Abstract: A hair cutting apparatus comprising: an elongate element (260) heated to a temperature capable of cutting hair; a vibrating structure (200), on which said elongate element (260) is mounted; and a housing (106) in which the vibrating structure (200) is mounted.

Abstract: A conveyor type oven (10) for processing food products (32) and a method of use that includes heating sections and/or zones, each of the heating sections/and or zones being individually temperature controlled.

Abstract: A heating muffle for a muffle kiln for the production of a dental ceramic product containing titanium, which comprises a hollow unit, which is provided with at least one opening for the uptake of the ceramic product and has completely heatable inner walls, an which can form together with a pedestal a firing chamber in which the ceramic product is heated by the inner walls, wherein the hollow unit comprises at least one spirally bent tube containing a heat conductor for a uniform heat transfer to the product and in order to avoid temperature gradients.

Abstract: A power management system for managing the power supplied to a plurality of warming elements in a brewing machine, so as to conform to pre-set power safety requirements.

Abstract: A portable induction tool is provided for soldering or brazing sections of metal pipe together. A work coil head (with induction coil) is U-shaped, allowing placement of the head around lengths of pipe, heating a susceptor (e.g., the pipe) to form a joint, and then to be withdrawn after the pipe joint is made. In one form, the tool uses heat pipes to remove thermal energy from the head, and also a heat exchanger for higher-powered units. Power capacitors are generally included with the induction (work) coil to create a tank circuit of a resonant frequency. The induction coil uses Litz wire, copper tubing, or heat pipes with a conductive outer skin to carry the high-current being delivered to the induction coil. The induction coil has a general racetrack configuration, which is typically wound in a U-shape (or as a semicircle) as a single winding, with multiple turns.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to prevent temperature decrease in a border portion of each of heating coils and to enable to eliminate an influence given by the change in a load state. In order to attain this object, an induction heating unit 400 according to the present invention is provided with control units 420 (420a to 420d) respectively corresponding to a plurality of heating units 310 (310a to 310d). A phase detector 424d of the control unit 420d obtains a phase difference between an output current (heating coil current IL4) of an inverter 314d detected by a current transformer 160d and a reference signal outputted by a reference signal generating section 426, and inputs it to a drive control section 422d. The drive control section 422d adjusts an output timing (phase) of a gate pulse to be given to the inverter 314d so as to make a phase of the heating coil current IL4 of the inverter 314d coincide with a phase of the reference signal outputted by the reference signal generating section 426.

Abstract: Coffee maker and microwave oven and method for controlling the same are disclosed. The coffee maker and microwave oven includes an outfit room for mounting various electric components on an inside thereof, a case at one side of the outfit room, a water tank in the case, a funnel having a filter placed thereon for extraction of coffee, a jug under the funnel for storage of extracted coffee, a water supply pipe having one end connected to the water tank, the other end position over the funnel, and a portion on a bottom of the case, and a heater assembly on the bottom of the case, the heater assembly having a heating heater for heating potable water passing through the water supply pipe, and a heat conservation heater for heating coffee in the jug to maintain a temperature of the coffee constant.

Abstract: A dielectric heating system with which the power density applied to the product being treated can be at least doubled without risk of electric arcs. This invention is particularly suitable for treatment of compounds that absorb electromagnetic waves weakly (low dielectric constants). In particular, fatty substances such as oils, butters, waxes and fats can be treated (refining, hydrolysis, transesterification, interesterification, etc.), derivatives thereof (esterification, polymerization, alcoholysis, ethoxylation, hydrogenation, etc.) under static or dynamic conditions, as can hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. This system can also be used advantageously for polar or polarized compounds, because the power absorbed is increased very significantly, with large production gains. In particular, fatty or non-fatty alcohols (oleic alcohol, glycol, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, polyglycerols, vitamins, etc.), carboxylic acids, amines and similar compounds can be treated under static or dynamic conditions.

Abstract: A method for the determination of a turning time of at least one cooking product, to which heat is supplied from one side during a cooking process includes a) determination of a first temperature TA in the cooking product at the beginning of the cooking process at an initial time point tA as well as of a set temperature TE of the cooking product which must exist at the end of the cooking process at the end time tE; b) acquiring of a first temperature difference between the set temperature Tset and the first temperature TA; c) determination of at least one actual temperature Tactual in the cooking product at several times during the cooking process; d) acquiring of the time of turning tT as the time at which a second temperature difference between the set temperature Tset and the actual temperature Tactual reaches a certain fraction of the first temperature difference; and e) outputting a signal when the time of turning tT is reached.

