Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling downlink transmission power of signals transmitted from a serving base station to a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) in a packet-switched data based system. The WTRU receives downlink pilot signals from the serving base station and a plurality of neighbor interfering cells. The WTRU measures the strength of the pilot signals associated with the neighbor interfering cells for which downlink transmission of the WTRU will be treated as intercell interference. The WTRU performs a channel quality indicator (CQI) measurement related to a received downlink pilot signal. The serving base station determines the transmission power of at least one of one of a downlink shared control channel and a downlink shared data channel established between the serving base station and the WTRU based on the CQI transmitted by the WTRU and an interference indicator received from at least one of a cell or a base station.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling uplink transmission power control of signals transmitted from a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to a serving base station in a packet-switched data based system having a plurality of neighbor cells. The path loss of neighbor interfering cells is measured by the WTRU and uplink interference measurements received from the neighbor interfering cells are monitored. The WTRU sends an uplink transmission request to the serving base station which includes a pilot signal and an uplink transmission power adjustment parameter computed by the WTRU. The serving base station performs a channel quality indicator (CQI) measurement of the pilot signal included in the uplink transmission request and determines the uplink transmission power of at least one of an uplink shared control channel and an uplink shared data channel established between the WTRU and the serving base station using the CQI and the uplink transmission power adjustment parameter.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for managing connection identifiers (CIDs) in a multi-hop relay Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) system. An apparatus is provided for a Relay Station (RS) in a multi-hop relay cellular communication system. The apparatus includes a database, a controller, and a transmitter. The database is used for managing a Connection Identifier (CID) set assigned to the RS by a Base Station (BS). The controller accesses the database to assign one CID of the CID set to a Mobile Station (MS) when receiving a control message from the MS. The transmitter constructs a response message including the CID assigned to the MS and transmits the response message to the MS. The MS can be assigned a CID directly from the RS in a condition that the BS is not involved, so that the initial ranging procedure can be rapidly performed.

Abstract: A mobile station is disclosed that includes a first antenna, at least one second antenna, and a receiver coupled to the first antenna. The receiver includes first control logic configured to generate a notification of the receiver being able to receive a reception frequency band and includes a transmitter coupled to the at least one second antenna and the receiver. The transmitter communicates radio frequency (RF) signals in a transmission frequency band over an RF transmit path to the at least one second antenna. The transmitter includes a tunable filter coupleable to the RF transmit path, and second control logic configured to adjust at least one characteristic of the tunable filter based at least in part on the notification. The adjustment is performed to reduce, when the tunable filter is coupled to the RF transmit path, interference caused by transmission in the transmission frequency band with reception in the reception frequency band.

Abstract: A transmitter (Tx1, Tx2) is arranged for simultaneously transmitting at least a first (s?1) and a second (S?2) signal. The first signal (s?1) is modulated according to a first modulation constellation and the second signal (s?2) is modulated according to a second modulation constellation. The transmitter is arranged to pre-code at least the first signal (s?1) through a modification of the first modulation constellation so as to prevent a correlation between the at least first (s?1) and second (s?2) simultaneously transmitted signals.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mobile communication system using a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme. A transmitter of the mobile communication system, generates a unitary space-time matrix to correspond to a codeword if the codeword to be transmitted in a first time interval is input, multiplies the unitary space-time matrix by a first final transmission matrix denoting signals transmitted in a second time interval before the first time interval, thereby generating a second final transmission matrix denoting signals to be transmitted in the second time interval, and transmits signals corresponding to the second final transmission matrix through a plurality of transmit antennas in the second time interval.

Abstract: A transmitter and a transmitting method for forming a pseudo common beam using a plurality of antennas in a smart antenna communication system are provided, in which beams for tones of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals transmitted through a plurality of antennas are rotated at different phases around a frequency axis, such that a combined beam of the transmitted beams is equivalent to a pseudo common beam. Accordingly, a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the preamble signal is prevented from changing.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes an I/O circuit which buffers and outputs an input signal D from a pad when an enable signal ENB is set at a second voltage level, a circuit block to which an output signal from the I/O circuit is input, and a malfunction prevention circuit which outputs to the circuit block an output signal QP of which a voltage level is set by a first power supply VDDC in a period T1 in which the signal ENB is set at a first voltage level and a period T2 including a period in which the signal ENB changes from the first voltage level to the second voltage level, and outputs to the circuit block the output signal QP corresponding to an output signal QI from the I/O circuit in a period T3 in which the signal ENB is set at the second voltage level.

