Abstract: An on-chip signal waveform measurement apparatus mounted on an IC chip measures signal waveforms at detection points on the IC chip. A reference voltage generator successively generates reference voltages different from each other based on a predetermined timing signal, and Signal probing front-end circuits are mounted to correspond to the detection points, respectively, and each buffer-amplifies a voltage at each detection point, compares the buffer-amplified voltage with each reference voltage, and digitizes a comparison result into a binary digital output signal. A multiplexer time-division-multiplexes the binary digital output signals from the signal probing front-end circuits. A data processing unit calculates a judgment output probability for a detected voltage at each detection point detected by the respective signal probing front-end circuits, by counting a number of times of a predetermined binary value of the multiplexed binary digital output signal.

Abstract: There is provided an electronic device for receiving an input data signal and an input clock signal that indicates a timing to obtain the input data signal. The electronic device includes a first adjusting section that adjusts a phase difference between the input data signal and the input clock signal so as to be equal to a first phase difference, and outputs the resulting signals as a first data signal and a first clock signal, a phase varying section that outputs a second clock signal having a designated phase difference with respect to the first clock signal, and a second adjusting section that adjusts the phase difference of the second clock signal with respect to the first clock signal so as to be equal to a second phase difference, based on a result of obtaining the first clock signal at a varying timing of the second clock signal.

Abstract: A pulse width modulation circuit comprising an oscillator, a ramp generator and a comparator where the offset level of the ramp generated by the ramp generator varies and where the value of the voltage supplied to the comparator is constant is described herein. By varying the offset level of the ramp, it is possible to modulate the width of the pulse of the output signal of the circuit.

Abstract: A voltage regulator is described for microelectronic devices using dual edge pulse width modulated control signal. In one example a first digital duty cycle value is received from a voltage controller and a pulse width modulated waveform is generated in response to the first duty cycle value, the waveform comprising a plurality of pulses with a modulated width. The waveform is applied to a voltage generator to generate a supply of power at a voltage determined by the duty cycle of the waveform. A second digital duty cycle value is received from the controller, and the leading edge of a subsequent pulse of the waveform is advanced if the second digital duty cycle value is greater than the first digital duty cycle.

Abstract: A light-to-frequency converter includes a switch (130) connected in series with a reverse-biased photodiode (120). A node (150) in the current path through the switch and the photodiode is connected to the input of a Schmidt trigger (160), whose output controls the switch. New techniques are provided for motion compensation, partial readouts, dark current elimination, non-destructive testing, and sensing the state of a memory cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a circuit for generating pulses for a semiconductor apparatus. The circuit for generating pulses for a semiconductor apparatus includes a temperature sensor, a temperature signal decoder, and a pulse generator. The temperature sensor senses the temperature of a memory chip and converts the temperature into a digital code combination so as to output a plurality of temperature information signals. The temperature signal decoder decodes the plurality of temperature information signals so as to output a delay control signal. The pulse generator outputs an overdriving pulse signal in response to a sense amplifier driving signal and the delay control signal.

Abstract: A start-up circuit receives a start-up signal instructing start-up of an equipment mounted with the circuit, and executes a predetermined sequence when start-up is instructed by the start-up signal. An oscillator generates a clock signal. A sequence circuit receives the start-up signal and a clock signal output from the oscillator, measures time by counting the clock signal when the start-up signal transits to a predetermined level, and executes a predetermined event at a predetermined timing. The oscillator operates for a period where the start-up signal is at the predetermined level if the start-up signal is at the predetermined level during the period the power key of the equipment mounted with the circuit is being pushed.

Abstract: A level shifting circuit can include a first driver junction field effect transistor (JFET) having a source coupled to a reference supply node and a second driver JFET of a second conductivity type having a source coupled to a boosted supply node, and a first charge pump circuit. The first charge pump circuit can be coupled between the first driver control node and an input node coupled to receive an input signal, and can couple a first terminal of a first capacitor between a reference supply node and a power supply node in response to an input signal. The power supply node can be coupled to receive a power supply potential, the reference supply node can be coupled to receive a reference potential, and the boosted power supply node can be coupled to receive a boosted potential. The reference potential can be between the power supply potential and the boosted potential.