Abstract: Microwave oven including a case with a door, a cooking chamber in the case openable/closable with the door, and having a microwave applicable thereto, a first tray mounted in the cooking chamber to reciprocate therein, a second tray rotatably mounted on the first tray, and a link engaged with the motor and the first tray such that the first tray reciprocates within the cooking chamber, and further engaged with the motor and the second tray such that the second tray rotates with respect to the first tray.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring gamma ray energy spectra wherein the gain of the measurement system is continuously and automatically adjusted to a standard gain. Gain of the system is controlled automatically through analysis of the measured energy spectra. Alternately, the gain of the system is controlled by the use of a calibration source and the operation of the system at a standard and amplified gain. Gain control can be improved further by combining both the spectral analysis and calibration source methodology. The system can be embodied in a wireline or logging-while-drilling borehole logging systems that measure naturally occurring or induced gamma ray spectra. The system can also be used in non-borehole applications including non-borehole gamma ray spectral systems such as computer-aided-tomography scan systems, security scanning systems, radiation monitoring systems, process control systems, analytical measurement systems using activation analysis methodology, and the like.

Abstract: A sun-position tracking system for a solar module has a base on which a rotary plate is supported. Several generally parallel fixed rods fixed to the plate have outer ends extending outward past the plate. A planar frame is pivoted on the rod outer ends about a generally horizontal frame axis between a down position with the frame lying on and substantially parallel to the plate and an up position extending at an acute angle to the plate. The solar module is carried on the frame and lies in a panel plane above the rods and plate. A sector gear fixed to the frame outside the outer edge of the plate and wholly below the plane is engaged by a pivot drive mounted on the rod outer ends and wholly below the plane the frame between its positions.

Abstract: A display includes a liquid crystal display panel, a back light, an inverter that supplies electric power to the back light and adjust an intensity of illumination of the back light, a selector that selects a function to adjusts the intensity of illumination of the back light, a brightness distribution data detector that detects the brightness distribution data of the inputted video signal, a sensor that senses the environmental intensity of illumination, and a controller that determines the lightness of an image based on at least one of the environmental intensity of illumination sensed by the sensor for an environmental intensity of illumination and the brightness distribution data detected by the brightness distribution data detector according to the selector, and that controls the inverter to adjust the intensity of illumination of the back light according to the determined lightness.

Abstract: An electro-optical system capable of being embarked aboard mobile ground or flying units, to determine the optical flow generated by obstacles in relative motion with respect to the mobile unit. The system comprises radiation emitter means (5), receiver means (1) for converting the radiation reflected by the objects into electrical signals and means (8) for processing the signals generated by the receiver means. The receiver means (1) are based on vision sensors with matrix configuration. The emitter means (5, 6) shape the radiation beam in such a way that the radiation reflected by the objects and collected by the receiver means impacts at least on a part of the receiver matrix. The processing means compute the optical flow only on the elements of the receiver matrix that are impacted by the radiation.

Abstract: In a camera module of a so-called multi-chip type, an imaging device and a semiconductor element for processing are mounted. The semiconductor element is encapsulated by a mold resin. Protruding parts are formed by the mold resin on a mounting surface of the mold resin. A metal film forming a pattern wiring is formed on the mounting surface of the mold resin. The metal film is also formed on the protruding parts so as to constitute external connection terminals together with the protruding parts. Electrodes of the semiconductor element are electrically connected to the pattern wiring. The protruding parts include first protruding parts positioned around the semiconductor element and second protruding parts formed in a mounting area of the semiconductor element on the mounting surface.

