Abstract: A method for fabricating a quartz nanoresonator which can be integrated on a substrate, along with other electronics is disclosed. In this method a quartz substrate is bonded to a base substrate. The quartz substrate is metallized so that a bias voltage is applied to the resonator, thereby causing the quartz substrate to resonate at resonant frequency greater than 100 MHz. The quartz substrate can then be used to drive other electrical elements with a frequency equal to its resonant frequency. The quartz substrate also contains tuning pads to adjust the resonant frequency of the resonator. Additionally, a method for accurately thinning a quartz substrate of the resonator is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a self-oscillating circuit comprising comparator means (CM) comprising at least one input means (IM) and at least one output means (OM), at least one of said at least one output means (OM) is coupled to at least one of said at least one input means (IM) via at least one filtering means (FM), said at least one filtering means (FM) at least partly comprising demodulation means (DM), wherein said filtering means (FM) is of at least fifth order.

Abstract: A non-reciprocal circuit element includes permanent magnets, a ferrite having center electrodes, a circuit substrate on which the permanent magnets and the ferrite are disposed, and an annular yoke. The circuit substrate has substantially rectangular surfaces. The permanent magnets and the ferrite are disposed on a front surface of the circuit substrate. The permanent magnets and the ferrite have principal surfaces that are disposed facing each other and are substantially perpendicular to the front surface of the circuit substrate. The permanent magnets and the ferrite have longitudinal sides that are substantially parallel to longitudinal edges of the circuit substrate.

Abstract: In one aspect, an embodiment of the invention provides a transition from a planar substrate/chip circuit microwave transmission line to waveguide transmission media on the back of the substrate/chip. The transition enables planar waveguide fed MMW ESA architectures to be realized within the tight grid spacing required for emerging MMW ESAs.

Abstract: A monolithic thin film variable power divider is disclosed for variable power level distribution. The thin film power divider includes a substrate having a main surface, a first stage and a second stage, each formed as thin film networks on the main surface of the substrate. The first stage includes a plurality of transmission lines, at least one of the transmission lines having a variable dielectric deposition layer providing variable power level distribution. The variable dielectric deposition is a paraelectric, such as Barium-Strontium-Titanate. The second stage includes a hybrid combiner. The thin film power divider is capable of operating at frequencies extending into the millimeter wave spectrum. The thin film power divider provides a cost effective device that varies the balance of power through a multiport RF distribution network while simultaneously maintaining little, or low, frequency dispersion during the dynamic dissemination process.

Abstract: A circuit for combining/splitting first and second RF signals having different wavelengths of x and y, respectively, the circuit comprising: (a) first and second transmission portions coupled at an intersection, the first transmission portion comprising at least two intersecting transmission lines, each having a length which is an odd multiple of about ¼ y, the second transmission portion comprising at least two intersecting transmission lines, each having a length which is an odd multiple of about ¼ x; and (b) first, second and third ports, the first port located at the first transmission portion, the second port located at the intersection of the first and second transmission portions, and the third port being located at the second transmission portion, the first and second ports being electrically coupled, and the second and third ports being electrically coupled.

Abstract: An object is to provide an electromechanical filter which can define a vibration mode so that a vibrator can be excited only in a desired vibration mode, that is, a filter which can suppress any vibration mode other than a desired vibration mode. The electromechanical filter includes a first member for inputting a signal, a second member disposed at a predetermined distance from the first member so as to surround the first member and to be excited due to an electrostatic force caused by the signal input from the first member, and a third member disposed at a predetermined distance from the second member so as to surround the second member and to detect vibration of the second member. The second member is designed to receive an attractive force from the first member and the third member so as to be bound and regulated as to a vibration direction.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a tuning device having at least one control electrode and a ground electrode located over a substrate and an electrically conductive fluid in contact with the control and ground electrodes. The tuning device also has at least one electrical transmission line electrically coupled to the fluid, the transmission line configured to transmit a signal. The fluid is configured to move when a voltage is applied between the ground electrode and the control electrode, the movement of the fluid changing a propagation characteristic of the signal.

