise a source of hydrogen to combine with Li debris to create LiH on a collector surface; and a sputtering system to sputter LiH from the collector surface. In another aspect, an apparatus for etching debris from a surface of a EUV light source collector mirror with a controlled plasma etch rate is disclosed.

Abstract: An optical element including an anti-reflection (AR) coating is configured to reflect Extreme-Ultra-Violet (EUV) radiation only.

Abstract: A solid state radiation detector constituted by a solid state detecting section having multitudes of charge detecting linear electrodes and multitudes of auxiliary linear electrodes; a test signal generating means for generating a test signal; and a connection switching means for connecting at least one end of the auxiliary linear electrodes to either the test signal generating means or ground. The test signal is inputted to the auxiliary linear electrodes and crosstalk signals outputted based on the test signal from the charge detecting linear electrodes adjacent to the auxiliary linear electrodes to which the test signal has been inputted are detected and compared with a predetermined reference signal in order to check the charge detecting linear electrodes and auxiliary linear electrodes for breakage.

Abstract: A quantity of imparted erasing energy, which is to be imparted to a stimulable phosphor sheet in order to erase residual radiation energy remaining on the stimulable phosphor sheet, is adjusted by use of an image recording sensitivity in a next radiation image recording operation, which is to be performed on the stimulable phosphor sheet, and an energy level of the residual radiation energy remaining on the stimulable phosphor sheet. The quantity of the imparted erasing energy is adjusted such that, as the image recording sensitivity in the next radiation image recording operation, which is to be performed on the stimulable phosphor sheet, becomes high, and as the energy level of the residual radiation energy remaining on the stimulable phosphor sheet becomes high, the quantity of the imparted erasing energy is set to be large.

Abstract: In a fabrication method according to the present invention, a first insulating film and tungsten plugs are formed over a substrate including a logic section and a memory section. An upper portion of one of the tungsten plug located in a memory section is removed, thereby forming a recess. A resistance heating element film covering side and bottom surfaces of the recess and a storage element film filling the recess with the resistance heating element film interposed between the storage element film and the plug are formed. Then, a Cu interconnect is formed on the storage element film. Thus, it is possible to make the process step of forming the resistance heating element film and the storage element film have higher consistency with a logic process.

Abstract: In a III group nitride compound semiconductor wherein light that has been emitted in a light emitting portion formative layer is reflected by a multilayered reflection layer that is provided between the light emitting portion formative layer and sapphire substrate, it is desirable, for increasing the reflection efficiency of the light that has been emitted in the light emitting portion formative layer, that the multilayered reflection layer be provided at a position that is as near to the light emitting portion as possible. However, since the multilayered reflection layer is high in resistance value and also high in power consumption, locating the multilayered reflection layer near the light emitting portion formative layer results in that the resistance value in the vicinity of a relevant cathode electrode becomes increased. This raises the problem that emission of light occurs only in part of the light emitting portion formative layer.

Abstract: Although there is provided a high light transmittance of an emitted light by a ITO electrode film conventionally employed, there occurs a formation of a Schottky type contact between the ITO electrode film and a p type GaN system semiconductor layer, thus resulting in a not uniform flow of an electric current. It is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor light emitting device constituted by forming a transparent electrode, which facilitates acquiring an ohmic property, to be replaced by an ITO electrode film, at the light extracting or light exit side of the GaN system semiconductor light emitting device, so as to improve a light emission efficiency and a radiation extracting efficiency or a light exit efficiency of a GaN system semiconductor light emitting device.

Abstract: Multi-quantum well (MQW) spatial light modulator devices are disclosed that are capable of achieving reasonable quantum efficiencies and high contrast ratios in order to close an optical communication link by resolving the logical on or off state. The device both modulates and detects light through the use of the quantum well design and resonant cavity enhancement. Based on the materials (e.g., InGaAs/InAlAs) and their band structures, this device can be configured to communicate in the eye-safe wavelength range (e.g., 1550±20 nm). The device can be fabricated using standard photolithographic processes such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching (RIE).