Abstract: There is described an image-reading apparatus to acquire image data by reading a scanned image comprising an image sensor having a light emitting means and a photo receiving means for receiving a light emitted from the light emitting means, and a reading control means for controlling the image sensor. The photo receiving means separately acquires light amount data in a plurality of wavelength regions, and the reading control means independently controls a start and a stop of each of light receiving operations of the photo receiving means conducted in the plurality of wavelength regions.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a solid-state imaging apparatus including: a pixel section having a plurality of pixels arranged in a two-dimensional matrix, each containing an amplification means for amplifying signal of a photoelectric conversion device; horizontal and vertical read circuits for reading pixel signals in pixel units from the pixel section; and load means provided respectively at opposite locations with the pixel section between, the load means serving as one unit of load on the amplification means of each pixel arranged on each column line.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a higher dynamic range image sensor may be implemented by comparing a voltage across the sensor to a threshold voltage during image capture. At the threshold voltage, a count may be registered and the image sensor may be reset for continued image capture until an exposure is complete. A final image signal may be obtained by multiplying the threshold voltage by the number of counts registered and adding the final image sensor voltage.

Abstract: An optical bench is provided, as are a thin optical pickup that employs the optical bench, and a method of manufacturing the optical bench. The optical bench includes a light source for generating light for recording and reproducing information to and from an optical disc, a light source stand on which the light source is mounted, a mirror adjacent to the light source stand, and a bottom surface at a lower point than the light source stand and between the light source stand and the mirror surface. Sides of the light source stand besides the side facing the mirror are connected to the surface of the substrate by a flat sloped surface. Along the sloped surface, two electrodes for supplying power to the light source are connected to the light source stand. Since the metal wirings are formed along the sloped surface without trenches or windings between the light source stand and the silicon substrate, no disconnection of metal lines at a corner occurs.

Abstract: The photosensor includes a semiconductor substrate provided with a light receiving portion for converting incident light and a signal readout portion; a light shielding layer formed above the light receiving portion and having an aperture; and a transparent insulating layer formed so as to fill the aperture. A relationship 2nW??max is satisfied, where W represents a minimum width of the aperture, n represents an average refractive index of the insulating layer in a region between a position corresponding to the uppermost surface of the light shielding layer and the surface of the light receiving portion, and ?max represents a maximum wavelength of the sensitive wavelength range of the light receiving portion. The aperture rate of the light receiving portion can be reduced without causing a sensitivity decrease and a change in spectral characteristics on the long wavelength side of the effective wavelength range.

Abstract: An apparatus adapted for confocal imaging of a non-flat specimen comprising a light source for producing a light beam, imaging optics adapted to focus the light beam into at least one spot on a surface of a specimen, and a detector adapted to receive and detect light reflected from the specimen surface. The light source comprises an optical system for converting a coherent beam into a plurality of beams, each of which is modified by a moving diffuser within a range of movement that is correlated to the detector's integration time.

Abstract: A system is described for the optical detection of a distant object, having a light beam generating device for generating a parallel light beam, a scanning unit for generating a scan pattern by deflecting the parallel light beam over a defined angular range, and a detector unit for detecting light reflected by the distant object. The scanning unit includes a rotating polygonal mirror with several reflecting partial mirror surfaces. The light beam generating device is provided for generating a parallel light beam in two different beam positions which, in response to a rotating position indicating signal indicating the rotating position of the polygonal mirror, can be switched over from a partial mirror surface to an adjacent partial mirror surface. Accordingly, a system is provided for the optical direction of a distant object, which system has a high capacity.

Abstract: An angular offset sensing device includes an optical encoder having a light generating element and a light sensor. An armature includes a reflective surface having a generally semicircular shape and a spectrum of color disposed thereon varying from a first end of the surface to a second end of the surface. A housing encloses both the optical encoder and the armature and rotationally supports the armature. An electrical voltage is generated when light from the light generating element is reflected back to the sensor from the reflective surface. The voltage is proportional to a wavelength of the reflected light and is indicative of an angular rotation of the armature relative to the optical encoder. The voltage is corrected for linearity and used for example to signal a vehicle transfer case shift.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging device includes a wiring board composed of an insulating resin, frame-shaped ribs arranged on the wiring board, a transparent plate arranged on an upper surface of the ribs, a plurality of wiring members that electrically lead from an internal space of a case formed by the wiring board and the ribs to the outside, an imaging element fixed on the wiring board within the internal space, and connecting members which connect electrodes of the imaging element and the wiring members. The ribs are formed by resin molding directly onto a face of the transparent plate, and a lower surface of the ribs is fixed to the wiring board with an adhesive. The package is configured without adhesive interposed between the ribs and the transparent sealing plate, thereby reducing the effect on incident light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) in which a collision cell is employed to selectively remove unwanted artefact ions from an ion beam by causing them to interact with a reagent gas. The present invention provides a first evacuated chamber (6) at high vacuum located between an expansion chamber (3) and a second evacuated chamber (20) containing the collision cell (24). The first evacuated chamber (6) includes a first ion optical device (17). The collision cell (24) contains a second ion optical device (25). The provision of the first evacuated chamber (5) reduces the gas load on the collision cell (24), by minimising the residual pressure within the collision cell (24) that is attributable to the gas load from the plasma source (1). This serves to minimise the formation, or re-formation, of unwanted artefact ions in the collision cell (24).