Abstract: The intercept of a logarithmic amplifier is temperature stabilized by generating a signal having the form H log H where H is a function of temperature such as T/T0. The first H factor is cancelled, thereby generating a correction signal having the form Y log H. The cancellation may be implemented with a transconductance cell having a hyperbolic tangent function. The H log H function may be generated by a pair of junctions biased by one temperature-stable current and one temperature-dependent current. The pair of junctions and the transconductance cell may be coupled together in a translinear loop. A user-accessible terminal may allow adjustment of the correction signal for different operating frequencies.

Abstract: A speedup circuit includes a control current source, a current limiter, and a driver for driving a target signal related to a reference signal. The control current source is controllable according to the reference signal and the current limiter receives a feedback signal from the driver.

Abstract: A circuit for biasing the bulk of a MOS transistor, including a capacitive element connecting the bulk of the MOS transistor to a source of an A.C. voltage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a power managing apparatus utilized for controlling a first supply voltage, a second supply voltage, and a substrate voltage of a digital circuit. The power managing apparatus includes a voltage generating device, for generating a first reference voltage and a second reference voltage; and a voltage switching device, coupled to the voltage generating device, for adjusting the first supply voltage, the second supply voltage, and the substrate voltage. When the digital circuit operates in a first operating mode, the voltage switching device outputs the second reference voltage to the first supply voltage and the substrate voltage; and when the digital circuit operates in a second operating mode, the voltage switching device outputs the first reference voltage to the first supply voltage, and outputs the second reference voltage to the second supply voltage.

Abstract: Circuits, methods, and systems are directed to controlling the amount and polarity of current to multiple loads with switches, where the loads share switching components. The loads may be thermoelectric elements, which heat or cool based on the state of the switches. The switches may be run in a single mode during a duty cycle, or multiple successive modes during the duty cycle to achieve full control of the loads.

Abstract: A voltage for reference at a voltage level higher than a target value is produced from a constant current provided from a constant current generating circuit, and is subjected to resistance division by a resistance division circuit to produce a reference voltage at the target level, and then a final reference voltage is produced by a voltage follower. An internal voltage generating circuit thus provided can generate the reference voltage having the desired voltage level with high accuracy as well as an internal voltage based on the reference voltage by controlling temperature characteristic even with a low power supply voltage.

Abstract: Various embodiments are disclosed relating filter calibration with cell re-use. According to an example embodiment, an apparatus includes a first circuit, including a variable circuit element. The first circuit is adapted to output an output frequency signal during a calibration mode and to operate as a filter during a filter mode. A control circuit is coupled to the first circuit and is adapted to receive a reference frequency signal and to calibrate the first circuit by adjusting the variable circuit element based on the reference frequency signal and the output frequency signal during the calibration mode. The calibrated first circuit is configured to then operate as a filter during the filter mode.

Abstract: A flow meter filter system (200) according to an embodiment of the invention includes a noise pass filter (203) configured to receive a first version of a flow meter signal and filter out the flow meter data from the flow meter signal to leave a noise signal, a noise quantifier (204) configured to receive the noise signal from the noise pass filter (203) and measure noise characteristics of the noise signal, a damping adjuster (205) configured to receive the noise characteristics from the noise quantifier (204) and generate a damping value based on the noise characteristics, and a filter element (206) configured to receive a second version of the flow meter signal and receive the damping value from the damping adjuster (205), with the filter element (206) being further configured to damp the second version of the flow meter signal based on the damping value in order to produce a filtered flow meter signal.

Abstract: A generator capable of supplying one or more output signals with a modulated cyclic ratio includes one or more formatting circuits each processing one input signal and one or more class D amplifiers powered with a power supply voltage and being driven by a corresponding one of the formatting circuits. Each formatting circuit has a counter-reaction loop and uses a reference voltage for which the average value is equal to half the power supply voltage. The corresponding output signal is thus corrected for any variations in the power supply voltage.

