Abstract: A system configured to originate telecommunications services is provided. The system includes a cellular gateway server (GS-C) communicating with a network gateway server (GS-E) located in an enterprise network via a signaling connection. The GS-C is configured to prepare the GS-E for an upcoming communication. The GS-E is configured to receive originator and destination data from the GS-C and is further configured to initiate a route based on the destination data prior to completion of a route from the originator through the GS-C.

Abstract: When a transmission of image data to a destination has not been completed, retransmission processing in which the image data is repeatedly transmitted to the destination is performed and the number of times the transmission has been performed is counted. When the number is higher than a predetermined value, the sender is informed about the occurrence of transmission error and whether the modification of destination information has been requested is determined. When the modification has been requested, the destination information is modified; when the modification has not been requested, the destination information is deleted and then the deletion of the destination information is informed. When stored destination information including destinations of data is wrong, the use of the destination information is inhibited, which prevents users as recipients from feeling displeasure.

Abstract: Providing a charging information generating apparatus, a charging information generating process program, a consideration information generating apparatus, a consideration information generating process program, and the like capable of generating reliable and certain charging information or consideration information more efficiently. The apparatus includes; a log obtaining means for obtaining a log recorded in at least two nodes out of first, second, and third nodes; a log consistency determining means for determining consistency of the at least two logs obtained; and a charging information generating means, when it is determined that the logs have consistency, for generating charging information to the user of the first node.

Abstract: A disclosed Internet Linked Network Architecture delivers telecommunication type services across a network utilizing digital technology. The unique breadth and flexibility of telecommunication services offered by the Internet Linked Network Architecture flow directly from the network over which they are delivered and the underlying design principles and architectural decisions employed during its creation. The present invention supports current telecommunication and voice over IP standards and applications. This new network not only replaces the telecommunication network presently in place, but it also offers a more feature rich and cost effective alternative. For example, traditional telecommunication switches are more expensive, less reliable and slower than the faster digital data switches utilized in the present invention.

Abstract: A telephony infrastructure, consisting of Internet and public switched telephone networks, support servers and a plurality of telephony devices, supports personalized pre and post call media exchanges. Prior to detecting a pick-up event, a recipient device and a calling device display tailored announcement media and tailored reply media, respectively. Tailoring of announcement media singles out one of a plurality of users of a one receiving device. After the pick-up event, supplemental post-connection media and real-time voice information are exchanged. The announcement, reply, and supplemental post-connection media can be any combination of real-time or pre-defined audio, video, and text. Such media in whole or in part may be exchanged between the devices, retrieved from support servers, and retrieved from local storage. Either device may employ media override capabilities.

Abstract: A personal gateway comprises a controller for processing data, a phone driver coupled to the controller for driving internet phone application. An internet middleware is coupled to the controller to process voice over internet protocol (VoIP) communication. A voice and data port is coupled to the controller for coupling an external VoIP phone and at least one network connector coupled to the controller for network connection. A power is coupled to the controller and a bus port coupled to the controller for downloading or power charging.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of providing a real-time communication connection over an IP communication network between a first entity and a second entity, as well as a sending and a receiving device to execute the method. The basic idea of the invention is to fragment non-real-time streams associated with the real-time communication connection at the first entity, to multiplex the fragments of the non-real-time streams into real-time streams of the real-time communication connection at the first entity, and to transmit the multiplexed real-time streams comprising the real-time streams and the fragments of the non-real-time streams via the real-time communication connection from the first entity to the second entity. In order to ensure a reliable quality of service of the real-time data, the real-time part of the multiplexed data stream is assigned the highest priority for transmission.

Abstract: A method of establishing a communication link between a mobile terminal of a wireless network and a subscriber of a network, such as an enterprise network, and/or a residential network.

Abstract: A multimedia event recording apparatus, and more particularly, a multimedia event recording method by which multimedia data and multimedia event contents are related and then stored, and an apparatus suitable for the method are provided. The multimedia recording method includes: detecting an occurrence of a control event in relation to multimedia data; closing a file in which an audio and/or video (A/V) stream is being recorded if the control event occurs, before the control event occurs is recorded; recording a position of data at which the control event corresponding to the closed file occurs and file information of the closed file in a mark table; and opening a new file and storing an A/V stream after the control event occurs.