Abstract: A method of mass spectrometry. The method starts with gaining a total ion chromatogram by a mass spectrometer. An accumulation mass spectrum indicating vicinities of a desired peak top of the total ion chromatogram is displayed. The operator selects a desired mass peak from the displayed accumulation mass spectrum. Another mass chromatogram that is coincident in elution start time, maximum elution time, and elution end time with the mass chromatogram of the selected mass peak are extracted and selected out as a mass peak. Thus, a mass spectrum of a single component is reconstructed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved method for mass spectrometric analysis, in particular for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using nanoparticles, where an analyte is added to a nanoparticle suspension, and the suspension containing the bound analyte is then deposited directly on a MALDI sample carrier and investigated by mass spectrometry, and to nanoparticles suitable for this method.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer is disclosed wherein the experimentally determined mass to charge ratios of ions are reported together with an error band for each mass to charge ratio determination. The error band may, for example, reflect a 95% probability or confidence that the real, true, actual or accepted mass to charge ratio of the ion lies within the error band. By accurately determining the error band the possible candidate ions in a database can be accurately restricted whilst also guarding against over restriction.

Abstract: An ion attachment mass spectrometry apparatus causing positively charged metal ions to attach to molecules of a gas to be measured in an attachment region to generate attached ions and then performing mass spectrometry on the attached ions by a mass spectrometer, has a metal ion selective disassociation unit for selectively making the metal ions attached to the specific molecules in the attachment region disassociate. By making the metal ions attached to the specific molecules such as H2O disassociate, a state is formed where the metal ions are attached to only the sample gas to be measured and the reliability of measurement of the gas is improved.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for characterizing defects by using X-ray emission analysis techniques. The X-rays are emitted in response to an impinging beam, such as an electron beam, directed towards the sample surface where a defect resides. It may also be used to help determine where the void(s) are with respect to the interconnect structure. Methods disclosed are for spatially locating defects in or on integrated circuits. Also disclosed are methods for identifying the elemental composition of defects and spatially locating different elemental components of defects.

Abstract: A charged-particle beam instrument is offered which can inspect side and rear surfaces of a sample. Two electron optical microscope columns are mounted in a vacuum chamber. Each of the microscope columns has an electron gun, a condenser lens system, a deflector, and a secondary electron detector. A sample stage assembly on which a sample is placed is mounted in the vacuum chamber. The stage assembly consists of a rotary stage, an X-stage, and a Y-stage. One of the microscope columns is placed in a position where the electron beam from the column can scan at least an upper part of a side surface of the sample. The other microscope column is placed in a position where the beam from the column can scan at least a lower part of the side surface of the sample.

Abstract: A scintillator composition is disclosed, containing a solid solution of at least two cerium halides. A radiation detector for detecting high-energy radiation is also described herein. The detector includes the scintillator composition mentioned above, along with a photodetector optically coupled to the scintillator. A method for detecting high-energy radiation with a scintillation detector is also described, wherein the scintillation crystal is based on a mixture of cerium halides.

Abstract: A scintillation spectrometer provides improved resolution by ensuring that photons generated by scintillation events occurring in different locations within the scintillation material generate similar light profiles on the photo-detector, thereby making the output signal less sensitive to the initial interaction site and enabling more effective de-convolution of raw data. This is achieved in different ways, such as by: limiting the exit window of the scintillation crystal, introducing a spacer between the scintillation crystal and the detector window, or providing a crystal that is longer than necessary to stop gamma rays.