Abstract: There is provided a distortion compensation circuit that can compensate for the nonlinearity of an amplifier having the characteristic that the gain is reduced and the phase is delayed with an increase in input power. An inductor 112 is connected in series with a diode 105 of a distortion compensation circuit 100. The resistance components of the diode 105 decrease with an increase in input power, so that the effect of the impedance of the inductor 112 connected in series with the diode 105 appears, and the impedance of the distortion compensation circuit 100 becomes inductive, producing the characteristic that the phase is advanced. At the same time, the resistance components of the diode 105 decrease with an increase in input power, thus producing the characteristic that the loss is reduced and the gain is increased.

Abstract: Techniques for operating a receiver to linearity performance and higher receive signal to noise ratio are described. The receiver includes one or more circuit blocks, e.g., a low noise amplifier (LNA), having discrete gain states. The gain states are selected based on switch points, with each switch point indicating a specific received signal level at which to switch from one gain state to another gain state. The switch points may be dynamically selected based on channel conditions, which may be characterized by the presence or absence or strength or frequency of jammers. A first set of switch points may be selected when jammers are detected, and a second set of switch points may be selected when jammers are not detected. The gain states are selected in accordance with the set of switch points selected for use.

Abstract: A variable gain amplifier includes an amplifying circuit and a gain adjusting circuit including the following circuits. A linear exponential transforming circuit transforms a linear controlling signal to output an exponential controlling signal. A voltage buffer circuit is coupled with the linear exponential transforming circuit to receive the exponential controlling signal, outputs a feedback signal to a power transforming circuit, and outputs a voltage controlling signal to control a gain of the amplifying circuit according to the exponential controlling signal and a bias current. A power transforming circuit is coupled with the linear exponential transforming circuit and the voltage buffer circuit to receive the exponential controlling signal and the feedback signal and take two times of a square root of a product of the exponential controlling signal and the feedback signal plus the bias current to output a power signal to the linear exponential transforming circuit.

Abstract: An automatic gain control unit controls the gain applied to an input signal produced by a microphone subject to ambient noise. The automatic gain control circuit continually monitors the signal level of said input signal. A first gain control circuit decreases the gain applied to the input signal in increments of a first size when the input signal exceeds a first predetermined level. A second gain control circuit increases the gain applied to said input signal in increments of a smaller size when the input signal falls below a second predetermined level and in response to the presence of a speech present signal. The second predetermined level is less than said first predetermined level. In one embodiment, the first gain control circuit controls the analog gain of a codec and the second gain control circuit controls the digital gain of the codec.

Abstract: A thermally regulated amplifier system includes an amplifier unit, a temperature-sensing unit and a controller. The amplifier unit includes a power amplifier that has an adjustable gain function. The controller receives temperature readings from the temperature-sensing unit, computes the gain G(n) of the amplifier unit, and provides the computed gain of the amplifier G(n) to the power amplifier unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for increasing the sensitivity of a chain of amplifiers that comprises the steps of amplifying a signal by means of a first amplifier with a gain factor A1=A1,m*?A1, where A1,m denotes a constant gain factor and ?A1 denotes a gain factor variation with 1??A1,min??A1??A1,max, further amplifying the signal by means of a second amplifier with a controllable gain factor A2?A2,max, where variations ?A1 of the gain of the first amplifier are compensated by reducing the gain A2 of the second amplifier, so that the difference between the chain gain factor AC=A1*A2 and a target chain gain factor AT?AT,max becomes zero.

Abstract: A digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) generating an output clock includes a jitter shaping module for shifting low frequency digital jitter on the output clock into higher frequency jitter.

Abstract: A system and method for synchronizing an oscillator with multiple phases at a desired phase angle difference. A relative measure of a phase angle difference between two phases permits each phase to be controlled to obtain the desired phase angle difference. The various phases may have different inherent frequencies that are synchronized to a common frequency such as an average of the different frequencies.

