Abstract: An emergency electric power supply unit (9) for backing up the main electric power supply system (1, 10) at the time of the malfunction of the main electric power supply system (1, 10) which includes an industrial apparatus operated by cooperatively controlling an auxiliary machinery (2) operated by the electric power supplied from the main electric power supply system (1, 10), an auxiliary electric power supply (20) for storing the electric power, a charging circuit (21) for charging the electric power supplied from the main electric power supply (1) in the auxiliary electric power supply (20), a discharging circuit (22) for supplying the electric power charged in the auxiliary electric power supply (20) to the auxiliary machinery (2), and an emergency controlling circuit (40) for controlling the discharging circuit (22) so that the electric power from the auxiliary electric power supply (20) is supplied to the auxiliary machinery (2) at the time of the malfunction of the main electric power supply system (1

Abstract: Disclosed is an uninterruptible power supply including a controller; a first switch circuit; a second switch circuit; a transformer having a first winding connected to a load and the first switch circuit and a second winding connected to the second switch circuit; an energy accumulation device; a DC-DC converter for boosting a DC voltage outputted from the energy accumulation device; an inverter for converting a boosted DC voltage into a first AC voltage and delivering the AC voltage to the first winding. When the energy accumulation device is supplying power, the second winding generates a second AC voltage in response to the first AC voltage, thereby the second AC voltage can regulate the voltage level of the first AC voltage which is delivered to the load according to the connection status between the second switch circuit and the second winding.

Abstract: There is provided a power supply capable of reducing switching elements. In a power supply, an AC/DC adapter 121 supplies electric power to a load 125 and a battery charger 122. The battery charger comprises a high side FET 102 and a low side FET 103 which operate according to a synchronous rectification method, and charges batteries 108 and 109. When a commercial power supply fails, a power outage detection circuit provided in the battery charger detects the power outage, and outputs a power outage signal. The battery charger which has received the power outage signal sets the high side FET to be ON KEEP. A discharge current from the battery flows via a discharge path 119. This enables a reduction in the number of FETs in comparison with other power supplies.

Abstract: A solid state power control apparatus includes a switch and a microcontroller that controls the switch. The microcontroller receives serial communication and switches between an active state and a sleep state in response to the serial communication.

Abstract: An integrated circuit of the type comprises a plurality of units that may act as initiators and targets. At least some of the units are for a first purpose such as a cable modem function and others are for a second purpose such as television data processing. The units are connected together by a interconnect comprising a number of nodes. One of the nodes is configurable such that requests made from initiator units on one side of the node to target units on the other side of the node are not sent to the target units. The units for the first purpose are arranged on the opposite side of the node from those of the second purpose, so that the circuit is effectively configurable into two separate logical partitions, one partition for television data processing and the other partition for cable modem functions.

Abstract: A smart switch for control of a lighting load from an AC voltage source can replace any switch in a three-way lighting control system. The smart switch can be connected on the line-side or the load-side of a three-way system with a standard three-way switch in the other location. The switch includes two semiconductor switches to control the connected lighting load. The switch preferably includes two sensing circuits for detecting the voltages at two of the load terminals of the switch to determine the state of the connected three-way switch(s), and thus, the load.

Abstract: A power supply and a switch apparatus are disclosed. The power supply is designed for providing a liquid crystal display with a power source. In the present invention, a bouncing switch is used for power-on and power-off functions. When the bouncing switch is activated, the power to the main system is also activated and the supply of power to the main system is maintained. A controller of the main system is then activated to acquire an authorization for controlling the power to the main system so that power is continuously supplied to the main system. Then, the main system sequentially activates the power supply of each sub-system. If the bouncing switch is activated by a second triggering, the main system may sequentially turns off the power module inside each sub-system. Finally, the power to the main system is shut down to lower the static power consumption of the whole system.

Abstract: An electronic control system 310 is provided for independent actuation of a plurality of hydraulic actuators 38, 39. The electronic control system 310 employs an electronic driver 314 connected to a first parallel circuit or first low side driver 316, and a second parallel circuit or second low side driver 330. Each parallel circuit 316, 330 contains a first and a second actuator L1, L2, respectively, connected in series to a first and a second low side MOSFET Q9 and Q10, respectively. Pulse width modulation of the electronic driver 314 in conjunction with selective actuation of either low side driver 316, 330 results in rapid response to system control algorithms whereby each actuator L1 or L2 may be de-activated in a relatively quick manner thereby improving vehicular control.

Abstract: A yoke, as embodied, includes a base having a center vent; at least a pair of inner yoke portions respectively located at both end edges of the center vent and protruding from the base to face each other, each of the inner yoke portions having a support protrusion, the support protrusions being respectively located at complementary positions of leading ends of the inner yoke portions; and at least a pair of outer yoke portions protruding from the base and facing each other.

