Abstract: An equalizer device is used for digital communications systems having a plurality of receive channels. The equalizer device in normal operation comprises a transversal filter for each receive channel, an adder for summing the receive channels, and a system downstream from the adder including a phase corrector and a recursive portion including a single recursive filter and decision circuit in its forward branch. The equalizer device including decision-taking circuit for evaluating its performance as a function of the output signal from the equalizer device and for responding to the result of this evaluation by switching from a first structure which corresponds to a normal mode of operation to a second structure which corresponds to a convergence mode of operation, and vice versa.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for statistical multiplexing in a dual pass encoding scheme are provided. A first pass encoder encodes alternate slices of anchor frames as I-slices and P-slices respectively in order to generate statistics for both I and P frame encoding for the same anchor frame. A second pass encoder determines the encoding complexity estimates for a plurality of frames in a look-ahead pipeline and sums the encoding complexity estimates of selective frames in the look-ahead pipeline to determine the initial need parameter for a current frame to be encoded. The second pass encoder computes a need parameter for encoding the current frame based on the initial need parameter. The need parameter is used by a statmux processor to determine the encoding bit rate for second pass encoding of the current frame.

Abstract: A loop-filtering method for reducing quantization effect generated when an image data is encoded and decoded, and an apparatus therefor. The loop-filtering method includes the steps of extracting a flag indicating whether the image data requires loop-filtering using the distribution of inverse quantized coefficients (IQCs) of an inverse quantized image data and a motion vector indicating the difference between the previous frame and the current frame. The image data corresponding to the flag is then filtered by a predetermined method if the extracted flag indicates a need for the loop-filtering. Using the flags and an adaptive filter reduces the quantization effect and is useful to reduce the amount of computation required for the filtering. Also, the filtering can be performed through parallel processing without multiplication and division, so that the complexity of hardware can be reduced.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer program product for converting a binary MPEG-4 (mp4) binary file into an Extensible MPEG-4 Textual (XMT) file. The invention includes generating at least one intermediary structured document representing the mp4 binary file. A translator is configured to input the intermediate document and generate an XMT structured document. An XMT serializer is then used to create the XMT file based on the XMT structured document.

Abstract: A method and system for performing motion estimation in video image compression is provided. In the method and system, an associative memory device is used in motion estimation, and the group of the image blocks to be processed is restricted on the basis of a mean error and the best match is searched among the image blocks using the PDE method. The method and system can perform motion estimation via software in a regular PC environment and still more efficiently than before.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of motion estimation and mode decision includes a candidate vector group generation unit generating a candidate vector group including a motion vector of an adjacent image crossing a first macro block, where the first macro block is a macro block of an image before scaling, and the first macro block and the adjacent image exist in a same sub-group of a picture (sub-GOP). A motion vector estimation unit estimates a base vector of a second macro block from the motion vector and the candidate vector group of the first macro block overlapped with the second macro block, where the second macro block is a macro block of an image after scaling. A mode decision unit determines a mode of the second macro block from the estimated base vector and a mode of the first macro block.

Abstract: A circuit structure and signal encoding method for a serial ATA external physical layer is provided. The circuit structure and signal encoding method thereof is capable of reducing the number of interface signals of a serial ATA external physical layer, essentially comprising a decoder/encoder, a serializer/deserializer, a phase locked loop, at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and at least one OOB signal detector, encoding various control signals and various status signals, required for the connection between the decoder/encoder and a storage medium controller, into data signals using signals other than a data conversion requirement of 8 bits and 10 bits, by the decoder/encoder, in order for greatly reducing the number of interface signals required for the connection between the external physical layer and a main control chip.