Abstract: A voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) modem (100) includes a service determination module (111), a circuit determination module (112), a line determination module (113), and a command determination module (115). The service determination module determines whether asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) service is available. The circuit determination module determines whether a subscriber line interface circuit (SLIC) chip is normal. The line determination module determines whether a public switched telephone network (PSTN) line is idle. The command determination module determines whether a media gateway control protocol (MGCP) command is successfully exchanged. If ADSL service is available, the SLIC chip is normal, the PSTN line is idle, and the MGCP command is successfully exchanged, the VoIP modem determines that VoIP service is available. A method for detecting whether VoIP service is available is also provided.

Abstract: A method of accelerating link loss detection includes providing a plurality of IP devices in communication with a central server. The method includes: a first one of the plurality of IP devices broadcasting a link loss message to others of the plurality of IP devices when communication between the first one of the plurality of IP devices and the central server is interrupted, one of the others of the plurality of IP devices performing a verification process to confirm interruption of communication between the central server and the plurality of IP devices and upon successful completion of the verification process, the one of the others of the plurality of IP devices broadcasting a link loss confirmation message and each of the IP devices terminating communication with the central server and reconnecting to a new central server following receipt of the link loss confirmation message.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing intelligent routing of customer inquiries via multi-channel communication tools. A dynamic router is provided that embraces interaction and manages resources of a back end system out to a portal. Such interaction can be via a chat session, a webpage, a telephone, or another manner of communication. When an individual (e.g., a customer or other individual) comes to a portal, the individual is dynamically routed to the preferred channel based on one or more of a variety of factors. A set of rules, customer information, and intelligent analysis combine to dynamically determine how to martial the resources to best service the individual. The routing provides a tailored experience specific to the particular individual rather than a static behavior that everyone would experience, and ensures that the communication takes place in a language that is desired by the individual.

Abstract: An Internet protocol (IP)-private branch exchange (PBX) system and a method for linking the system with a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) terminal. The IP-PBX system and method allow the VoIP terminal to be registered at an extension of the IP-PBX system, the VoIP terminal supporting a protocol, e.g., H.323 or session initiation protocol (SIP), standardized by a standardization organization, e.g., the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system, and software product are presented for stopping a continuous burst, or a maximum supported burst, that is used to read from or write to a memory. An indication is provided to release a data bus. Subsequently, the data bus is released in response to the indication, but only after a lapse of time that substantially eliminates unneeded data cycles.

Abstract: Devices executing routing protocols can mark routing protocol messages as urgent so that peer devices are signaled to consume the messages on an expedited basis. Performance of routing protocols improves as a result; for example, Border Gateway Protocol convergence time is reduced. An example router comprises a network interface, a processor, a transport layer protocol module that implements a transport layer network protocol, a routing protocol module that implements a network packet routing protocol and sends peering session messages over transport layer connections, and instructions to perform providing a first routing protocol message to the transport layer protocol module that comprises urgent data at least in part; requesting the transport layer protocol module to mark, as urgent, one or more data segments that carry the first routing protocol message; marking, as urgent, one or more segments that carry the first routing protocol message; and sending the segments to peer devices over the connections.

Abstract: A method for managing customer premises equipment (CPE) includes the following steps. A management device generates a management request frame according to a name of a CPE and a command for the CPE to execute. The management device broadcasts the management request frame to the CPE. The CPE determines whether the management request frame is correct after the CPE receives the management request frame. The CPE executes the command in the management request frame if the management request frame is correct. The CPE reports a result to the management device. A communication system employing the method is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for transmitting an Internet Protocol (IP) packet in a terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting system. An IP encapsulator receives an IP packet from an upper layer, and converts the IP packet into Ultra Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE) data and ULE-Forward Error Correction (FEC) data if there is a request for use of ULE and ULE-FEC. A Transmission Parameter Signaling (TPS) block sets TPS bits of the IP encapsulated data. A modulator modulates the TPS bits and the data output from the IP encapsulator.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for transmitting broadcast data in a digital broadcasting service system. The apparatus includes a server terminal for receiving a digital broadcast transport stream from a digital broadcast service provider, removing a header used for the digital broadcast reception from the received broadcast stream, and transmitting a stream of broadcast data from which the header has been removed; and at least one client terminal for accessing the server terminal through an Internet Protocol (IP) network, and receiving and outputting the stream of broadcast data from which the header has been removed. The apparatus enables the user to view DVB-H broadcasts through an existing terminal, even without buying a terminal having the ability to receive a DVB-H transport stream.