Abstract: A low-pass filter (10) includes an input line (100), an output line (120), a high impedance transmission line (140), a first low impedance transmission line (160), a second low impedance transmission line (180), and a stub (190). The high impedance transmission line includes a first connecting portion (142) electronically connected to the input line, and a second connecting portion (144) electronically connected to the output line. The first low impedance transmission line includes a third connecting portion (162) electronically connected to the first connecting portion, and a first free end (164). The second low impedance transmission line includes a fourth connecting portion (182) electronically connected to the second connecting portion, and a second free end (184). The stub includes a fifth connecting portion (192) electronically connected to the first connecting portion and the second connecting portion, and a third free end (194).

Abstract: A micro band-pass filter includes a first capacitor, a first resonator, a second capacitor, a second resonator, a third capacitor, a third resonator, an input portion, and an output portion. The first, second, and third resonators all have one end grounded, and have another end connected to the first capacitor, the second capacitor, and the third capacitor, respectively. The second resonator is disposed parallel to the first resonator. The third resonator is disposed between the first resonator and the second resonator and parallel thereto. The input portion connected to the first resonator is for inputting electromagnetic signals thereto. The output portion is electronically connected to the second resonator for outputting electromagnetic signals therefrom. The first capacitor and the second capacitor are disposed at one side of the filter, and the third capacitor is disposed at an opposite side of the filter.

Abstract: Device and method for removing heavy contaminants from an apparatus for treating a fibrous suspension. The device includes at least one connection part being coupleable to a heavy contaminants outlet of the apparatus. The at least one connection part includes an inner surface having a polygonal cross section and at least one heavy contaminants outlet.

Abstract: A traveling-wave switch having a FET-integrated Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) line structure. The newly designed FET-integrated CPW line structure incorporating a transistor, a signal line, and the ground, that can be used to eliminate the limitations imposed by the parasitic inductance of the prior art on the operation frequency of the switch. The traveling-wave switch having a FET-integrated CPW line structure can be utilized to effectively raise its operation frequency and reduce its chip size. By reducing the chip size, the new design utilizing the standard GaAs HEMT MMIC process can be used to reduce the production cost of the traveling-wave switch.

Abstract: A forcibly guided relay is disclosed, with a housing, whose height is smaller than its width and whose width is smaller than its length. With this, the relay comprises an electromagnetic drive filling the length or the width of the relay, with a clapper-type contactor which comprises a drive arm which extends in the direction of the core and at its free end cooperates with a drive cam; several contact pairs, which are in each case formed by a contact spring and a fixed or spring-like counter-contact said contact springs extending in the direction of the core, and with the drive ends being in a forcibly guided engagement with the drive cam.

Abstract: A dampening apparatus has a housing with a plurality of first guide members and a plurality of second guide members coupled together. A first biasing member is located in an area proximate to the first guide members and within the housing. A first planar member is provided having a plurality of first apertures with the first guide members or the second guide members passing through the first apertures. A plurality of second planar members is provided having a plurality of second apertures with the second guide members passing through the second apertures. A plurality of second biasing members is located in an area proximate to the second guide members. An elongated shaft is coupled to the first planar member. The dampening apparatus could be included in a circuit interrupter.

Abstract: A bi-stable magnetic switch assembly comprises a stator having an axis and first and second magnetic portions angularly disposed there around, and a rotor having at least one magnetic region attracted to the first and second portions. The rotor is configured for rotation about the axis between (1) a first latched position wherein the region resides proximate to, but is spaced apart from, the first portion; and (2) a second latched position wherein the region resides proximate to, but is spaced apart from, the second portion. A spring biases the rotor to a position where the region resides intermediate the first and second portions. A coil, which is associated with at least one of the first portion, the second portion, and the region, may be energized to reduce the force of attraction between the region and the first and second portions when in the first and second latched positions, respectively.

Abstract: A magnetic encoder for use in a vehicle axle for generating pulse code by magnetic force. A magnetic ring is attached with an adhesive to a reinforcing ring fixed on the vehicle axle and then S and N poles are alternately magnetized thereon in a circumferential manner. Further the edge of the reinforcing ring is folded to fix the magnetic ring by caulking into the reinforcing ring.

