Abstract: A telecommunication network management method and unit are disclosed. Connection requests are received and the possibility of setting up a connection is determined from parameters including time parameters in the form of time intervals. The connections database is updated allowing for the time parameters. The method finds applications in telecommunication networks.

Abstract: A method for selectively controlling the flow of data through a network device is discussed. The network device has a plurality of ports, with each port of the plurality of ports having a plurality of priority queues. Congestion at one priority queue of the plurality of priority queues is detected and a virtual channel message is sent to other network devices connected to the network device causing data destined for the one priority queue to be halted. After the congestion at the one priority queue has abated, a virtual channel resume message is sent to the other network devices.

Abstract: Disclosed are, inter alia, methods, apparatus, data structures, computer-readable media, and mechanisms, for scheduling items in a system, such as, but not limited to a computer or communications system. For example, in one implementation, each of the items in a set of items has an associated deficit and mini-deficit. A next particular item is selected from the set of items currently having enough deficit to process the particular item. One or more entities associated with the particular item is processed a commensurate amount corresponding to the mini-deficit associated with the particular item. This processing is repeatedly performed until there are no more entities associated with the particular item or until the deficit associated with the particular item does not allow any further processing at the current time.

Abstract: A virtual LAN (VLAN) has a number of segments connected by a connection-based network. A method for providing differentiated service to frames having different user priorities in a VLAN carries frames associated with different user priorities over different channels in the connection-based network. The connection-based network may be an ATM network in which channels are specified by a connection identifier which may comprise a VPI/VCI pair. A bridge according to the invention has one or more bridge ports. Each of the bridge ports may be associated with a VPI. The bridge ports may each be associated with a plurality of service interfaces each capable of terminating a connection in the connection-based network. The service interfaces may each be associated with a VCI. Priority tagged frames received at the bridge port are mapped to service interfaces on the basis of their user priorities.

Abstract: A wireless network gateway for transmitting data between a wireless network and a packet data network. The wireless network gateway comprises: 1) N input-output processors for transmitting and receiving data packets to and from the wireless network and the packet data network; 2) M service processors for performing packet data serving node (PDSN) functions associated with data sessions between the packet data network and mobile stations communicating with the wireless network; 3) a switch fabric for the N input-output processors and the M service processors; and 4) P switch modules. Each of the P switch modules transfers data packets between the switch fabric and at least one input-output processors. A first switch module stores session bindings information associated with a first data session between a first mobile station and the packet data network.

Abstract: Communication methods, buffer management methods, communication systems, and communication devices for mobile communications using acknowledgement-based protocols, such as TCP. Communication buffer memory includes free and committed memory, with copies of transmitted messages awaiting acknowledgement stored in committed memory of transmit buffer. Memory controller monitors communication buffer state and, if free memory is less than a memory threshold, controller extracts TCP ACKNUM from a received host message. The TCP ACKNUM acknowledges transmitted message copies having ACKNUMs of lesser ordinality, and memory controller identifies and denominates the committed memory storing acknowledged messages as free memory, potentially avoiding deadlock.

Abstract: A multi-service-class definition type ATM switch is basically configured by an ATM buffer device containing buffers, a data input/output device and a data processing device. The data input/output device inputs data with regard to a service class including a service category (e.g., VBR, CBR) and a QOS class, which the user needs. The data are transmitted to the data processing device, wherein the data are subjected to analysis. Herein, the data designate a buffer number and a request type, which represents one of three modes. At a data setting mode, the service class is set to the buffer designated by the buffer number within the buffers. Then, the data input/output device displays result of the setting. At a data read mode, the data are read from the buffer designated by the buffer number and are then output (or displayed) by the data input/output device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for allocating time slots in a communications network, comprising a headend, a plurality of outstations, and a shared medium connecting each outstation to the headend. The method involves scheduling timeslots for each outstation responsive to the measures of distance of each outstation from the headend. The method reduces the requirement for guard bands between timeslots, since it obviates allocation of a guard band between consecutive first and second timeslots where the outstation allocated the second timeslot is located no closer to the headend than the outstation allocated the first time slot. Ideally, the timeslots are allocated to outstations cyclically in ascending order of distance of the outstations from the headend, with the closest outstation following the farthest to complete the cycle, so that guard bands are rendered unnecessary between the majority of timeslots.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for low cost upgrading on demand of an optical fiber communication system without installing additional optical fiber and minimal installation of optical circuitry at destination and distribution terminals. The upgraded systems comprise an optical data loop of a plurality of destination terminals and a single intermediate terminal.