Abstract: A power generation system including a RF power generator which provides a RF output power. The power distribution system includes a phase-magnitude detector module having a dual logarithmic amplifier phase-magnitude detector. The dual logarithmic amplifier phase-magnitude detector receives current and voltage signals. The dual logarithmic amplifier phase-magnitude detector generates a phase signal that varies in accordance with the phase between the voltage signal and the current signal and a magnitude signal that varies in accordance with the magnitude between the voltage and current signals. A controller receives the phase and magnitude signal and communicates control signals to the matching network.

Abstract: Methods and systems for vector combining power amplification are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a plurality of signals are individually amplified, then summed to form a desired time-varying complex envelope signal. Phase and/or frequency characteristics of one or more of the signals are controlled to provide the desired phase, frequency, and/or amplitude characteristics of the desired time-varying complex envelope signal. In another embodiment, a time-varying complex envelope signal is decomposed into a plurality of constant envelope constituent signals. The constituent signals are amplified equally or substantially equally, and then summed to construct an amplified version of the original time-varying envelope signal. Embodiments also perform frequency up-conversion.

Abstract: A reception apparatus capable of preventing saturation and sensitivity degradation of a receiver when base transceiver station transmit power control is performed and calibrating offset voltage without increasing the amount of current consumption. In this apparatus, a gain setting section (109) estimates reception field intensity of each time slot in the next frame based on information of the reception field intensity and transmit power information which is information of the transmit power of the base transceiver station and calculates a gain set value according to the estimated reception field intensity. A gain control circuit (110) extracts a maximum gain out of the gains set by the gain setting section (109), uses the maximum gain as a set gain for DC offset voltage calibration and performs gain control at the gain set value corresponding to each time slot. A voltage calibration circuit (111) performs the DC offset voltage calibration of the received signal.

Abstract: A method (200) and circuit (100) for substantially maintaining an amplified constant envelope modulation signal at a constant pre-defined amplitude. The circuit (100) comprises a constant envelope modulation providing circuitry (104), a power amplifier (102), a power amplifier driver (106), a coupler (108) and a feedback circuit (110). In operation the sensor (110) has an output (120) that provides a radio frequency output signal proportional to an amplitude of an amplified constant envelope modulated radio frequency signal provided to the amplifier input (118) from the power amplifier driver (106). The feedback circuit (110) provides a gain control voltage a driver gain control input to maintain the constant envelope modulation signal at a constant pre-defined amplitude supplied to the amplifier input (118).

Abstract: A transconducting device includes at least one transistor having a control electrode for receiving an input signal whose frequency spectrum contains two different frequencies, an output electrode for delivering an output signal, and a third electrode. The transconducting device further includes a voltage source for delivering a DC reference voltage, and a feedback controller for feedback-controlling the voltage on the third electrode to the DC reference voltage using a negative feedback loop. The negative feedback loop includes resistive damping, connects the third electrode and the control electrode, and has an open-loop gain greater than unity at a frequency equal to the frequency separation between the two different frequencies.

Abstract: A method of radio control, adapted in a wireless device that includes a cognitive radio and a free radio. First, the cognitive radio scans within vicinity or range to receive frames sent from or to the free radio, for retrieving therefrom network information of on-air frames indicative of past operational status of the free radio. Next, network operation commands of the free radio are sensed by the cognitive radio, in which the network operations commands being indicative of present operational status of the free radio. Then, a step is performed using the cognitive radio to read network flags generated in the free radio indicative of future operational status of the free radio.

Abstract: Avoiding a frequency spectrum in a wireless medium is disclosed. An identification of the frequency spectrum in the wireless medium to avoid is obtained. A set of subcarriers to suppress based at least on part on the frequency spectrum to avoid is determined. Information is reallocated in response to the set of subcarriers to suppress.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a method is provided for identifying a communication interface of an electronic unit attached to a connector of an electronic device. A voltage pulse is generated in the device on a pin of the connector. The voltage on the pin is measured, as it is affected by a load in the unit. The measured voltage is compared with predetermined voltage criteria. Communication interface identification is performed on the unit dependent on the comparison.