Abstract: A method of interleaving data for transmission is provided wherein first and second interleaving patterns for arranging data symbols in a source data stream into first and second transmitted data streams are selected. Each of said data symbols has at least one bit. The first and second transmitted data streams are transmitted substantially simultaneously on separate transmission channels to at least one receiver. The first and second patterns are used to transmit the data symbols in the source data stream in a different order on the respective transmission channels to maximize recovery of the source data stream when the transmission channels are blocked. The selected interleaving patterns can involve reordering the data symbols throughout the first and second transmitted data streams using different reordering criteria. The reordering criteria can vary on a frame-by-frame basis if the source data stream is time division multiplexed. Complementary data can be sent on respective transmission channels.

Abstract: An OFDM packet is initially detected by auto-correlating short training symbols to generate an initial packet detection signal. The initial packet detection signal may be used to initiate a coarse timing synchronization process, which may use a short symbol matched filter. A coarse timing signal may be generated from at least some of the short training symbols by correlating sampled short training symbols with short filter matched coefficients. The coarse-timing signal may be used to initiate the operation of a fine timing synchronization process, which may use a long symbol matched filter. A fine timing signal may be generated from at least some of the long training symbols by correlating sampled long training symbols with long filter-matched coefficients. The fine timing signal may be used to initiate channel estimation by performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operation on the long training symbols.

Abstract: A robust timing offset compensation scheme for multi-carrier systems. According to the invention, a timing offset compensator is provided to compensate a current symbol in the frequency domain for the effect of timing offset with a timing offset prediction value. Then a timing error estimator calculates a timing error value for the current symbol based on a function of a phase tracking value, a channel response of each pilot subcarrier, transmitted data on each pilot subcarrier, and a timing compensated version of the current symbol on the pilot subcarrier locations. Furthermore, a timing tracking unit receives the timing error value of the current symbol to generate a shift amount of the DFT window and the timing offset prediction value for a next symbol.

Abstract: A QAM receiver is disclosed. According to one aspect, a QAM receiver includes a signal input for receiving an analog input signal. Further, the QAM receiver includes an anti-aliasing filter and a series connected analog/digital converter for converting the received analog input signal into a digital signal. A carrier freguency loon detects a carrier freguency of the received analog input signal. A clock phase loon detects a clock phase of the received analog input signal. A control circuit is switchable between a receive mode of operation and a test mode of operation. In the test mode, the control circuit applies a center freauency adiusting signal to the carrier freauency loon for adiustment of a center freguency and applies a freguency band adjusting signal to the clock phase loon for adiustment of a freguency bandwidth to measure power level values for the entire freauency band of the received analog input signal.

Abstract: A transmitter using constituent encoders to generate turbo-encoded bit sequence having variable bit order from an information bit is provided. Each constituent encoder encodes a bit to a bit sequence and each bit sequence from respective constituent encoder has same error correction performance in decoding. Each encoded bit sequence is punctured using optimal puncturing pattern based on code rate and the resultant sequences have the same error correction performance. A receiver receives each bit sequence and depunctures with an optimal depuncturing pattern to decode bits efficiently.

Abstract: Methods and systems consistent with this invention receive a plurality of transmitted signals in a receiver having a plurality of receive elements, wherein each transmitted signal has a different spatial location. Such methods and systems receive the plurality of transmitted signals at the plurality of receive elements to form a plurality of receive element signals, form a combined signal derived from the plurality of receive element signals, and detect each of the plurality of transmitted signals from the combined signal by its different spatial location. To achieve this, methods and systems consistent with this invention generate a plurality of arbitrary phase modulation signals, and phase modulate each of the plurality of receive element signals with a different one of the phase modulation signals to form a plurality of phase modulated signals.

Abstract: Communications method including the procedures of modulating a second generation carrier signal, with a first generation Baseband bandwidth signal, when transmitting to first generation devices, and, modulating the second generation carrier signal, with a second generation Baseband bandwidth signal, when transmitting to second generation devices, wherein the first generation Baseband bandwidth signal, is shaped so as to recreate a first generation signal, when up-sampled and modulated with a second generation carrier signal.