Abstract: A first transceiver (200) sends (102) a predetermined number of blocks of data to a second transceiver, and records (104) on which of a plurality of sub-carriers each of the blocks of data is sent. The first transceiver receives (106) from the second transceiver a list of the blocks of data that were received with errors, and calculates (108) from the list a plurality of error rates corresponding to the plurality of sub-carriers. The first transceiver then determines (110) the SQE for each of the plurality of sub-carriers from the plurality of error rates, and adjusts (112) the data rate in accordance with the SQE determined for each of the plurality of sub-carriers. These processes can be implemented as a method that is facilitated by a software program.

Abstract: A method, system and device for communication establishes communications sessions between otherwise incompatible communication networks. A central unit is used to facilitate communication systems between objects, by referring to a database of communication attributes associated with different communication networks used by a calling part and a called party. Rather than have direct connections from one communication network to a next communication network, and having unique translators to support such direct connections, each of the communications is directed to a central facility, that identifies common protocols that are supported by the different communication networks to be employed when establishing a communication session between a first communication network and a second communication network.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of transmitting data at a time-variable data rate, to a connection control module for a network facility (SW1, SW2) therefor, and to a communications module for a user terminal (T1–T5) therefor. In the method, a user terminal (T1–T5) sends to a facility (SW1, SW2) of a network (NET) a request for a connection to a communication partner (T1–T5; CS1, CS2) with a guaranteed data rate (DVT1, DVT2, DVG1, DVG2). The network (NET) establishes the connection and makes the guaranteed data rate available therefor. The user terminal (T1–T5) performs a first data transfer on the connection to the communication partner. Then the connection is released.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for adjusting the bandwidth of a connection between at least two communication endpoints in a data network via a monitoring unit and a control unit. The connection in the data network is assigned at least one transmission channel for data transmission. The user data is, in this case, allocated to at least one communication connection; in particular a voice connection. The monitoring unit monitors the signaling connection for requests for at least one further communication connection; in particular, a voice connection. When a request occurs, it signals to the control unit to assign to the connection one or more additional free transmission channels for the at least one requested communication connection.

Abstract: An access control method applicable to a network including a plurality of communication terminals for achieving simplification in processing, improvement in response, and efficient use of bands is provided. In a terminal station, a transmission information generating section generates predetermined transmission information based on the amount of data stored in a buffer section. A packet transmitting section generates a packet including data and the transmission information for transmission to another terminal station. In a control station, a packet receiving section receives the packet transmitted by the terminal station. A transmission information obtaining section analyzes the received packet to obtain the transmission information and, based on the transmission information, determines whether the band currently allocated is to be changed. If a change is required, a packet transmitting section transmits a packet reporting a newly-allocated band to the terminal stations.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program product are provided for implementing global to local queue pair translation in a network transport layer. A global queue pair number is identified. The global queue pair number is translated to a smaller local queue pair number. The local queue pair number is used for storing local queue pair context data for outbound header generation and inbound header checking. Upper layers of the network protocol above the network transport layer are allowed to use the global queue pair numbers.

Abstract: At a transmit site of an inverse multiplexing system, an input demultiplexer demultiplexes high bandwidth serial communication signals (e.g., fractional T3 rate signals) into communication signal packets for transmission over reduced bandwidth serial communication (e.g. T1) channels. A multiplexer for each channel combines successive packets of demultiplexed signals with bits of multibit packet reassembly control words that identify the channel and the order in which communication signal packets have been demultiplexed, to produce successive frames for transmission over the channel. At a receiver site the control words are extracted from the frames of data and analyzed to control reassembly of the serial data packets into their original order.

Abstract: In the method and the arrangement for processing a data stream having data packets in a first data stream and data packets in a second data stream, which data packets each have an error identification field, the entire data stream is received by a first layer. The received entire data stream is processed in the first layer such that error identification for the data packet is carried out using an error identification field in each data packet. Information about an error identification field in a data packet in the processed entire data stream and at least a portion of the processed entire data stream is transmitted from the first layer to a second layer. The data packets in the transmitted portion of the entire data stream are associated with the first data stream and the second data stream in the second layer, using the information about the error identification field.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and arrangement for synchronizing a base station in a radio system. In the solution, a synchronization signal is transmitted in a cable for transferring electric power, from which cable the base station filters the synchronization signal and synchronizes its operation according to the synchronization signal.