Abstract: An apparatus and method is provided for transparent communication between a remote or mobile device and a fixed communication host network. The apparatus and method may include a remote network controller that logically resides between the host network and the existing infrastructure(s) that are used to provide communications network contact with one or more remote devices. The remote network controller is connected to the host communication network as a protocol-appropriate communications controller so that remote devices are indistinguishable to the host network from the locally-attached devices. Each remote device may be provided with an asynchronous serial data interface to communicate with a mobile data controller. The mobile data controller, in combination with the remote network controller, provides end-to-end data communication such that incompatible protocols are transparent to the remote device and host communication network.

Abstract: A system allows data transfer in which the most appropriate packet processing is executed according to the performance of a terminal. A data transmission side stores scalable-encoded data in a packet as a payload, assigns priority-level information corresponding to a layer level of the encoded data stored in the packet to a packet header, and transmits the packet. A data receiving side performs processing by referring to the priority-level information. A level of priority dependent on an application is specified in an RTP payload header according to the degree of importance of scalable-encoded data, and a level of priority is further specified in an IP header. The most appropriate packet processing based on the performance of a terminal is allowed. Re-transmission control based on the layer level of encoded data is also allowed.

Abstract: In order to provide an ATM cell?packet switch which can easily maintain the band for the normality confirmation packet of the user data transfer path without influencing the user band at a state of in?band, and a communication control method using the switch, at least provided in the switch are: an SDRAM for storing the user data; a normality confirmation packet generator; a timing generator for generating the timing of a refresh cycle of the SDRAM; a selector for transferring the normality confirmation packet at the time of the refresh; and a packet reception unit for extracting the packet identifying information from the received packet data, and comparing the normality confirmation packet directly received from the packet generator to the normality confirmation packet received via the switch unit thereby to confirm the normality when the packet data is the normality confirmation packet.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system, dynamic payload header suppression (DPHS) is applied to a data stream to reduce header overhead. DPHS allows the suppression of static fields as well as fields that change in a predictable manner (i.e., predictably dynamic fields). To suppress predictably dynamic fields, delta encoding is utilized to enable a cable modem to replace a dynamic field with information indicating how the field is different from the same field in a previous packet in the data stream. DPHS constructs a suppression mask by using a special packet called a “learn” packet. The “learn” packet is a copy of the original packet with extra bytes that guide the suppression process. It indicates that both the sending and receiving entities are to take a full copy of a packet header, which is then used as a reference to reconstruct the suppressed fields.

Abstract: The method and apparatus described herein enables a mobile station to subscribe to a larger number of multi-cast services than provided by a conventional wireless network. According to one embodiment, the network establishes a multi-cast communication session and allocates a NSAPI to the communication session during a data transfer phase. Subsequently, the network transmits the multi-cast data during the established communication session. According to another exemplary embodiment, the network includes two non-overlapping value spaces, where one of the value spaces is reserved for multi-cast NSAPIs. In this embodiment, the network receives a NSAPI selected by the mobile station during the joining phase from this value space. During the data transmission phase, the network establishes a multi-cast communication session based on the selected NSAPI, and transmits the corresponding multi-cast data during the communication session.

Abstract: An advertisement search agent detects a service that is provided by a node or a service that can be used by a node immediately after the node is newly connected to a domain. A message acquisition unit acquires an advertisement search message broadcast or multicast by a node connected to either one of a plurality of domains. A message database stores advertisement search messages acquired by the message acquisition unit. A node connection monitoring unit detects the connection of a node to either one of a plurality of domains. When the connection of a node is detected by the node connection monitoring unit, a delivery message extractor extracts an advertisement search message stored in the message database. A message delivery unit delivers the advertisement search message extracted by the delivery message extractor.