Abstract: A wireless communication transmitter includes: an encoder (1) for encoding signals of information; a preamble signal portion (7) for storing a preamble signal of a known signal sequence; and an addition portion (5) for adding the preamble signal to the encoded signals of information and is characterized in that at least part of the preamble signal has periodicity of Tw/N (Tw: symbol length, N: an integer equal to 1 or greater) determined depending on the difference in the communication system of transmission.

Abstract: A data transmission method that includes the steps of: a) performing two-dimensional interleaving along a time axis and along a frequency axis; b) transmitting the thus-obtained data by a multi-carrier transmission form; and c) producing, by channel copy operation, data which is short for the number of channels required for fast inverse Fourier transform performed antecedent and subsequent to step a).

Abstract: A bank of complex gain elements is used to provide a step-wise approximation of an arbitrary complex-gain predistortion function for a nonlinear transmitter. The bank of gain elements is in an adaptive loop realizing adaptive control. The adaptive loop is closed between an Input of the gain bank and an output of the transmitter through a linear receiver at an adaptive controller composed of a bank of proportional-integral (PI) controllers. The real and imaginary parts of each predistortion gain element are controlled by a corresponding adaptive PI controller. The signals processed by the adaptive controller are represented in orthogonal coordinates in terms of real and imaginary number pairs of complex numbers. The adaptive controller achieves unconditionally stable operation independently from the arbitrary phase rotation in the input signal or the adaptive loop.

Abstract: A transmitter (102) generates a first set of data symbols and a first pilot symbol (601) at a first time, and a second set of data symbols and a second pilot symbol (602) at a different, second time. The first (601) and second (602) pilot symbols are each represented by first (701) and second (702) pilot carriers, respectively, located at first (703) and second (704) predetermined sample frequencies, respectively, in a channel bandwidth. For the first pilot symbol (601), the first (701) and second (702) pilot carriers have first and second predetermined values, respectively. For the second pilot symbol (602), the first (701) and second (702) pilot carriers have third and fourth predetermined values, respectively.

Abstract: A system includes first unit, a processor and a transmitter. The processor is located in the first unit to generate data to be communicated to a second unit that is physically separated from the first unit. The transmitter includes an antenna, a first circuit and a push-pull amplifier. The first circuit generates signals that are indicative of the data, and the push-pull amplifier drives the antenna with a signal that is indicative of the data in response to the signals generated by the first circuit. The amplifier also establishes an output power from the amplifier to the antenna to less than about one hundred milliwatts.

Abstract: An input signal is pre-distorted to reduce spurious emissions resulting from subsequent signal amplification. Frequency-dependent pre-distortion is preferably implemented in combination with frequency-independent pre-distortion, where the frequency-dependent pre-distortion corresponds to amplifier distortion that has a magnitude that is proportional to the frequency offset from the carrier frequency and a ±90° phase shift on either side of the carrier frequency. The frequency-dependent pre-distortion is generated by differentiating waveforms corresponding to two different sets of pre-distortion parameters with respect to time. In one embodiment, one of the differentiated waveforms is applied to a positive-frequency filter and the other to a negative-frequency filter to generate positive- and negative-frequency pre-distortion signals, respectively, to account for asymmetries in the amplifier characteristics. In another embodiment, only one of the differentiated waveforms is applied to an asymmetric filter (i.

Abstract: An architecture and method are disclosed for concurrently processing multimedia data from several satellite transponders or satellite carriers. In one embodiment, a combination of a fast Fourier transform, a complex multiplication, and an inverse fast Fourier transform are performed on a group of transponders/carriers to filter the underlying multimedia content, to decimate the signals and to correct for gain and phase imbalances.

Abstract: An apparatus for recovering a carrier is disclosed, for recovering a carrier correctly even though ghost exists in a signal received in a television, which includes a signal converter outputting baseband I, Q signals by multiplying digitized passband I, Q signals by a complex carrier according to a phase error; first and second filters removing data components of the baseband I, Q signals; a divider dividing a signal outputted from the second filter by a signal outputted from the first filter; a multiplier multiplying a signal outputted from the divider by the baseband I signal delayed for a predetermined time period; and an oscillator generating a complex carrier according to a signal outputted from the multiplier.