Abstract: In a wide-coverage network comprising electronic edge nodes interconnected by bufferless core nodes, where each edge node comprises a source node and a sink node, both sharing an edge-node controller and having means for data storage and managing data buffers, the transfer of bursts from source nodes to sink nodes via the core nodes requires precise time coordination to prevent contention at the bufferless core nodes. A core node preferably comprises a plurality of optical switches each of which may switch entire channels or individual bursts. Each source node has a time counter and each core node has at least one time counter. All time counters have the same period and time-coordination can be realized through an exchange of time-counter readings between each source node and its adjacent core nodes. The time-counter readings are carried in-band, alongside payload data bursts destined to sink nodes, and each must be timed to arrive at a corresponding core node during a designated time interval.

Abstract: In the communication system which performs the data communication by the discrete multi-tone modem scheme between a plurality of data communication units using the time-division half-duplex communication function, the ratio between the data transmission time suitable for data communication and the quasi-data transmission time dynamically changes within one period. Further, bits are assigned in such a manner that the data of one period can be transmitted during the data transmission time of that period. Dummy bits are assigned to the portions of the data transmission time to which the data to be transmitted has not been assigned.

Abstract: A fiber laser including doped-core fiber having inner and outer cladding is optically pumped by plurality of diode-lasers. Light emitted by the diode-lasers is coupled into a single multimode optical fiber. Light from the multimode optical fiber is directed to a wavelength selective reflecting device that is partially reflective in a narrow reflection band about a peak reflection wavelength. A portion of the light having the peak reflection wavelength is reflected from the wavelength selective reflecting device back along the multimode optical fiber and back into the plurality of diode-lasers. This locks the emitting wavelength of the light emitted from each of the diode-lasers to the peak reflection wavelength. Light at the emitting wavelength that is not reflected from the wavelength selective reflective device is coupled into the inner cladding of the doped-core fiber for optically pumping the fiber laser.

Abstract: A high power light source having an array, bundle or separate plurality of laser diodes coupled to a same number of multimode waveguides to collect beams of light emitted from the of laser diodes is provided. An optical combiner receives the beams of light and combines the beams of light into a single forward propagating beam of light so that substantially all optical radiation within each beam of light overlaps the optical radiation each other beam to form the single beam. A reflective element is located to receive the single forward propagating beam of light and transmits greater than 60% of the single forward propagating beam of light therethrough. The reflective element reflects between 3–40% of the single forward propagating beam back to the laser diodes as feedback to stabilize said laser diodes.

Abstract: A wavelength locker. The wavelength locker can be mounted within an optical transceiver on a submount with the laser diode. The wavelength locker utilizes light emitted by the back facet of the laser to monitor the wavelength and power of the laser. The light is separated into two portions, at least one of which is passed through a filter to shift the wavelength thereof. Separate monitor diodes or photosensitive areas of a single monitor diode are used to measure the output of each portion of light. The outputs are analyzed to determine the wavelength of the light emitted from the back facet as well as the power of the laser and a controller can then change the temperature of the laser or otherwise adjust the wavelength of the laser when the wavelength locker detects that the wavelength of the laser is changing.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser device includes: a first cladding layer, which is made of a nitride semiconductor of a first conductivity type and is formed over a substrate; an active layer, which is made of another nitride semiconductor and is formed over the first cladding layer; and a second cladding layer, which is made of still another nitride semiconductor of a second conductivity type and is formed over the active layer. A spontaneous-emission-absorbing layer, which is made of yet another nitride semiconductor of the first conductivity type and has such an energy gap as absorbing spontaneous emission that has been radiated from the active layer, is formed between the substrate and the first cladding layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser device produces a laser beam, which is adapted to be expanded into a linear laser beam for use as stimulating rays for an image read-out operation for reading out a radiation image having been stored on a stimulable phosphor sheet. The semiconductor laser device comprises a semiconductor laser chip for producing the laser beam, a package for accommodating the semiconductor laser chip therein, and a radiating window, which is fitted to the package and allows the laser beam having been produced by the semiconductor laser chip to pass therethrough. A surface of the radiating window is coated with an anti-reflection film having a reflectivity of at most 1.0% with respect to a wavelength of the laser beam having been produced by the semiconductor laser chip.