Abstract: A system transmits, to a hub from a first spoke, first routing information associated with the first spoke. The system receives, at the first spoke, from the hub, second routing information associated with a plurality of spokes in communication with the hub. The plurality of spokes includes a second spoke. The system resolves, at the first spoke, a next hop determination for the packet based on the second routing information received from the hub. The system routes the packet from the first spoke to the second spoke using the next hop determination.

Abstract: A communications apparatus for directly transferring payload data included in a received packet to an application memory area. The communications apparatus comprises an error check unit for checking the payload data for an error, a write processing unit for performing write processing for writing the payload data into the application memory area, and a protocol processing unit for causing the write processing unit to start write processing to write the payload data into the application memory without waiting for the completion of the error check, and upon detection of an error, returning a valid section in the application area that has been overwritten by write processing to an invalid section which has not stored normal data.

Abstract: A priority content addressable memory (PCAM) may store entries associated with a corresponding priority data. The PCAM may store a new entry in an available space in the memory without re-ordering the entries. Such an approach may enhance the system performance. Also, a network device may comprise multiple PCAMs for performing multiple operations in multiple cycles for a packet based on the various packet parameters. The network device may select the output of PCAMs based on the priority associated.

Abstract: A novel apparatus and method of packet re-sequencing applicable to systems wherein packets are assigned sequence numbers and transmitted over multiple channels with the requirement they be re-ordered at the receiving side. The mechanism is particularly suitable for use in cable systems adapted to implement the DOCSIS 3.0 specification which permits the bonding of a plurality of downstream channels into a single virtual high data rate pipe. In operation, received packets are stored in a memory whereby a pointer to the memory storage location is written into a context table diagram in accordance with the sequence number extracted from the packet. Packets are released in sequence order regardless of the order in which they were received.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and a method for changing a network attach mode in a mobile communication terminal using a GSM (Global System for Mobile) scheme and a GPRS scheme. The method includes determining whether a GPRS attach procedure fails due to a network problem in a predetermined auto attach mode; and changing the predetermined auto attach mode into a manual attach mode when the GPRS attach procedure fails due to the network problem.

Abstract: Differentiated service classes on a label switch path are managed by comparing at least one packet field value included in a packet of data to mapping field values of a mapping that correlates the mapping field values with queues. The packet is stored into one of the queues based on the comparing. A first subset of the queues is scheduled using a first queue scheduling algorithm and a second subset of the queues is scheduled using a second queue scheduling algorithm. The packet is transmitted onto the label switch path in accordance with a predefined scheduling order of the first subset of the queues and the second subset of the queues.

Abstract: A method for establishing communication schedules for a distributed real-time computer system comprising nodal computers, wherein: a) a grid (RAS) is created, which contains all of the parameters necessary to enable basic communication between nodes (KR1 . . . KR5) of a cluster (CLU); b) nodal communication schedules (KPG; KP1, KP2) for all nodes planned to be used as invariant components (KR2; KR2, KR3) are derived from the grid (RAS) and all parameters of the grid are copied and node-specific parameters are added; and c) cluster communication schedules (CP1, CP2; CL1, CL2) are derived from the nodal communication schedules (KPG; KP1, KP2), which contain, in addition to all parameters of the grid and the node-specific parameters of the invariant components, those parameters which are relevant to the remaining nodes of the cluster.

Abstract: The invention includes systems and methods for improving the performance of non-blocking data switching systems. One embodiment of the invention includes a method comprising routing data from a plurality of inputs to a plurality of outputs through a switching core according to a first switching schedule, receiving a first set of reports comprising reports from data sources associated with the plurality of inputs, evaluating one or more reports of the first set of reports, determining a sufficiency of the first switching schedule based on the one or more reports, adapting a second switching schedule, wherein the second switching schedule differs from the first switching schedule, sending the second switching schedule to the data sources, issuing one or more synchronization signals associated with a transition to the second switching schedule to the data sources and routing data from the plurality of inputs to the plurality of outputs through the switching core according to the second switching schedule.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to an Autonomous System-based Edge Marking (ASEM) for Internet Protocol (IP) traceback. In particular, the embodiments are a system and a method for IP traceback that receives one or more packets at routers; inscribes packets only at marking routers with autonomous system (AS) level and marking information; and forwards the marked packets to edge routers and other routers for verification. Additionally the packets are marked based on a probability measure and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing table information is the AS level information used for marking and verification.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for conducting a survey independent of location and participant schedules is disclosed herein. An exemplary method of the present invention comprises sending a multi-media data file to a plurality of survey participants, receiving reactionary feedback from a plurality of participants via a wide area network, and compiling the reactionary feedback to generate the survey results. Subsequently, a viewer synchronously displays the compiled survey results with the corresponding streamed media from the multi-media data file.