Abstract: A clock anomaly detection circuit includes: a dividing unit configured to output a divided target clock by dividing frequency of a target clock; a first time width measurement unit configured to obtain values of the divided target clock using rising edges of a monitoring clock that is synchronized with the target clock, and to measure an H level time with and an L level time width; a second time width measurement unit configured to obtain values of the divided target clock using falling edges of the monitoring clock, and to measure an H level time with and an L level time width; and an anomaly determination unit configured to determine that the target clock is abnormal when an anomaly is detected in the H level time width or the L level time width measured in the first time width measurement unit and when an anomaly is detected in the H level time width or the L level time width measured in the second time width measurement unit.

Abstract: An oscillation circuit formed in a single semiconductor chip, wherein a first source voltage is supplied to a first power supply terminal, a second source voltage different from the first source voltage is supplied to a second power supply terminal, a voltage regulator receives the voltage from the first power supply terminal and outputs a source voltage, a voltage controlled oscillation circuit is supplied with a source voltage from the voltage regulator, a current source circuit is connected to the second power supply terminal, the voltage regulator, the voltage controlled oscillation circuit and the current source circuit are inserted in series between the first and second power supply terminals, and the current supplied to the voltage controlled oscillation circuit from the voltage regulator flows in the current source circuit.

Abstract: A power-supply-independent clock, with controlled THigh and TLow that permits both frequency and duty cycle to be set simultaneously and independently. Depending upon the implementation, the control values can be varied for frequency and duty cycle as determined by the user, or can be dependent upon temperature, power supply variations, or any other variable within the system, design or device that includes the clock.

Abstract: An error calculation circuit used for compensating a carrier leak at an output signal of a mixer has a sign extraction unit for extracting the sign of a baseband signal which is applied to the mixer, an envelope detecting unit for performing envelope detection on the output signal of the mixer, and a signal processing unit for generating an error compensation signal to compensate the carrier leak based on the result of the sign extraction and envelope detection. The signal processing unit preferably calculates the compensation signal by using multiplication of the sign of the baseband signal by an amplitude of the envelope.

Abstract: A transmission line transition includes a waveguide tube section having a waveguide tube, a waveguide tube section that is formed of at least a dielectric substrate and a line transition section formed of at least a dielectric substrate disposed adjacent the waveguide tube section to cover the hole, a transmission line for transmitting the electromagnetic wave, and an antenna pattern that is disposed in the hole to be electromagnetically coupled with the transmission line. Each of the dielectric substrates has a plurality. of via holes disposed to surround the hole at a distance ?=an integer n×wave length ?g/2 from the peripheral wall of the hole.

Abstract: An on-chip antenna switching scheme for Gigahertz frequencies where for the transmission path a first on-chip switching means is coupled between an on-chip power amplifier and an antenna. In the receiving path a second on-chip switching means at an input to an on-chip low noise amplifier (LNA) connects to ground. Coupled off-chip between the first switching means and antenna and antenna and the second switching means are impedance matching means and a half and a quarter wavelength line, respectively. In transmission mode both switching means are closed, in receiving mode both switching means are open. This allows for optimal transmission of the signal in either direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tunable microwave arrangement (10) comprising a microwave/integrated circuit device (11) and a substrate (6). It comprises a layered structure disposed between said microwave/integrated circuit device and said substrate (5), said layered structure acting as a ground plane and it comprises at least one regularly or irregularly patterned first metal layer (1), at least one second metal layer (3), at least one tunable ferroelectric film layer (2), whereby said layers are so arranged that the ferroelectric film layers) (2) is/are provided between the/a first metal layer (1) and the/a second metal layer (3).

Abstract: The electromechanical transducer (1) for transducing an electrical input signal into an electrical output signal comprises a resonator element (20) and an actuator (30) for inducing an elastic deformation of the resonator element (20). The elastic deformation is dependent on the electrical input signal and is resonantly enhanced when the electrical input signal comprises a signal component changing substantially with a resonance frequency of the resonator element The electrical output signal is a function of the elastic deformation. The resonance frequency includes a nominal frequency at an operating temperature and a temperature dependent frequency deviation from the nominal frequency.