Abstract: A superconducting electromagnet is provided with a magnetic shield for protecting, from a leakage magnetic flux of the superconducting electromagnet, a motor for driving a cryocooler for cooling a cooling medium in a coil vessel, in which the superconducting coil is housed with the cooling medium. The magnetic shield includes a pair of ferromagnetic material plates placed opposite each other across the motor. Leakage magnetic fluxes in an opening space formed between a pair of the ferromagnetic material plates are attracted thereto to drastically reduce a density of the leakage magnetic fluxes around the motor. The opening space formed between the ferromagnetic material plates also facilitates maintenance of the cryocooler and the motor.

Abstract: An electrical connection set-up for connecting thin enameled wires in ignition coils, which is to replace thermal methods, for example. This is achieved in that, to produce contacting between the winding and the respective high-voltage or low-voltage outlets, an individual contact element able to be slid over the winding by its one side and is fixed in place via its other side, the contact element having a spring-type design, a sliding surface, and at least on its one side fans out in a tulip-shape in the sliding direction, in such a way that the contact element presses against the winding in a spring-like manner in the mounted state and the insulation layer is ruptured and electrical contacting takes place.

Abstract: A transformer (50) with adjustable leakage inductance includes a first bobbin (525), a first winding (521), and a second winding (522). The first bobbin includes a first region (B1) and a second region (B2). The second winding includes a first coil portion (522a) and a second coil portion (522b). One of the first winding and the first coil portion of the second winding is wound around the first region of the first bobbin, and the other of the first winding and the first coil portion of the second winding is wound outside of the one wound around the first region of the first bobbin. The second coil portion of the second winding is wound around the second region of the first bobbin. In the invention, the leakage inductance of the transformer is adjustable via adjusting the number of the coils of the first coil portion and the second coil portion.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for manufacturing a metal-insulator-metal transformer together with a capacitor. The method comprises steps of providing a substrate having at least a dielectric layer formed thereon and then forming a first metal layer of the metal-insulator-metal capacitor together with a first metal coil of the transformer over the substrate. An insulating layer is formed to cover the substrate, the first metal layer and the first metal coil. A second metal layer of the metal-insulator-metal capacitor is formed together with a second metal coil of the transformer on the insulating layer.

Abstract: An inductor pattern is formed on a substrate. A conductive pattern having a concave-convex structure is formed on the inductor pattern to increase a surface area of the inductor pattern. An insulation layer is formed on the inductor pattern. After a groove is formed such that the insulation layer is removed to expose the inductor pattern, a conductive pattern is conformally formed on the groove and the insulation layer. Thus, a surface area of the inductor pattern as well as a thickness of an inductor increases to obtain an inductor of a high quality factor.

Abstract: A transformer. The transformer comprises a bobbin, a first core and a second core. The bobbin comprises a primary winding area and a secondary winding area. The first core is disposed in the bobbin. The second core is mounted on the bobbin. The second core comprises a plurality of first protrusions which are disposed at two sides of the bobbin. A second protrusion is integrally formed on the second core and is disposed between the first protrusions. The second protrusion is disposed between the primary winding area and the secondary winding area.

Abstract: In substrate-mounting type inductor having a winding having conductivity, a core on which the winding is winded, and a terminal portion arranged at an end of the winding, a recessed portion which is recessed in a direction of height of the core is formed on a substrate mounting surface of the core, and the terminal portion is arranged to be housed in the recessed portion through an insulating member.

Abstract: A bimetallic thermostat with exchange contact is described comprising an external support covering (1) and an internal device (2) made up of a pierced base (3) provided with a packing (4) and with electric contacts (5, 15, 25, 35) with the outside, of a relay (8) electrically connected with said base (3) and of a sensitive thermostatic element (9) electrically connected with said relay (8). Said thermostat comprises in addition a printed circuit (7) interposed between the sensing element (9) and the relay (8).

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a fuse element made of a metal wiring layer, the fuse element being fusable by laser irradiation; wherein the fuse element includes: a fusable metal part where the laser irradiation is applied so that the fusable metal part is cut; and a periphery metal part arranged around the fusable metal part and optically surrounding the fusable metal part.

Abstract: There is provided a power system for an area containing a set of power consumers which can be applied to a collective housing consisting of a single or more buildings and can prevent power supply stop of a supply line having a higher priority. The system includes: means for cutting off each of the power supply lines in a single power consumer section from a remote management section by remote operation; means for setting the power consumption limit amount within the maximum power that can be supplied to the single power consumption section via the Internet; and means for setting the power supply priority for the power supply lines in advance and outputting an instruction to cut off power in the power supply line having the lowest power supply priority by the remote out-off means when the remote measurement value of the total power consumption amount exceeds the set value of the power consumption limit amount.