Abstract: A clock and data recovery (CDR) system that generates one or more clock signals from a received data stream and determines an optimal clock signal to associate with the incoming data stream. The system includes a candidate clock generation circuit that operates to receive the incoming data stream and generate candidate clock signals. A transition density detector circuit determines a transition density parameter associated with each of the candidate clock signals. A controller operates to determine the optimal clock signal based on the transition density parameters.

Abstract: A method for identifying and modeling nonlinearities in communications channels, particularly optical communication channels. A channel in general is modeled as a summation of linear and non linear terms having memory. The terms are functions of the input to the channel with respect to time, such as a sequence of input bits to the channel. In one embodiment the most recent input bits are used to access a value in a look up table. The value accessed is compared to an actual value received from the channel. The difference between the value in the table and the actual channel value may be used to correct the value in the table. When the look up table and the channel converge the look up table contains a model of the channel with memory that can model nonlinearities. A nonlinear channel having memory may also be modeled in terms of Volterra Kernels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a receiver frontend that eliminates static and dynamic DC errors and has improved second order intermodulation distortion (IMD2) performance. The receiver frontend includes a first mixer that multiplies a received signal and a first local oscillator (LO) signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. A second mixer multiplies the IF signal and a second LO signal to produce an output signal. A first divider circuit divides a reference signal from a reference oscillator by a first divisor N to produce the first LO signal, and a second divider circuit divides the reference signal by a second divisor M to produce the second LO signal. Preferably, the first and second divisors N and M are each integers greater than one (1), and the second divisor M is not an integer multiple of the first divisor N.

Abstract: A system for time delay estimation in a discrete time processing system includes a cross correlator that performs cross correlation on a first signal and a second signal, and provides a cross correlated output signals indicative thereof. A lag smoother receives the cross correlated output signals, and provides lag smoothed output signals indicative thereof. A select logic module selects a pre-defined number of signal values from a respective set indicative of the lag smoothed output signals to compute the time delay estimation associated with the first and second signals.

Abstract: A method of frequency tracking based on recovered data, for use in an automatic frequency control subsystem at the receiver of a mobile station, is disclosed. The frequency tracking mechanism derives frequency error information from the recovered data to determine the adjustment needed at the mobile station's local voltage controlled oscillator in order to track the frequency of the base station.

Abstract: Providing a noise signal comprises providing a first signal corresponding to a first band of a frequency spectrum of the noise signal and providing a first signal low corresponding to the first band of the freguency spectrum of the noise signal. Next, providing a noise signal comprises providing a second signal corresponding to a second band of the frequency spectrum of the noise signal, the second signal based on the first signal low. And finally, the first signal and the second signal are summed to provide the noise signal.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and system are provided for quantifying communication channel intersymbol interference jitter effect contribution to timing skew. In general, lossy and lossless characteristics of the communication channel are preferably obtained and an output signal of the communication channel is sampled. From the sampled output signal and the lossy characteristics of the communication channel, an input signal may be derived. Using the lossless characteristics of the communication channel, the derived input signal and the sampled output signal, a value indicating the contribution of intersymbol interference jitter effect on timing skew budget for a selection communication channel may be obtained.

Abstract: A received, same signal is distributed to two channels, the received signals on the two channels are demodulated to produce a plurality of data streams on each of the two channels, and the plurality of data streams of one channel is selected to produce from the pluralities of data streams on the two channels.

Abstract: A bit synchronizing circuit that provides highly reliable data transmission at a high speed is provided. The circuit facilitates testing by using a plurality of clock signals that are generated based on a reference clock signal, each of the clock signals having unique phases. The circuit selects one of the clock signals as a writing clock signal that is suitable for a clock signal for synchronizing serial data, based on a synchronous timing signal. The synchronous timing signal is generated based on an edge signal that is generated based on an edge position of serial data. The edge position is determined for a plurality of groups of the clock signals, each group including clock signals chosen every predetermined number of the clock signals.