Abstract: A resource reservation and admission control scheme uses pseudowires to reserve bandwidth over a layer-2 and/or layer-3 network. The pseudowires are associated with ports on different network processing devices. During a resource reservation and admission control session, the physical links used by the pseudowire are selected and reserved to more effectively allocate network bandwidth. The negotiated pseudowire is then used to transport content for a communication session over the network. In one example application, the resource reservation and admission control scheme is used during a Downstream External PHY Interface (DEPI) session for pseudowires established between a Modular Cable Modem Termination System (M-CMTS) Core and an Edge Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Interface (EQAM) device. However, the reservation protocol can be used in any application that needs to reserve bandwidth over an Internet Protocol (IP) network.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and system for improving the tolerance for timing jitter noise by eliminating the need to recover clock information from the input signal. There is no need to communicate clock synchronization information between transmit and receive gateways. In addition, the new receiving scheme can work in burst mode in its true sense, i.e., recovering data bits from the first incoming bit after an arbitrary period of time without transmitting.

Abstract: Data Sharing in a Multimedia Communication System. A method of optimising the use of transmission bandwidth in a mobile radio communication system, the method comprising, for data to be sent via the air interface from a first to a second node, generating a signature for the data content, sending the signature from the first to the second node or to an intermediate node in the transmission path, at the second node or said intermediate node comparing the signature to signatures for data stored at that node, and sending the data from the first to the second node, via the air interface, only if the received signature does not match a signature for stored data.

Abstract: Various embodiments can utilize a distributed solution for scheduling connections between peers in a file sharing environment. In accordance with at least some embodiments, individual nodes in a peer-to-peer system include scheduling software that enables the nodes to make scheduling decisions with regard to how, when and where connections are made with other peers. Scheduling decisions can be based on a number of different parameters. In at least some embodiments, a synchronization negotiation manager is embodied with logic that drives the negotiation and scheduling process. This logic is represented by an innovative state machine that is designed to implement the negotiation and synchronization process.

Abstract: A node availability management system includes a president node which includes a message queue to store a message, a decision engine configured to generate an operation based on the message, where said operation includes a plurality of atomic actions arranged in a dependency graph, an executor configured to execute the operation by executing the plurality of atomic instructions in the dependency graph, and a slave node operatively connected to the president node, where the executor offloads the execution of at least one of the plurality of atomic actions to the slave node.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus and a system for call forwarding through the Internet such that an incoming call transmitted by a caller can be forwarded to communication apparatuses connected to the Internet. The system comprises a first communication apparatus connected to an originating end of the caller, at least one second communication apparatus connected to the Internet, and a gateway apparatus. The gateway apparatus comprises a first port connected to the Internet, and a second port connected to the caller and the first communication apparatus. When the first communication apparatus receives an incoming call message, the gateway apparatus transmits the incoming call message to the second communication apparatus through the Internet, and then connects the call between the caller and the user of the second communication apparatus.

Abstract: A system, server and method of executing originating services in a terminating IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network in which a triggered application may or may not support IMS.

Abstract: Border/packet gateway control systems and a control method thereof are provided in the embodiments of the invention, the system includes a service control unit, a resource control unit and an interconnecting execution unit. Through schemes of the embodiments of the present invention, the service control information obtained from the service control unit by the interconnecting execution unit in charge of current interconnecting services integrates requirements of three aspects: an IP network interconnecting request, real-time network resource information and control policies of the operator, such that both the user and the operator can obtain satisfying services. According to the schemes of the embodiments of the present invention, in the NGN, highly effective, secure and reliable network interconnecting is realized through effective control on the border/packet gateway based on the network resources and control policies, and NGN network performance is thus improved.