Abstract: A shield (2) for components on the stator (10) of a three-phase generator (1), with at least one pressure plate (3) or the like being arranged at the end on the stator core (6), is distinguished in that the shield (2) is composed essentially of a magnetically permeable composite material of low electrical conductivity. A method for production of a shield such as this includes the pressing and heat-treatment of appropriate composite particles. This overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art and provides a shield for components on the stator of a three-phase generator, which reduces the additional losses and prevents a build up of heat. Furthermore, this results in a solution which can be produced and installed easily and at low cost, and which can also easily be retrofitted to existing installations. Furthermore, three-dimensional finite element design methods can be used for optimized guidance of the magnetic field.

Abstract: An electric motor includes an annular stator core having a pair of ends opposed to each other in an axial direction, and a coil wound around the stator core. The stator core includes a pair of powder magnetic cores each arranged at the pair of ends and a laminated steel plate arranged between the paired powder magnetic cores. Each of the paired powder magnetic cores includes a section arranged outside the coil in the axial direction.

Abstract: A stepping motor may include a rotor and a stator assembly. The stator assembly may include a first coil, a second coil, a first stator core and a second stator core. Each of the stator may include an end plate part for forming a rotor insertion hole and a plurality of pole teeth bent from an inner circumferential edge of the rotor insertion hole. The end plate part may be formed in a rectangular shape which has a pair of facing long sides extended in a direction where the first coil and the second coil are disposed. Further, portions of one of the first and the second stator cores, which face tip end portions of the pole teeth formed from the other stator core, are formed as cutout portions by cutting out in an outer radial direction from the rotor insertion hole, and at least one of the cutout portions which are located nearest to the long sides is formed as a first cutout portion where the cutout portion reaches to the long side.

Abstract: The present invention provides a miniature bipolar single-phase generator composed of a rotor (1) and a stator (2), with two sets of damping windings arranged on the core of the rotor (1). Each of the two sets of damping windings is composed of damping strips (3) and a damping board (4), the damping board (4) disposed on both ends of the core, while the damping strips (3) passed in the axial direction through the core, with both ends of each damping strip connected to the damping board (4) reliably. The winding coil on the stator has an equidistant bipolar winding structure. An angle of 3°˜15° is formed between the winding slot (1a) on the core of the rotor (1) and the wire-embedding slot on the core of the stator (2). Axial grooves are distributed over the outer surface of the core of the stator.

Abstract: The invention includes an electric machine having a rotor, a stator and at least one electrical coil disposed in the machine and a source of coolant fluid in communication with the coil. The coil has concentric turns having spaces therebetween adapted to channel coolant flow between the concentric turns.

Abstract: A driving device includes an electric motor having a yoke and a shaft. The driving device also includes a control board connected to ground and a conductive seal connecting the control board and the electric motor. The yoke is connected to ground via the conductive seal.

Abstract: A stator for an electrical machine includes a ring-shaped stator yoke with a number of stator coils arranged thereon. The conductor ends of the coils are designed to be connected to a wiring arrangement, where the wiring arrangement has linking conductors, which are arranged concentrically to each other, are insulated electrically against each other, and have terminal elements to form electrical contact areas by which they are connected to the ends of the stator coils. The ends of the coils be connected to the linking conductors by separate terminal elements which have a first contact area for establishing a connection with the linking conductor and a second contact area for establishing a connection with at least one coil end.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting power using magnetic force. The apparatus comprises a driving rotary element rotated by a driving motor; and at least one driven rotary element brought into contact with the driving rotary element by an attractive force and rotated in an opposite direction relative to the driving rotary element by rotation of the driving rotary element. Each of the driving or driven rotary element comprises a double-sided bipolar disc shaped magnet or a disc-shaped ferromagnetic. A pair of double-sided bipolar disc-shaped magnets can be coupled to each other with a gear interposed therebetween. A rotary decoration can be coupled to an end of the driving rotary element or the driven rotary element. A small-sized power generator having light emitting diodes can be installed on a rotation shaft which is connected to the driving or driven rotary element.

Abstract: A power generating system includes a torque converter system receiving a rotational motion having a first torque from a source and producing a rotational output having a second torque different from the first torque, a transfer system having a first portion coupled to the rotational output of the torque converter system and a second portion magnetically coupled to the first portion, and a generator system coupled to the transfer system to produce and electrical output.