Abstract: The heat capacity laser concept is extended to systems in which the heat capacity lasing media is a liquid. The laser active liquid is circulated from a reservoir (where the bulk of the media and hence waste heat resides) through a channel so configured for both optical pumping of the media for gain and for light amplification from the resulting gain.

Abstract: An optical resonator includes a first substrate and a second substrate which face each other, the first substrate having a flat main surface on which a first reflective mirror is provided and the second substrate having a concave portion on which a second reflective mirror is provided and a flat portion which surrounds the concave portion. The main surface of the first substrate and the flat portion of the second substrate are bondable. In addition, a laser oscillator includes a solid-state laser medium and a substrate, the solid-state laser medium having a main surface on which a first reflective mirror is provided and the substrate having a concave portion on which a second mirror is provided and a flat portion which surrounds the concave portion. The first and the second reflective mirrors serve as a laser resonator.

Abstract: Provided is a tunable external cavity laser diode using a variable optical deflector wherein the variable optical deflector, in which a refractive index varies according to an electrical signal, is arranged in a triangular shape between a concave diffraction grating and a reflective mirror. Since a resonant frequency is changed using the electrical signal rather than the mechanical movement, the stable operation and continuous high-speed tenability may be enabled. In addition, when the tunable external cavity laser diode according to the present invention is implemented in an InP/InGaAsP/InP slab waveguide, a variable time determined by the carrier lifetime may be reduced to several nanoseconds or less, the miniaturization is enabled, and the manufacturing costs are significantly reduced due to the process simplification.

Abstract: A method and system for stabilizing energy consumption in multiple loads, or in single multi-phase loads. The method and system also compensates for unbalance in multi-phase loads. A central controller monitors variable reactances in the loads and identifies situations of power and/or current fluctuation and/or unbalance. It determines appropriate corrective action by the other loads/phases to compensate for the power and/or current change or unbalance due to the problematic load, and it issues control signals instructing variable reactor controllers associated with the other loads to adjust accordingly. The method and system may by applied to electric arc furnace installations. In this context, the method and system provide an electrode position controller coupled to the feed rate controller so as to predictively anticipate the introduction of new source material and lower the electrodes so as to prevent arc extinguishment while the variable reactors maintain predetermined power set-points.

Abstract: A method and system for stabilizing energy consumption in multiple loads, or in single multi-phase loads. A central controller monitors variable reactances in the loads and identifies situations of power and/or current fluctuation and/or unbalance. The central controller determines appropriate corrective action by the other loads/phases to compensate for the power and/or current change or unbalance due to the problematic load, and it issues control signals instructing electrode position controllers associated with the other loads to adjust accordingly. The method and system may by applied to electric arc furnace installations. The electrode position controllers may be used in conjunction with variable reactance control systems to take corrective action to address power and/or current changes or unbalances. The variable reactors respond orders of magnitude faster than the electrode positioning system.

Abstract: A location system includes a plurality of signal readers for receiving signals from a wireless transmitter to be located. The signals include a wideband, spread spectrum signal and a timing marker appended a predetermined time in front of the wideband, spread spectrum signal for indicating the presence of the wideband, spread spectrum signal. A location processor is operatively coupled to the signal readers for detecting the timing markers of signals and responsive to a detection of a timing marker, correlating a signal as a first-to-arrive signal and conducting differentiation of first-to-arrive signals to locate a wireless transmitter.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for allocating tones for communications purposes in adjoining cells of an OFDM system are described. Tones used in each cell are allocated to tone hopping sequences according to a tone to tone hopping sequence allocation function. Different cells use different tone to tone hopping sequence allocation functions to minimize the number of collisions between hopping sequences of neighboring cells. Tone hopping sequence to communications channel allocation functions are used to allocate tone hopping sequences to communications channels. Communications channels are used by wireless terminals, e.g., mobile nodes, to transmit data. Over time, a wireless terminal uses the tones included in the tone hopping sequences corresponding to communications channels it is authorized to use. Accordingly, tones are assigned to communications devices by a multi-function, e.g., two level, mapping operation.