Abstract: A calibration and adjustment system for post-fabrication control of a delay locked loop bias-generator is provided. The calibration and adjustment system includes an adjustment circuit operatively connected to the bias-generator, where the adjustment circuit is controllable to facilitate a modification of a voltage output by the bias-generator. Such control of the voltage output by the bias-generator allows a designer to achieve a desired delay locked loop performance characteristic after the delay locked loop has been fabricated. A representative value of the amount of adjustment desired in the bias-generator output may be stored and subsequently read to adjust the delay locked loop.

Abstract: A method of reconstructing an image includes performing an iterative CT X-ray image reconstruction using a model including a point spread function (PSF) to reconstruct an image.

Abstract: A tomographic image reconstruction method produces either 2D or 3D images from fan beam or cone beam projection data by filtering the backprojection image of differentiated projection data. The reconstruction is mathematically exact if sufficient projection data is acquired. A cone beam embodiment and both a symmetric and asymmetric fan beam embodiment are described.

Abstract: An X-ray computerized tomographic apparatus comprising a gantry which scans a patient with X-rays in order to acquire data on the patient, a decision unit which decides completion of the acquisition of the data on the basis of an electrocardiac waveform of the patient, and a scan controller which controls the gantry in order to end the scan or irradiation with the X-rays when the completion of the data acquisition has been decided.

Abstract: Mammography units comprising a compression device, a light transparent panel displaced from a compression surface, and a bolster, as well as compression paddles for use with mammography units are described. Methods for their use in reducing patient discomfort during mammography are also described.

Abstract: An system for detecting contraband, particularly explosives or other energetic materials. The system includes a source of ionizing radiation that irradiates an item under inspection. The radiation stimulates the emission of RF energy from objects within the item under inspection. The characteristics of the emitted RF energy reveals information about the material composition of the objects. The system detects this emitted RF energy and comparers it to a signature of RF emissions from contraband objects. Apparatus to detect and analyze RF emissions may be constructed as a stand-alone unit or may be incorporated into an imaging system in which the ionizing radiation is used to form an image of the item under inspection. Similarly, the RF analysis may be used, in the first instance, to determine whether an object contains a contraband item or may be used as a second level analysis to clear alarms generated by analysis of images formed by the imaging system.

Abstract: The medical condition information storage unit contains the information related to the predetermined medical condition and the symptoms of the medical condition. The contact information storage unit contains the contact information related to the level of urgency. The screen configuration data storage unit contains the information related to the patient's communication device based on the level of urgency. The symptoms of a particular medical condition and the measures to cope with the symptoms are selected based on the level of urgency of the patient's medical condition. Accordingly, the screen configuration data of the patient's communication device is generated.

Abstract: A method for availing participants and others in a special number call event of information contained in a plurality of data stores includes the steps of: (a) in no particular order: (1) providing the plurality of data stores; (2) providing at least one respective data key for accessing the information contained in each respective data store of the plurality of data stores; and (3) providing communications among the participants and the plurality of data stores; (b) identifying a respective call as initiating a special number call event; (c) generating an identifier code for uniquely identifying the special number call event; the identifier code including relational data; the relational data being mappable on the at least one the respective data key to effect accessing the information; and (d) employing the communications to effect cooperation by the identifier code with each respective data store for providing the information to the participants.

Abstract: A method for returning a phone call based on information contained in a voicemail message. The method comprises receiving the voicemail message and applying service logic to analyze the voicemail message to extract a spoken phone number included in the voicemail message. The method further comprises associating the extracted phone number with the voicemail message and, in conjunction with retrieving the voicemail message, providing a recipient of the voicemail message with an option to dial the extracted phone number.