Abstract: In a system with an intermittently operating radio, the frequency of which is controlled by a Phase Locked Loop (PLL), a method and system for reducing the power consumed by the PLL by tri-stating the control capacitor in the PLL after the PLL has stabilized at a design frequency. After the capacitor is stabilized, power to some of the components in the PLL is reduced.

Abstract: A novel method and apparatus for searching, saving and storing broadcast identification codes and broadcast frequencies for the improved delivery of radio content to listeners, and an automatic payment system that allows a digital radio receiver interface to utilize prepaid memory storage devices to provide payment for downloading music directly from the radio receiver.

Abstract: A multi-tuner system includes a first conversion tuner that converts a first RF signal among a plurality of RF signals received from an antenna into a first IF signal using a first conversion mode, the first RF signal corresponding to a first selected channel; and a second conversion tuner that converts a second RF signal among the RF signals into a second IF signal using a second conversion mode, the second RF signal corresponding to a second selected channel. Any IF interference between the tuners is eliminated, and the tuners can be fabricated into a single module.

Abstract: An interference canceller for canceling narrowband interference from a received broadband signal takes advantage of the fact that the correlation time for the narrowband interference signal will be significantly greater than the correlation time for the desirable broadband signal. The interference canceller operates by creating a replica of the narrowband interference signal in an auixiliary channel and subtracts it from the main channel to cancel the interference. The auxiliary channel has a delay time larger than the correlation time of the desirable broadband signal. In-phase and quadrature versions of the delayed signal are multiplied by respective weights and subtracted from the received signal to produce an interference-reduced signal. The weights are are adjusted by an adaptive block to minimize the power in the interference-reduced output signal.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the signal to noise ratio of a receiver comprises measuring the peak power for an RF signal and determining, based on the measured peak power, whether the RF signal power is within a desired operating range. The method further includes adjusting an RF attenuation for the receiver, when it is determined that the RF signal power is not within the desired operating rang. The method further comprises measuring a peak power foe an IF signal, determining based on the measured peak power, whether the IF signal power is within a desired operating range, and adjusting an IF attenuation for the receiver, when it is determined that the IF signal peak power is not within the desired operating range.

Abstract: A signal generation apparatus, a frequency converting apparatus and a receiver, in which the signal generation apparatus includes an oscillator, a duty cycle adjusting circuit, and a signal generation circuit. The oscillator generates differential signals. The duty cycle adjusting circuit adjusts duty cycles of differential output signals, in response to at least one of a plurality of control signals, to adjust phases of the differential output signals generated according to a result of amplifying a difference between the differential signals input through a pair of input terminals so as to output duty cycle adjusted differential output signals to a pair of output terminals. The signal generation circuit outputs an in-phase signal and a quadrature-phase signal in response to the duty cycle adjusted differential output signals.

Abstract: A single chip receiver is disclosed herein. The chip only requires an external antenna for operation. A decoder is formed on chip for performing logical operations on demodulated digital data. A baseband filter is controlled by external control signals to have one of a plurality of discrete frequency response bandwidths depending on the type of signal to be received. To compensate for process variations in the implementation of the IC, bias currents setting the operating conditions for various amplifiers and other components in the system are adjusted based on frequency control signals in a PLL circuit in the local oscillator. Since the magnitude of the control signal reflects the process variations, the bias currents are adjusted based on the control signal to offset these variations in other portions of the receiver.

Abstract: A dual-mode acoustic wave resonator (7a) having a resonance mode inter-coupler (6) is disposed across narrow voids (4, 5) from an input electrode (2) and an output electrode (3). They are supported for vibrations on a substrate by conductive posts (27, 28, 29) and a power supply pad (3). Opposing electrodes (10, 11, 21, 23) are formed below the input and output electrodes (2, 3), resonator (7a), and resonance mode inter-coupler (6) across narrow gaps. As a voltage of a power supply (25) is changed, a distortion of the resonator (7a) changes due to an electrostatic force, causing a change in the center resonance frequency. As voltages of power supplies (16, 17) are changed, distortions of the input and output electrodes (2, 3) change to cause a change in the opposing areas of end faces of the input and output electrodes to the resonator (7a). This causes a change in the situation of exchanging energy between the input and output electrodes and the resonator (7a) to change the external Q-value.