Abstract: A method for assigning a pulse profile, in particular a pulse profile of a scintillation detector having at least two scintillation materials with different decay characteristics, to one of a plurality of pulse types with differing decay times, encompasses the method steps of: acquiring an output pulse profile and converting the pulse profile into an electrical signal whose amplitude-time profile represents the pulse profile of the output pulse; transforming the amplitude-time profile into the frequency space in order to obtain an amplitude-frequency profile representing the output pulse; normalizing the amplitude-frequency profile in order to obtain a normalized amplitude-frequency profile; comparing the normalized amplitude-frequency profile with a predetermined reference profile; and assigning the output pulse profile to one of the pulse types on the basis of the result of the comparison.

Abstract: The semiconductor radiological detector 1 minimizes a dead space resulting from the draw-out of a signal line from an electrode and which allows a number of semiconductor devices to be densely arranged to improve sensitivity and spatial resolution. The semiconductor radiological detector 1 comprises a semiconductor device 2, an anode 3 attached to one surface of the semiconductor device 2, and a cathode 4 attached to the other surface of the semiconductor device 2. A signal line 5 is provided on the anode 3; the signal line 5 extends straight from the anode 3 and is connected to an X axis wire 12. Another signal line 13 is provided on the cathode 4; the signal line 13 extends straight from the cathode 4 and is connected to a Y axis wire 14.

Abstract: An x-ray detector includes a detector plate having a multiplicity of detector elements arranged in the X direction and the Y direction, accommodated in a housing. To increase the robustness, the detector plate is accommodated in the housing in a floating manner by using at least one damping element.

Abstract: A radiological imaging apparatus comprising a semiconductor detector unit in which a plurality of semiconductor radiation detection elements are installed on a detector mounted substrate in a matrix to constitute a detector unit. A plurality of detector units are releasably mounted on a fixing substrate. This mounting is carried out mating a coupling screw with a threaded hole formed in the detector mounted substrate, the coupling screw being inserted through a through-hole formed in the fixing substrate. The detector mounted substrate is provided with a pair of positioning pins. The positioning pins are inserted into positioning holes, respectively, formed in the fixing substrate, to position the detector unit.

Abstract: An angle measurement system for an ion beam includes a flag defining first and second features, wherein the second feature has a variable spacing from the first feature, a mechanism to translate the flag along a translation path so that the flag intercepts at least a portion of the ion beam, and a sensing device to detect the ion beam for different flag positions along the translation path and produce a sensor signal having a first signal component representative of the first feature and a second signal component representative of the second feature. The first and second signal components and corresponding positions of the flag are representative of an angle of the ion beam in a direction orthogonal to the translation path. The sensing device may be a two-dimensional array of beam current sensors. The system may provide measurements of horizontal and vertical beam angles while translating the flag in only one direction.

Abstract: A cognitive stimulating sterilizing device for providing visual, tactile and, or audible stimulation for infants while selectively sterilize select items and the surrounding ambient, including a housing adapted for removable connection to cribs, changing tables and similar furniture, ultraviolet light generating source in the housing for sanitizing items in the housing when closed and the ambient when opened, audio source and compartments for holding and storing select items. The housing may include reflective and, or transparent surfaces for directing, reflecting and, or passing ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A radiation image conversion panel exhibiting enhanced luminance and superior sharpness is disclosed, comprising on a support a stimulable phosphor layer, wherein the stimulable phosphor layer which has been formed by gas phase deposition has a thickness of 50 ?m to 1 mm, and a protective layer composed of a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin is further provided on the stimulable phosphor layer.

Abstract: A stand-alone calculator enables multi energy electron beam treatments with standard single beam electron beam radiotherapy equipment thereby providing improved dose profiles. By employing user defined depth-dose profiles, the calculator may work with a wide variety of existing standard electron beam radiotherapy systems.

Abstract: Apparatus for ion implantation having an ion trap for stabilizing a beam current are disclosed. An illustrated apparatus for ion implantation includes an arc chamber to ionize an impurity to create an ion beam; an ion beam trapping device to extract the ion beam from the arc chamber and to temporarily trap the extracted ion beam; an ion beam extracting and accelerating electrode to extract and accelerate the trapped ion beam of the ion beam trapping device; and an end station to hold a wafer in which the impurity is to be implanted.