Abstract: A security system and method for an in-vehicle remote transmitter that transmits a wireless control signal and has an activation button. A controller determines whether a vehicle status is authorized and permits transmission of the wireless control signal by the in-vehicle remote transmitter if the vehicle status determined is authorized.

Abstract: A vehicle door automatic locking apparatus and method utilizes an electronic control unit, an occupant sensor or a seat with an occupant sensor, a vehicle door, and a vehicle door lock, wherein when the vehicle door is closed and the sensor does not sense seat occupation, the vehicle door lock locks the vehicle door. Additionally, a timer may be employed to lock the door locks after a timeout period. Furthermore, an electronic key fob and an antenna in communication with the electronic control unit and the key fob may be utilized such that when the electronic control unit via the antenna verifies that the key fob is outside of the vehicle, vehicle door locking occurs. Alternatively, if the electronic control unit via the antenna verifies that any key fob is within the vehicle, then automatic locking will not occur and user notification occurs.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a security element (30) for securing valuable articles, having a first optically active layer (32) that is present at least in some areas and comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal material. According to the present invention, a second optically active layer (34) that is present at least in some areas is provided, the first and the second layer (32, 34) being stacked in an overlap area. Here, the first optically active layer (32) selectively reflects light in a first wavelength range having a first circular polarization direction, and the second optically active layer (34), either itself or, in the overlap area, in coaction with the first optically active layer (32), selectively reflects light in a second wavelength range having a second direction of circular polarization.

Abstract: A mobile communication terminal used in a mobile communication system providing mobile communicating service in a first frequency band is disclosed. The mobile communication terminal comprises a first signal processing circuit for processing signals for the mobile communication service; a second signal processing circuit for processing signals for radio tag communicating in a second frequency band; and an antenna commonly used by the first and second signal processing circuits. The impedance of the antenna is matched with the first signal processing circuit in the first frequency band and matched with the second signal processing circuit in the second frequency band.

Abstract: A warning system for warning a following vehicle includes a distance measuring unit, a calculating unit, a warning unit, a video recording unit and a display unit. The distance measuring unit measures a distance to the following vehicle, and the warning unit shows warning information if the following vehicle does not keep a safe distance. When the distance is smaller than a threshold distance, the video recording unit records video of the following vehicle. Thus, the warning system can effectively warn a driver who does not keep the safe distance, and provide a direct evidence for policing the driver who disobeys traffic rules so that the good driving environment can be obtained. Meanwhile, it is also possible to provide a reference to tell the driver the speed and the distance of the following vehicle through the display unit.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for assessing the relative probability that a driver will receive a traffic citation as a function of real-time, monitored vehicle activity within the context of historic spatial and temporal traffic citation data. Exemplary systems and methods determine risk as a function of such factors as (1) local roadway ticket histories, (2) vehicle characteristics, (3) real-time vehicle and engine operating parameters, (4) roadway and intersection design configurations, speed limit and design speed conflicts, and operating conditions, and (5) environmental conditions, for example.

Abstract: An illuminated window safety screen for use in windows with frames and sills is described. A pair of vertical mounting tracks extends vertically from the sill, and has front and back edges and an inner area between. The inner area has at least two oppositely arranged pairs of engagement apertures for engaging the rigid support member. The rigid support member and interaction member are interlinked. They are sized to fit within the edges of the vertical mounting tracks and within the window frame and sill. The rigid support member has a top left engagement lock and a top right engagement lock. The engagement locks are movable between an engaged and disengaged position. The engagement locks are spring loaded locks. The panels have holes for airflow and the interaction member has cutouts for placement of shapes in the cutouts. There is a light located on the top of the rigid support member.

Abstract: A signaling system for mounting to an exterior surface of an emergency vehicle is provided. The signaling system includes a light bar and a pair of mounting feet. The light bar can include a plurality of signaling devices supported on and distributed along a base member and enclosed by a cover. The light bar can be secured to the mounting feet via a plurality of fasteners. The mounting feet can be connected to the emergency vehicle via roof straps. Each mounting foot can include a base, which can have a support portion, a contoured portion, and a pair of compartments; a pair of seals associated with each compartment; a pair of covers, which can be translucent, removably mounted to the base to enclose the compartments; and a roof strap secured to the base. Each compartment can house a signaling device, such as a lamp assembly.