Abstract: Methods and systems for adaptable DC offset correction are provided. In one embodiment, an adaptable DC offset correction system comprises means for evaluating an incoming baseband signal to determine an appropriate DC offset removal scheme; means for removing DC offset from the incoming baseband signal based on the appropriate DC offset scheme, wherein the means for removing DC offset is responsive to the means for evaluating an incoming baseband signal; and means for outputting a reduced DC baseband signal responsive to the means for removing DC offset from the incoming baseband signal.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for sharing a local oscillator in a satellite signal delivery system is disclosed.

Abstract: A method, network, and device for measuring and analyzing packet-switched traffic in a packet-switched radio telecommunication network. When cell-level location information for a mobile station (1) changes due to a handover, the location information is transmitted toward a packet core network (9) by adding the information to userplane packet headers such as a GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) header (26). The measurement device measures the cell-level location information at a level (15b) in the network where the information from a plurality of mobile stations (1) is aggregated, together with PDP context information prior to analyzing information for the entire network.

Abstract: A multimode communication device with a shared signal path programmable filter and a method for utilizing a shared signal path programmable filter in a multimode communication device. Various aspects of the present invention comprise a first module adapted to receive a first communication signal (e.g., corresponding to a first communication protocol) and a second module adapted to receive a second communication signal (e.g., corresponding to a second communication protocol). A shared filter, communicatively coupled to the first and second modules, may be adapted to filter the first and/or second communication signals in accordance with a plurality of selectable sets of filter response characteristics (e.g., associated with the first and second communication protocols). A filter control module may be adapted to select a set of filter response characteristics from a plurality of such sets and program the shared filter to filter a communication signal in accordance with the selected set.

Abstract: A mobile communication device comprising a low power signal detector and a manner of utilizing a low power signal detector in a mobile communication device. Various aspects of the present invention may comprise a first module adapted to receive a communication signal. A second module may be adapted to operate in a plurality of operating modes, comprising a first mode and a second mode. The first mode may, for example, comprise characteristics of a sleep mode. The second module may, in the second mode, process the received communication signal (e.g., determining information communicated by the received communication signal). A third module may be adapted to determine, based at least in part on a non-informational characteristic of the received communication signal, whether to operate the second module in the first mode or in the second mode.

Abstract: Operating a signal processor is disclosed. A first signal processor and a second signal processor are simultaneously operating. The first signal processor is associated with processing a first component of a signal received via a wireless medium, and the second signal processor is associated with processing a second component of the signal received via the wireless medium. It is determined whether to suspend operation of the second signal processor. Operation of the second signal processor is suspended.

Abstract: In a specific embodiment, the present invention includes a power line communication apparatus, e.g., portable or secured. The apparatus has an enclosure having a mounting member and a face region. The mounting member has a first side and a second side. The apparatus has a powerline module coupled to the mounting member and is within an interior of the enclosure. The power line module is adapted to convert a data signal having a first format to a second format, which is capable of transmission to a power line network. The apparatus has a network processor coupled to the powerline module and is within the interior of the enclosure. The apparatus has a coupling device coupled to an input/output of the powerline module. The coupling device is coupled to the data signal. The apparatus also has at least a pair of power plug members extending from the second side of the enclosure. An Ethernet port is provided on a first portion of the face region and is coupled to the powerline module.

Abstract: An ALI/ESME steering gateway bridges the nationwide ALI/ESME network notes (or PSAPs) with the GMLC/MPCs of various different XPC networks. The steering gateway provides a unified interface between the PSAP/ALI network and positioning centers (GMLC/MPC/VPCs). Using the steering gateway, an E911 service provider accesses positioning centers (GMLC/MPC/VPC) of any XPC network. This access by the ALI to the positioning center is accomplished with any type of interface, irregardless of the protocol type. The connectivity of each virtual communication path between ALIs and PSAPs is managed. The ALI/ESME steering gateway also provides translation of the protocols between the two ALI-MPC interface sets (inbound and outbound). The ALI/ESME steering gateway also consolidates (or “de-duplicates”) any/all duplicated requests from a same ALI or PSAP for the same emergency call so that only one request is then sent to the destined positioning center within the relevant network.