Abstract: A method for generating an internal sequence of analog values having a specific period includes producing an intermediate value by a logical combination of an actual value of the external sequence with an actual value of a second generating sequence, producing an input value to an analog feedback shift register by superposition of the intermediate value with an analog feedback value derived according to a feedback function from analog values in the analog feedback shift register, and feeding the input value to an input of the analog feedback shift register. A position of an actual value of the second generating sequence corresponds to a position of a segment in the first generating sequence, the segment including a determinative set of n binary values derived from the analog values in the analog feedback shift register.

Abstract: Apparatus, and an associated method, for performing joint equalization of received data vectors, received during operation of a multiple-input, multiple-output communication system. Slicing operations, implemented alternately as group slicing operations, decoupled slicing operations, and successive slicing operations are implemented at a joint equalizer of a receiving station of the multiple-input, multiple-output communication system. Once jointly equalized, equalized data vectors are provided to a joint decoder.

Abstract: A read channel apparatus is disclosed for reading data recorded on an optical storage system at a predetermined baud rate. The apparatus asynchronously samples an analog read signal generating from the optical storage system and subtracts an estimated DC offset from the asynchronous sample values to generate a sequence of asynchronous DC-removed sample values. The asynchronous DC-removed sample values are separately interpolated by two interpolators to generate a sequence of synchronous even-time sample values and a sequence of synchronous odd-time sample values respectively. The synchronous even-time and odd-time sample values are separately equalized by two equalizers in accordance with a target spectrum to generate a sequence of even-time equalized sample values and a sequence of odd-time equalized sample values respectively. A DC offset estimator generates the estimated DC offset from the even-time equalized sample values and the odd-time equalized sample values.

Abstract: The transfer function of a filter processing unit is defined by a set of filter coefficients that are continually updated in a coefficient-updating unit. The level of the output signal is adjusted by a level-adjustment unit where, if the largest filter coefficient exceeds an upper threshold value or is below a lower threshold value, a comparator outputs control signals to coefficient-based shifters and to a data signal shifter such that these shift their applied bit sequences in opposite directions and thus multiply or divide the applied data signals by a factor?2.

Abstract: The feedback structure of a frequency domain decision feedback equalizer is implemented in the frequency domain, rather than in the time domain. Advantageously, this permits the synthesis of long feedback filters with a much smaller increase in receiver complexity than is the case when the feedback structure is illustratively implemented in the time domain. Adaptation of the characteristics of the feedback structure of the frequency domain equalizer (as well as its feedforward structure) is carried out based on tentative symbol decisions that are fed back on a block basis. Although possibly rendering the receiver more susceptible to channel estimation errors, this approach renders the receiver capable not only of the post-cursor intersymbol interference cancellation afforded by a standard DFE, but pre-cursor intersymbol interference cancellation, as well, helping to offset any impact of increased channel estimation errors.

Abstract: A video converter for converting a coding format of a great deal of video contents has three kinds of conversion modes including a conversion mode for performing conversion in two steps in accordance with the kinds of input pictures so that a converting operation can be completed within a limit time set in advance.

Abstract: A method for encoding video data to reduce blocking artifacts is provided. The method initiates with identifying a macro-block as being associated with a blocking artifact. For example the macro-block may be identified as a low activity macro-block or a high activity macro-block. Then, blocking artifacts introduced through a compression operation are mitigated by adjusting both a quantization parameter and an amount of bits generated from the quantization parameter. A video encoder and a system for processing image data associated with block based compression are provided.

Abstract: An image processing method and apparatus for encoding and decoding image data in which the coding and decoding method may be simplified based on factors such as processing speed requirements. In encoding, an image input unit receives a first image and a second image (key frames). A matching processor begins performing a multiresolutional analysis using pixel-by-pixel matching between the images but, due to predetermined factors or settings, either discontinues the analysis or switches to a simplified method of analysis prior to the final resolution level. If the analysis is discontinued during encoding (i.e. at the encoding side), the analysis may be completed at the decoding side prior to conducting the decoding and the decoding side may be arranged accordingly.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a first processing circuit and a second processing circuit. The first processing circuit may be configured to generate (i) one or more prediction samples and (ii) a plurality of macroblocks, in response to each frame of an input video signal. The second processing circuit may be configured to (i) select one or more reference indices for each of the macroblocks from one or more sets of reference indices and (ii) generate said one or more prediction samples in response to said selected reference indices. Each of the selected reference indices is generally determined based upon minimum and maximum values for each of the one or more sets of reference indices.