Abstract: A rear light assembly for a straddle type vehicle is provided that enhances illumination of the rear side of the vehicle while also allowing the rider sufficient cargo space in the trunk of the vehicle. The rear light assembly can comprise a movable cover on the trunk space, a first light unit extending in a generally horizontal direction, and a second light unit extending in a generally vertical direction. The assembly can also include two vertical light units, one positioned on the left side of the movable cover and the other positioned on the right side of the movable cover, and one horizontal light positioned below the movable cover. Connectors and fastening mechanisms can be utilized to connect the light units and movable cover of the assembly. In addition, the first light unit and the second light unit can both be a light-emitting diode (LED) light source.

Abstract: The present invention provides an RFID paper manufacturing apparatus and an inspection method of an RFID paper manufacturing apparatus with which the location of a fault in the apparatus causing a defect in an RFID tag can be specified easily. An RFID label manufacturing apparatus comprises: a reader/writer for performing at least one of reading the information stored in the RFID tag and writing information to the RFID tag; a plurality of antennas disposed in a plurality of predetermined positions on a path along which the RFID tag is conveyed, for transmitting and receiving information to/from the RFID tag; a switching circuit for switching the antenna that is connected to the reader/writer; and a CPU for detecting an error in at least one of the information writing and the information reading performed by the reader/writer via the antenna that is connected to the reader/writer by the switching operation of the switching circuit.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an interrogator, method of discerning metal and radio frequency identification (RFID) objects, and an interrogation system employing the same. In one embodiment, the interrogator includes a metal sensing subsystem configured to provide a first signal having a signature representing a presence of a metal object, and a RFID sensing subsystem configured to provide a second signal having a signature representing a presence of a RFID object. The interrogator also includes a control and processing subsystem configured to discern a presence of at least one of the metal and RFID objects from one of the first and second signals.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for testing the functionality of a sensor (1) of a fire detector during operation thereof. The method comprises applying a current-limited test signal to the sensor (1), the test signal being such that the impedance of the sensor is such as to absorb the current-limited test signal when the sensor is operating normally; and applying the output of the sensor to a test signal detector (7). The arrangement is such that the test signal passes the output terminal of the sensor (1) only when the sensor is not operating normally.

Abstract: When a map screen is displayed in a navigation system of a subject vehicle, a position of any other vehicle is estimated and is displayed in the map screen. Influence of delay due to the following is eliminated or reduced: time consumed in processing in a navigation system of the other vehicle; time consumed in communication between the navigation system of the other vehicle and the navigation system of the subject vehicle; time from when the navigation system of the subject vehicle receives communication information to when it generates information to be notified; and the like. In cases where the influence of delay is taken into account, as mentioned above, accuracy of a notified position of the other vehicle is enhanced. Thus, an accurate operation support system is provided to minimize occurrence of errors.

Abstract: An intruder alarm, for example, a vehicle intruder alarm, uses a microwave transceiver having an antenna arrangement 1 to detect movements into the space to be monitored. Unlike existing intruder alarms of this type, the antenna arrangement 9, 10 transmits beams in the space corresponding to different spatial volumes, and the circuit architecture provides for a pair of channels 4 to process data corresponding to the different beams. A processor 3 initiates operation of the alarm using the output of both the channels.

Abstract: A first radio communication unit of a stationary information device performs a radio communication to detect an approach of a mobile terminal device. An attracting unit of the stationary information device generates, when the approach of the mobile terminal device is detected, an attraction force for attracting and fixing the mobile terminal device. A second radio communication unit of the mobile terminal device performs the radio communication with the first radio communication unit. An attracted unit of the mobile terminal device is attracted to the attraction force generated by the stationary information device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor using an RFID tag and a ubiquitous sensor network system using the RFID sensor. The RFID sensor extracts a unique number of at least one RFID chip chosen according to a used state of a monitored object among at least one chip set up on a monitored object according to the number of usable states of the monitored object. A controlling unit receives the unique number from the RFID sensor and recognizes the used state of the monitored object on the basis of meaning information of the unique number. The present invention provides an effect to embody a sensor that can be set up easily by using an RFID tag in a low price. Also, the present invention provides another effect that all kinds of objects can be monitored easily in a low price by using an RFID tag without a wire and a power supply.