Abstract: A method and continually wearable device for one-button emergency calling, direct to the local emergency responder, from anywhere worldwide where the user is within cordless phone range of their extensive, personally-tailored network of secure, pre-authorizing landline base units. In the U.S., the local emergency responder instantly receives the users' callback number and instant street address with on-site directions through Enhanced 911. The wearable device provides 2-way audio communication with the local emergency responder in either speakerphone, phone or monitor-only modes. The method of adding an emergency calling authorization to a users' network is for the user to place their call pod on the base unit to grant authorization, the base owner then enters his password and the call pod owners name and presses the ‘authorize’ button. An adjustable strap holds the device to the users' body, or the device may be incorporated into other items which are worn or carried.

Abstract: A portable communications device (1) for wearing by a person and for use in conjunction with a Bluetooth enabled mobile phone (3) for communicating a signal indicative of the existence of an emergency to a base station comprises a pendant shaped housing (5) within which is located a first interface circuit (12) which comprises a pair of activating switches (14) operable by panic buttons (15) for facilitating inputting a signal to the device (1) indicative of the existence of an emergency. A microprocessor (18) reads signals from the first interface circuit (12) and reads the last determined position of the device from a GPS positioning circuit (8) in the housing (5), and also reads the identity of the device (1), a phone number of the base station to which a message indicative of the emergency is to be communicated and a message indicative of the emergency from a programmable memory (10).

Abstract: A system is described, and the corresponding method, for the management of emergency situations by means of a mobile terminal (1) with an electronic, board (2), apt to implement access functions to a mobile phone network and comprising memory areas (23), containing personal data of the owner of said electronic board (2). The invention consist in that said electronic board (2) shows aid functions which make it at least partially operative when said mobile terminal operates in an emergency state.

Abstract: A system, method and apparatus for more easily managing secure access to local area net works, so that a member of a community of trusted users is able to have secure, accountable access to the Internet from either their own, home, wireless access point or while roaming via other community-affiliated wireless access points. A communications module running on the wireless device manages the access using an access key that may be determined by a combination of the network name and a community identifier. The communications manager may hide this ability to access the Internet from the user while performing further security checks. Based on whether the user is at home or roaming, the user may be given different access permission such as different levels of quality of service, including different levels of bandwidth throttling.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for secure over-the-air (OTA) programming, and particularly, activation, of a wireless unit in a particular communications system. The unit stores a stored key having been generated by using a key algorithm (K-algorithm) with an identifier associated with the unit as an input to the K-algorithm. The unit may receive information such as parameters and a verification number from a communications system for the purpose of programming the unit. The verification number is generated by using an authorization algorithm (A-algorithm) having the parameters and a key as A-algorithm inputs. They key is generated by the K-algorithm having the identifier associated with the K-algorithm input. In response to the receipt of the parameters and the verification number, the wireless unit generates a trial verification number by using the A-algorithm with the parameters and the stored key as trial inputs. The unit compares the verification number to the trial verification number for a match.

Abstract: A system and method to manage the pre-authentication service by providing a network-centric, managed list of neighboring/logical access points from which a wireless station should pre-authenticate. An access point is provided with a pre-authentication table. When a wireless station associates with the access point, the access point transmits the pre-authentication table to the client. The client responsive to receiving the table only pre-authenticates with neighboring access points on the table.

Abstract: A method and system for notifying service information to a wireless terminal are provided. More exact service information is provided to the wireless terminal when employing synchronization markup language (SyncML) device management (DM). The wireless terminal communicates with a server. The sever notifies the wireless terminal of information to be changed and a type of the information, and the information to be changed is updated by downloading the information to be changed from the server if update for the information to be changed is selected in the wireless terminal. Also, the wireless terminal communicating with a server is notified of information to be changed and a type of the information by the server.