Abstract: A distributed constant type filter includes a substrate including a part made of a first dielectric material having a first relative dielectric constant and a different-material part made of a second dielectric material having a second relative dielectric constant different from the first relative dielectric constant. A filter pattern is formed on a top surface and a ground pattern is formed on a bottom surface of the substrate. Part of the filter pattern is formed on the different-material part.

Abstract: A high frequency module incorporates a layered substrate, a plurality of elements mounted on a top surface of the layered substrate, and a metallic casing that covers these elements. The plurality of elements mounted on the top surface of the layered substrate include a band-pass filter element. The band-pass filter element includes a plurality of conductor layers for band-pass filter and a plurality of dielectric layers for band-pass filter that implement a function of a band-pass filter, but does not include any conductor layer that functions as an electromagnetic shield. A conductor layer for grounding that the layered substrate includes and the casing are each opposed to the band-pass filter element, and thereby function as an electromagnetic shield for the band-pass filter element.

Abstract: The bandpass filter comprises transmission line comprising a conductor strip (2), and, in said transmission line, at least one bandpass filter cell, comprising at least one split-rings resonator (6, 7), inductive element (4, 41) and capacitive element (3). The bandpass filter has a frequency response in which at least one passband can be identified. The conductor strip, split-rings resonator(s), inductive element(s) and capacitive element(s) are dimensioned and arranged so that the bandpass filter, for frequencies within said passband, behaves as a left-handed transmission line for at least one range of frequencies within said passband, and as a right-handed transmission line for at least another range of frequencies within said passband, thus providing for a large bandwidth. The invention also relates to an electronic device including the filter, and to a method of producing it.

Abstract: A microwave waveguide filter comprises an input waveguide section; an output waveguide section; a plurality of resonator sections disposed between the input and output waveguide sections; and a plurality of coupling sections disposed on either side of each of the resonator sections; wherein the input waveguide section, the resonator sections, and the output waveguide section have at least four fold symmetric quadruple ridge cross-sections and the coupling sections have at least four fold symmetric cross-sections.

Abstract: A mixed-signal circuit board can provide a flexible arrangement of multiple RF transmission mediums in a single lightweight and compact structure as well as support embedding electronic devices within RF transmission paths. The transmission mediums may include a voided waveguide, a dielectric waveguide, a microstrip, a suspended microstrip, a traditional stripline, and a suspended stripline. The center conductors in each transmission medium may be constructed on the same plane or the same PCB layer in order to simplify coplanar design. A distribution board can be provided to deliver the power supply and control signals to the active electronic devices placed in the signal path of the RF board for signal processing and within covered cavities provided within the RF board.

Abstract: A waveguide interface for a waveguide having a split ring with a first half and a second half joined by a web portion. The split ring first half and second half having an inner surface configured to mate with an exterior of the waveguide, the first half and the second half foldable towards each other and around the exterior of the waveguide, along the web portion. An overbody with a bore is dimensioned to receive the waveguide therethrough; the bore having a shoulder at an interface end dimensioned to receive the split ring.

Abstract: An electromagnetic actuator includes a supporting member supporting an electromagnetic coil around which a wire is wound, a moving member positioned facing the supporting member so as to move forward and backward, and an actuating force transmitting member transmitting moving force of the moving member to a member to be actuated as an actuating force. The moving member is moved towards the supporting member by magnetic force generated by applying an electric current to the electromagnetic coil to apply the actuating force to the member to be actuated via the actuating force transmitting member. The electromagnetic coil includes a plurality of electromagnetic coils provided at the supporting member.

Abstract: Electromagnetic assemblies, core segments that form the same, and their methods of manufacture. The segments have an interlocking engagement, whereby a variety of assemblies can be produced from a very small number of similar or complementary segments in a manner that provides excellent mechanical stability. The articles and methods of formation offer design flexibility and provide for a large variety of patterns from a small number of primary shapes, provide an economical manufacturing method for large transformer and inductor cores, and improve uniformity of magnetic properties of the assemblies when compared to conventional practices.