Abstract: Methods, units, systems, architectures and/or storage media for video and/or audio processing. An exemplary architecture includes one or more layers selected from, for example, service and/or application layers, storage area network layers, digital asset management layers, and/or enterprise applications integration and/or business process automation layers. Various exemplary methods, units, systems and/or storage media are also disclosed.

Abstract: A decoding method for MPEG-4 digital video having data-partitioned simple profile, and more particularly to a method of constituting an MPEG-4 video decoder having a reasonable error resilience by properly using error resistant algorithms under the circumstances where irrecoverable errors can be added at transmission channel. A method for decoding a bit stream of data-partitioned MPEG-4 video in an error-prone transmission environment characterized by comprising the steps of: searching for a start code of the following VP/VOP in an inputted bit stream; decoding the following VP/VOP headers succeeding the VP/VOP start code; checking the error existence in macroblock addresses (MBAs) using the MBAs of current VP and the following VP; scanning a VP, whose MBA range is determined through previous steps, for error-detection; and carrying out a normal decoding or an error concealment on each macroblock of current VP according to the VP scan result.

Abstract: A picture encoding method includes receiving an input video signal, encoding the video signal using a reference picture signal to generate a video code stream, encoding the reference picture signal to generate a reference picture code stream, and multiplexing the video code stream with the reference picture code stream to generate an output code stream.

Abstract: A use of the invention permits to increase the transmission rate of existing communication lines or their capacity.

Abstract: A transmit diversity system having at least four antennas. A first adder adds a first spread signal obtained by spreading a first symbol pattern with a first orthogonal code to a second spread signal obtained by spreading the first symbol pattern with a second orthogonal code, and transmits the added signal through a first antenna. A second adder adds the first spread signal to a third spread signal obtained by spreading an inverted symbol pattern of the first symbol pattern with the second orthogonal code, and transmits the added signal through a second antenna. A third adder adds a fourth spread signal obtained by spreading a second symbol pattern with the first orthogonal code to a fifth spread signal obtained by spreading the second symbol pattern with the second orthogonal code, and transmits the added signal through a third antenna.

Abstract: A radio telecommunications receiver operates to receive digital data symbols or bits by iterative determination of soft estimates of symbols or bits followed by a hard decision as to what symbol or bit was intended. The receiver comprises a first processor operative to provide first soft estimates of symbols or bits of the received signal and a second processor operative to decode the first soft estimates and to provide second soft estimates of the symbols or bits. The receiver also comprises a combiner operative to provide third soft estimates back to the first processor for subsequent further decoding, the third soft estimates of each symbol or bit being dependent upon the respective second soft estimate and a respective previous second soft estimate.

Abstract: Clock recovery of a multi-level (ML) signal can be performed in a two-step process. First, the transitions within the ML signal can be detected by a novel transition detector (TD). And second, the output of the TD circuit can comprise a pseudo-non-return-to-zero (pNRZ) signal that can drive a conventional OOK clock recovery (CR) IC. The TD circuit can convert the edges of the ML signal into the pseudo-NRZ (pNRZ) signal. The TD circuit can capture as many transitions as possible to allow the conventional NRZ clock recovery (CR) chip to optimally perform. The TD circuit can differentiate the ML signal in order to detect the ML signal's transitions.

Abstract: A multi-channel RF receiver uses an image rejection mixer (e.g. double quadrature mixer) in the IF down conversion stage for image side band rejection (whereby use of an IF narrow band filter for image rejection may be omitted if desired) and comprises a simplified frequency synthesizer which generates both a “wandering” IF oscillator frequency and an RF oscillator frequency for the up/down conversion stages (being, for down conversion, from RF to IF and from IF to base band. The IF used for a particular RF carrier (channel) is selected so as to be both an integer (N) sub-harmonic of that RF carrier and within the operating frequency band of the image rejection mixer. Advantageously, the synthesizer comprises only one loop and one VCO, wherein the IF oscillator signal is produced from the RF oscillator signal by means of a frequency divider.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device includes but is not limited to: a precoder having a precoder input and a precoder output; a spectral shaper, having a spectral-shaper transfer function and being operably coupled internal to said precoder; and a precoder filter, internal to the precoder, the precoder filter having a transfer function which provides substantially the inverse of the spectral-shaper transfer function.