Abstract: A method of correcting deflection distortion includes dividing a deflection area to which a charged-particle beam is deflected into equal initial blocks as an initial setting, calculating an initial aberration amount for each of the initial blocks generated when the charged-particle beam is deflected, dividing the deflection area into main blocks in accordance with a change rate of the initial aberration amount; calculating a main aberration amount for each of the main blocks generated when the charged-particle beam is deflected, and calculating a correction value correcting a deflection distortion based on the main aberration amount.

Abstract: A radiation modifying apparatus comprises a plurality of solid state radiation sources to generate radiation that modifies a first material such as by curing or creating alignment through polarization. The solid state radiation sources can be disposed in an array pattern. Optical concentrators, arranged in a corresponding array pattern, receive radiation from corresponding solid state radiation sources. The concentrated radiation is received by a plurality of optical waveguides, also arranged in a corresponding array pattern. Each optical waveguide includes a first end to receive the radiation and a second end to output the radiation. The radiation modifying apparatus can be utilized for continuous substrate, sheet, piece part, spot curing, and/or 3D radiation-cure processes.

Abstract: A radiation modifying apparatus comprises a plurality of solid state radiation sources to generate radiation that modifies a first material such as by curing or creating alignment through polarization. The solid state radiation sources can be disposed in an array pattern. Optical concentrators, arranged in a corresponding array pattern, receive radiation from corresponding solid state radiation sources. The concentrated radiation is received by a plurality of optical waveguides, also arranged in a corresponding array pattern. Each optical waveguide includes a first end to receive the radiation and a second end to output the radiation. The radiation modifying apparatus can be utilized for continuous substrate, sheet, piece part, spot curing, and/or 3D radiation-cure processes.

Abstract: Wafers in a cassette are mapped without having to open the cassette. The cassette is at least partially transparent to a particular type of radiation. A source of the radiation is directed into the cassette, through a transparent or translucent part of the cassette, and an imaging sensor sensitive to the radiation detects radiation that is reflected off the wafers inside the cassette. A second source of radiation and a second camera preferably provide additional images of the wafers from a different angle. By processing these images, the spatial orientation of the wafers and loading status of the cassette can be determined.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a substantially longitudinally extending feature of a running material web, especially the side edge of the web or an applied marker line, comprises a plurality of individually addressable light sources (22-1, to, 22-n) for illuminating, in one of multiple different lighting configurations, a section of the material web (10) containing the feature (12) to be detected; a spatially resolving detection unit (24) for recording the light emitted by the illuminated section as an optical response and for transmitting to an analysis unit (30) a data signal corresponding to the recorded light; an analysis unit (30) for determining, from the transmitted data signal, one or more characteristic parameters of the feature (12) to be detected; and a selection unit (32) for automatically selecting an optimal lighting configuration, which unit is arranged and adapted to address the light sources (22-1, to, 22-n) in different lighting configurations, to rate according to a pre-selected criterion the

Abstract: A chalcogenide phase change memory cell has a substrate with a conductor line. The conductor line has a contact end. An insulating layer is located over the substrate and conductor line. An aperture is located in the insulating layer. The aperture extends to the substrate. A memory material is conformally located within the aperture. The memory material is in electrical contact with the contact end. A conductive layer is located over the memory material in the aperture.

Abstract: A semiconductor device may include at least one fin field-effect transistor (FINFET) comprising a fin, source and drain regions adjacent opposite ends of the fin, and a gate overlying the fin. The fin may include at least one superlattice including a plurality of stacked groups of layers. Each group of layers may include a plurality of stacked base semiconductor monolayers defining a base semiconductor portion, and at least one non-semiconductor monolayer constrained within a crystal lattice of adjacent base semiconductor portions.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor element is provided which has the controlled crystalline state of a vapor-deposited pentacene layer and a high mobility with low voltage driving. The organic semiconductor element is formed by providing a gate electrode 101 on the surface of a substrate 102, providing thereon a gate insulating layer 103, providing on the surface of the gate insulating layer 103 an island-shaped protrusion layer 104 having dispersed and island-shaped protrusions with a low surface energy, providing on the island-shaped protrusion layer 104 a source electrode 106 and a drain electrode 107 with a distance therebetween, providing thereon an organic semiconductor layer 105 in contact with the island-shaped protrusion layer 104 and both electrodes 106 and 107, and further providing a protective film 108 on the organic semiconductor layer 105.