Abstract: A vehicle on-board unit basically comprises a short range wireless communication section, a voice message download section, a voice message storing section, a notification timing setting section and a notification section. The short range wireless communication section is configured to communicate with a roadside unit located within a prescribed communication region using a short range wireless communication with the roadside unit being linked to a voicemail account of a user. The voice message download section is configured to download voice messages stored in the voicemail account through the short range wireless communication section. The notification timing setting section is configured to set a notification timing for notifying the user that the voice messages were downloaded according to operational conditions of a host vehicle. The notification section is configured to notify the user that the voice messages were downloaded at the notification timing set in the notification timing setting section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for automatically connecting a mobile terminal device to a remote cellular network server, said mobile terminal device having an interface for connecting an interchangeable memory and having a cellular network interface, wherein a network address of said server can be retrieved, comprising the steps of detecting that an interchangeable memory has been connected to said mobile terminal, retrieving said network address of said server, and setting up a connection to said server via said network.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method (300) and communication device (100) for network-aware applications. The method can include the steps of—in the communications device—switching (314) to a communications network (110, 120, 130), determining (316) an identity of the communications network and in response to determining the identity of the communications network, altering (320) one or more applications (200) in the communications device such that the altered applications correspond to the communications network.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for configuring a wireless communication module (220) for optimal performance with a portable communication handset (210). When coupling of a portable electronic handset (210) and a wireless communication module (220) is detected (602, 702) the portable electronic handset (210) uploads configuration information (604, 606, 608, 610) to the wireless communication module (220). The wireless communication module (220) receives the configuration information (704, 706, 708, 710) from the portable communication device (210) and configures the operational parameters of the wireless communication module (220) in response to the configuration information (714, 716, 718, 720).

Abstract: Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide for enabling a user to select telephone numbers to which a wireless device may place calls and from which the wireless device may receive calls. One preferred embodiment of the present invention includes software for use on a general purpose computer allowing the user to input into the memory of a wireless device desired telephone numbers that may not be changed by the operator of the wireless device. The computer software also programs the wireless device to only place calls to, or receives calls from, the telephone numbers entered into the memory of the wireless device by the owner.

Abstract: A mobile handset call testing system and method. Mobile wireless handsets are tested under the control of a controller. The controller causes an autodialler to dial a call request on a transmitting handset. The call request is received by a wireless network and communicated to a receiving handset. RF sensors at the transmitting and receiving handsets provide the controller with signals indicative of the RF transmissions emanating from the handsets. The controller determines whether the outgoing call request and/or the incoming call request are successful based upon the detected RF transmissions.

Abstract: Introduced is a method for providing call center support to a mobile communications device. In one embodiment the method includes (1) establishing voice and data connectivity between a mobile communications device having a visual display and a call center communications device having a visual display; and (2) causing an entirety of an image appearing on the visual display of the mobile communications device to be replicated on the visual display of the call center communications device.

Abstract: A handsfree device for conducting a telephone call which can be established by means of a mobile telephone, comprising a controller which is connected to a microphone and a loudspeaker, and with a communication link to a receiver which can be deposited in a holder with an electrical connection, wherein the telephone call is only conducted via the receiver by removing the receiver from the holder, enables the receiver to be used very flexibly due to the fact that the controller has a wireless communication device for communicating with a corresponding wireless first communication device of the receiver and the receiver is also provided with a wireless second communication device for communicating with a corresponding wireless communication device of the mobile telephone, with a device for processing access authorization data to a mobile radio network and with a telephone transmitting and receiving unit.

Abstract: A method is provided for controllably migrating a wireless network from MIN based operation to IMSI based operation. The method comprises implementing changes that affect inter-network operations during a first phase of the migration. Remaining changes, including changes that affect intra-network operations are implemented during a second phase of the migration.

Abstract: A method is provided for controllably migrating a wireless network from MIN based operation to IMSI based operation. The method comprises implementing changes that affect inter-network operations during a first phase of the migration. Remaining changes, including changes that affect intra-network operations are implemented during a second phase of the migration.

Abstract: Systems for automatically selecting a user's profile based on location include a device adapted to being tracked by location and a database that includes a user's preferences for routing calls. The user's calls are routed to the user based on the user's call routing preferences and the location of the device. Other systems and methods are also provided.