Abstract: A method for coding and identification of biological samples for in vitro fertilisation comprises the steps of applying to receptacles intended for unfertilised eggs and sperm, respectively, an identification code characteristic of the patient; placing unfertilised eggs and sperm, respectively, in the receptacles; storing, transporting and admixing the respective samples in receptacles which each carry the same code; and implanting the resulting embryo in the patient. The identification code may based on RFID technology, in which sample vessels (12) are codified by the application of an RFID tag (13).

Abstract: Circuits, devices and methods for use in RFID tags include receiving multiple RF signals from multiple ports. The signals are added after some processing, to produce a single combined signal. Additional components process the single combined signal by itself.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RIFD) inlay includes an electrical connection between a chip and an antenna. The electrical connection includes conductive interposer leads and a capacitive connection. The capacitive connection may involve putting the antenna and the interposer leads into close proximity, with dielectric pads therebetween, to allow capacitive coupling between the antenna and the interposer leads. The dielectric pads may include a non-conductive adhesive and a high dielectric material, such as a titanium oxide. The connections provide a convenient, fast, and effective way to operatively couple antennas and interposers. The RFID inlay may be part of an RFID label or RFID tag.

Abstract: A versatile Citizen Alert System is connected to Internet and private databases to acquire real time information useful for subscribed users. During registration, users are required to provide multimedia contact information, including telephone numbers, cell phone numbers, pager information, Blackberry or PDA information, e-mail address, and physical address, along with user defined sensitivities to alerts, including sensitivities to natural emergencies, man made emergencies and professional requirements. The system has a local or remote administrator that constantly analyzes the acquired data in accordance with requirements of each and every user, orders the data to generate alert information specific to a user, and communicates the alert to each and every user using multiple delivery platforms. A user specific, secured web page providing details of alert and hyperlinks constitutes an additional information source.

Abstract: A system for detecting ice formation on metal, painted metal and other material surfaces can include a transparent window having an exterior surface upon which ice can form; a light source and optics configured and arranged to illuminate the exterior surface of the window from behind the exterior surface; and a detector and optics configured and arranged to receive light backscattered by the exterior surface and any ice disposed on the exterior surface and determine the thickness of the ice layer. For example, the system can be used with aircraft by placing one or more windows in the wings of the aircraft. The system is used for a novel optical method for real-time on-board detection and warning of ice formation on surfaces of airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other vehicles and stationary structures to improve their safety and operation.

Abstract: An alarm system attached to a user's body with silent alarm capability and responsive to wake-up alarms and to emergency sensors such as intrusion detectors. The user is wakened with a silent and safe local electric shock in response to a base unit wireless connection. The base unit utilizes an internal alarm clock and interfaces with a large variety of sensors and detectors, and may be programmed by the user for personal preferences. A vibration awakening means may be used in conjunction with the electric shock awakening means.

Abstract: The invention describes a method for controlling a media content processing device (1). It is thereby determined whether a media content (VI) to be processed is described by a pre-defined content descriptor (CD1, CD2) from a multitude of pre-defined content descriptors (CD1, CD2). A device control parameter (P11, P12, P21, P22) is automatically adjusted based on the content descriptor (CD1, CD2) which describes the media content (VI) to be processed. Then, the media content processing device (1) is automatically controlled, based on the device control parameter (P11, P12, P21, P22).

Abstract: A system for warning an occupant of a non-emergency vehicle of the approach of an emergency vehicle has a means for transmitting a signal, installed in the emergency vehicle, and a means for receiving the signal, installed in the non-emergency vehicle. The receiver is integrated into the electrical system of the non-emergency vehicle so that it is energized whenever an ignition system of the vehicle is engaged. When a transmitted signal, preferably a radio frequency signal, received by the receiver has a strength that exceeds a threshold strength, the receiver causes at least one of a visible or audible indicator in the non-emergency vehicle to be activated and remain activated as long as the signal is received at a strength above the threshold level. In many embodiments, the transmitter is activated anytime the emergency lights on the emergency vehicle are activated.