Abstract: Systems and methods for utilizing transaction boundary detection methods in queuing and retransmission decisions relating to network traffic are described. By detecting transaction boundaries and sizes, a client, server, or intermediary device may prioritize based on transaction sizes in queuing decisions, giving precedence to smaller transactions which may represent interactive and/or latency-sensitive traffic. Further, after detecting a transaction boundary, a device may retransmit one or more additional packets prompting acknowledgements, in order to ensure timely notification if the last packet of the transaction has been dropped. Systems and methods for potentially improving network latency, including retransmitting a dropped packet twice or more in order to avoid incurring additional delays due to a retransmitted packet being lost are also described.

Abstract: A wireless network system includes overlapping wireless mesh networks. Nodes that are members of more than one mesh network are capable of communicating with the gateways of each of those mesh networks, which allows sharing information between interrelated control systems through the wireless network system.

Abstract: A method includes a network originating a QoS reservation message and communicating the network-originated QoS message through a radio access network (RAN) from an access gateway (AGW) to an access terminal (AT). The network-originated reservation message does not cause any network resource reservation by itself, but causes the AT to initiate a network resource reservation according to one or more parameters in the network-originated QoS reservation message. Accordingly, an existing network infrastructure supporting AT-originated QoS reservation may support network-originated QoS reservation (or proxied QoS) without any updates to an access-network infrastructure, such as the RAN. The method includes, in response to the network-initiated QoS reservation message, communicating a reservation confirmation through the RAN from the AT to the AGW. The reservation confirmation whether that the QoS reservation was successful.

Abstract: A method for communication includes configuring a plurality of ring nodes to communicate over a communication network that includes two or more overlapping communication rings, each ring including two unidirectional ringlets in mutually-opposite directions. A data packet including one or more header fields is accepted at an ingress ring node. An egress ring node to which the data packet is to be forwarded by the ingress ring node is determined. A subset of the rings including one or more common rings that are connected to both the ingress and egress ring nodes is identified. A ringlet of a ring among the one or more common rings is selected responsively to a respective value of at least one of the header fields of the packet. The data packet is forwarded from the ingress ring node to the egress ring node over the selected ringlet.

Abstract: In asynchronous optical packet switches, scheduling packets from a buffer randomly will cause less efficient utilization of the buffer. Additionally, reordering of packets may cause problems for service quality demanding applications. According to the present invention a new electronic buffer scheduling algorithm is proposed and a switch utilizing this algorithm is disclosed. The algorithm is designed for utilizing the buffer resources efficiently, still avoiding serious packet reordering.

Abstract: There is provided a system and method for prioritizing session initiation protocol (“SIP”) messages. More specifically, in one embodiment, there is provided a method of prioritizing SIP messages in a network, the method comprising receiving SIP messages in a first order from one or more other servers of the network, wherein each of the received SIP messages comprises one or more priority indicators, scheduling the received SIP messages into a second order based on one or more of the priority indicators, and processing the scheduled SIP messages in the second order.

Abstract: Systems and methods for utilizing transaction boundary detection methods in queuing and retransmission decisions relating to network traffic are described. By detecting transaction boundaries and sizes, a client, server, or intermediary device may prioritize based on transaction sizes in queuing decisions, giving precedence to smaller transactions which may represent interactive and/or latency-sensitive traffic. Further, after detecting a transaction boundary, a device may retransmit one or more additional packets prompting acknowledgements, in order to ensure timely notification if the last packet of the transaction has been dropped. Systems and methods for potentially improving network latency, including retransmitting a dropped packet twice or more in order to avoid incurring additional delays due to a retransmitted packet being lost are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of transmitting audiovisual streams between at least one device controlled by a user and a server. The audiovisual streams specified by the requests from the user are displayed on the device. The user enters a first command to change stream to the server in order to set up a communication for the transmission of the determined stream. The server then creates the determined stream and at least one second stream with a reduced bandwidth. This second stream corresponds to a stream that is immediately accessible by a second command from the user. The invention also relates to a receiver and a transmitter for implementing the method.