Abstract: A magnetic element for multi-phase is composed by burying a plurality of coils in a composite magnetic material such that a negative coupling of magnetic fluxes or a positive coupling of magnetic fluxes exists between at least two coils. This structure more miniaturizes inductors, or choke coils as the multi-phase magnetic element suitably used for application of a large current to many kinds of electronic equipment. Such multi-phase magnetic element has an excellent ripple current property.

Abstract: A high current, low profile inductor includes a conductor coil surrounded by magnetic material to form an inductor body. An inductor body is formed around the inductor coil and includes a resin and a magnetic material compressed while it is dry and surrounding the inside and the outside of the coil.

Abstract: A transformer having a closed magnetic flux path includes at least one bobbin, at least one first winding, at least one second winding, and at least two magnetic cores. The first winding and the second winding are individually wound on the bobbin. The two magnetic cores include an I-shaped magnetic core and an E-shaped magnetic core piercing the inner part of the bobbin to form a closed magnetic flux path in the transformer. When one of the first windings is damaged, the other first winding still operates normally and is unaffected.

Abstract: A structure for high voltage bearable transformers is used to electrically connect with backlight driving circuits of liquid crystal display devices. The structure for high voltage bearable transformers is comprised of at least one main bobbin, at least two sets of primary windings, and at least one set of secondary windings. The main bobbin is divided into a primary bobbin and a secondary bobbin. The primary windings are wound on the primary bobbin. The secondary windings are wound on the secondary bobbin. The structure of the high voltage bearable transformer has a tolerance for high voltage, and may connect to several driving units to export several high voltage outputs for driving cold-cathode fluorescent lamps simultaneously.

Abstract: A motor protector (10) is shown having an elongated generally cup-shaped metallic housing (12) formed by a top wall (12a) and a side wall (12b) extending down from the perimeter of the top walls, the free end of which is welded to a header (14). The side and top wall have a rounded junction (12c) and a calibration rill (12e) is formed in the top wall from one end of the housing and through the rounded junction. An elongated thermostatic disc (16) is mounted in the housing and has a movable electrical contact (20) mounted at one end to be movable into and out of engagement with a stationary electrical contact (34) that is in turn mounted on a heater (26). A ceramic insulator plate (32) is interposed between the heater and the header.

Abstract: A resistive element in the form of a bent metal plate is placed in a box-shaped case and has electrodes exposed out of the box-shaped case. A heat radiator in the form of a bent metal plate is also placed in the box-shaped case and has heat radiating electrodes exposed out of the box-shaped case. The resistive element and the heat radiator are held out of contact with each other and disposed in criss-cross relation to each other. The box-shaped case is filled with a cement material in surrounding relation to the resistive element and the heat radiator.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a thick film patterned resistor on a substrate and to a method of forming it. The method involves providing a substrate with opposed surfaces, where one surface is coated with a layer of a resistor composition. A photoresist is applied over the layer of the resistor composition, and a desired pattern in the photoresist is formed, where the pattern leaves certain regions of the resistor composition layer uncovered by the photoresist. The resistor composition layer which is uncovered by the photoresist is etched under conditions effective to leave a mass of loosely bound resistor particles at regions of the resistor composition which are not covered by photoresist. The mass of resistor particles is then removed from the substrate to produce a thick film patterned resistor on the substrate.

Abstract: An actuator includes a mechanical transducer component capable of applying a mechanical force to an external object in response to electronic signals. The actuator includes a communications interface capable of wirelessly receiving configuration data related to operation of the actuator. A settings module is coupled to the communications interface and capable of storing the configuration data. A controller unit is coupled to the mechanical transducer and the settings module. The controller unit is capable of determining the configuration data via the settings module and controlling the mechanical transducer in conformance with the configuration settings.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system that records, at a remote location, the current status of a door lock. This invention provides a key fob device, which records the current status of a door look. The key fob indicates to the user the current lock status of the given door(s) in question. The key fob is a small key chain attached device, which records the state of the door locks, or other devices or appliances, as one departs from the door. The system of the present invention comprises a sensor at the door that detects the current lock status of a door and transmits this lock to the key fob. Also incorporated into the key fob is circuitry that receives and records this received lock status. A display component in the key fob displays this current lock status when prompted by the user.