Abstract: A method and system forwards voice messages from a sender to a receiver through a network. A voice-mail device records a phone number of a receiver and a voice message of a sender within a digital file. The voice message and phone number are encapsulated within an e-mail, which is forwarded through a network to another voice-mail device that acts as a gateway. The e-mail is opened to obtain the phone number of the receiver and the voice message, and the phone number of the receiver is dialed to deliver the voice message to the receiver via a telephone network.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and structures are discussed that enhance media processing. One aspect of the present invention includes a data structure to enhance media processing. The data structure includes a terminal data structure to instantiate terminal objects and a speech recognition terminal data structure that extends the terminal data structure. Another aspect of the present invention includes a data structure to enhance media processing. This data structure includes a terminal data structure to instantiate terminal objects and a speech generation terminal data structure that extends the terminal data structure. These data structures may be used to implement an internet protocol interactive voice response system, an internet protocol unified message system, and speech-enabled Web applications.

Abstract: Methods and systems for enabling discussions among people about physical objects are provided. Each physical object, of a plurality of physical objects, is associated with a unique corresponding identifier and with at least one person interested in the physical object. When an input including a unique identifier is received that input identifies one of the plurality of physical objects as a specific physical object of interest. A conversational element about the specific physical object of interest is eventually captured. This conversational element is likely produced by a person located at or near the specific physical object of interest. At this point at least one person interested in the specific physical object of interest is identified. This can be based on associations that were produced and the input received. The conversational element about the specific physical object of interest can then be provided to the at least one person interested in the specific physical object of interest.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for making a call. In one embodiment, methods and systems may request the call using a network, initiate a first leg to a caller device based on the request, initiate a second leg to a receiver device based on the request, connect the first leg and the second leg to make the call, and bill the call to a account associated with a subscriber.

Abstract: An apparatus and method provide a database in a pager that contains menus that may be displayed on a pager display. A paging service sends a page including an identification, retrieves a menu from the pager database and displays the menu. The pager responds to the page based on a selection selected from the displayed menu.

Abstract: A method of call conferencing using a voice browser can include establishing a voice browsing session between a calling party and the voice browser, and conferencing an additional party into the voice browsing session. The conference can provide a voice communications link between the calling party and the additional party.

Abstract: A system and method for initiating calls via electronic calendar is disclosed. A call list is associated by a user to a particular time and day within the electronic calendar. When the particular day and time arrives, the call list is forwarded to a service which executes the call list, and subsequently contacts the members of the call list through a telephone network. Once a connection is established, the user and the members of the list are linked to a conference bridge.

Abstract: Crescendo telephone ringers and methods of providing a crescendo telephone ring signal. The crescendo telephone ringer provides a gradual increase in audible ringing volume as a sequence of incoming electrical ring signals is detected. According to one embodiment, upon receipt of an incoming call, a first audible ring signal corresponding to a first detected electrical ring signal is set to a minimum volume. Subsequent audible ring signals corresponding to subsequent detected electrical ring signals are set to increasing volume levels, and finally to a maximum ringer volume.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods that remove echo from a signal via a novel echo cancellation technique that supports arbitrary playback sampling rates. The novel echo cancellation technique transforms a playback signal to a frequency domain representation and converts its sampling rate to a sampling rate of a frequency domain transformed received signal for the appropriate number of frequency bins. This conversion is achieved via an exact or interpolated approached. The re-sampled playback signal transform is then utilized in connection with the received signal transform to remove echo associated with the playback signal from the received signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved hinge design for a mobile station or other electronic device that simplifies hinge assembly and thus, provides a more cost-effective manufactured product. Moreover, the improved hinge assembly complements the aesthetic appeal of the foldable mobile station and provides less stress on various internal elements. In particular, the present invention includes a foldable mobile station or other foldable electronic device having a first functional component that is coupled to a second functional component via a bi-stable structure. The bi-stable structure functions to bias the first and second functional components in either an open or closed position.