Abstract: An improved electro-magnetic field generating device, or field generator, which employs a high speed rotor, powered by compressed air, to generate a localized electro-magnetic field of high intensity. The field generator includes a hub that spins about a hub axis, and a charging ring that mounts to the hub that is centered on the hub axis. The charging ring receives an airstream from the hub. The airstream routes through the charging ring and back out into the hub. A housing formed from a metal material, encases the charging ring. A rotor mounts to the hub. The rotor is centered on the hub axis and receives the airstream from the hub. The airstream routes through the rotor to a pair of nozzles on the rotor am. The nozzles are oriented to exhaust the airstream at a tangent to the nozzle rotation, creating a rotational thrust to spin the charging ring.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are magnetic bearings, armatures for magnetic bearings, and methods for their production. In one embodiment, an armature is disclosed. The armature comprises a stack, having a first end and a second end, of insulating layers and coated plates disposed adjacent one another. A first compression collar is disposed at the first end, a second compression collar is disposed at the second end, and a shaft is disposed through the first and second compression collars and the stack. The coated plates comprise core plates having a coating disposed thereon, wherein the coating comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal alloy, a metal oxide, an intermetallic compound, a multi-phase alloy, a solid solution, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing. In addition, magnetic bearings and methods for assembling armatures are disclosed.

Abstract: A motor includes a stator, a rotor, and a plurality of blades. The stator includes a stator base with an opening, a first magnetic structure disposed at a bottom of the opening, a magnetic pole disposed on the stator base, and a second magnetic structure disposed at a top of the magnetic pole. The rotor, coupled to the stator, includes a hub, a shaft, a third magnetic structure disposed at the hub and encircled one en of the shaft and corresponded to the first magnetic structure, and a fourth magnetic structure disposed at the hub without contacting the second magnetic structure. The blades encircle the rotor. The first and third magnetic structures attract the second and the fourth magnetic structures, respectively.

Abstract: A three-phase line synchronous generator with an exciter and generator stage. The exciter stage includes an exciter stator having n poles and an exciter rotor having n poles and disposed for rotation within the exciter stator, and the generator stage includes a generator stator having n poles and a generator rotor having n poles. The generator rotor being mechanically coupled to the exciter rotor and disposed for rotation within the generator stator, wherein the poles of the stators, or the poles of the rotors, are angularly displace by one pole pitch.

Abstract: A claw pole type motor includes first and second claw poles opposed to each other and each including a radial yoke portion having an inner diameter side and an outer diameter side, a plurality of pole portions arranged on the inner diameter side, and axially extended, and an outer peripheral side yoke portion extending on the outer diameter side. A stator core is provided having an inner diameter side, and is formed so as to cause the pole portions of the first claw pole to be meshed with the pole portions of the second claw pole. A rotor is arranged on the inner diameter side of the stator core with a circumferential gap being defined therebetween. In order to provide high efficiency while simplifying manufacturing, the first and second claw poles are formed by compacting of magnetic powder.

Abstract: According to the invention, there is provided a rotor for a rotating electrical machine which includes a rotary shaft, a pair of first and second pole cores fixed on the rotary shaft, a plurality of permanent magnets, and a magnet holder holding the permanent magnets. The magnet holder is made of a non-magnetic metal and has a plurality of holding portions and a plurality of connecting portions. Each of the holding portions is interposed between circumferentially adjacent two of claws of the first and second pole cores, so as to hold a corresponding one of the permanent magnets between the adjacent two claws. Each of the connecting portions circumferentially extends, through the radially inner side of a distal end portion of one of the claws of the first and second pole cores, to connect end portions of adjacent two of the holding portions which circumferentially bracket the distal end portion.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment of the present invention a bell-armature coil for an electric motor is provided. The bell-armature coil comprises a hollow-cylindrical coil winding which forms a coil opening at one end and is wound from a winding wire. The bell-armature coil further comprises a coil former plate. The coil former plate includes a printed circuit board. Into the coil opening the coil former plate is inserted. The coil winding has conductor ends which are connected to the printed circuit board.

Abstract: In an electric rotary machine, a stator, a metallic supporting member configured to support the stator, and a rotor are provided, the rotor is relatively rotatably supported with respect to the stator, a magnetic path is formed via a gap portion between the stator and the rotor to give a torque to the rotor, and a space section is provided to interrupt the magnetic path at a position of the metallic supporting member near to a magnetic pole of the stator facing the gap portion.

Abstract: Adjustable cooling machinery for optical disc manufacturing is described. According to one exemplary embodiment, the adjustable cooling machine can be easily configured to allow two different diameters (e.g., 120 mm and 80 mm) of optical discs to be cooled in an optical disc manufacturing production facility. Specifically, the adjustable cooling machine can be adjusted from a first to a second configuration by changing few screws or locknuts and a connecting belt. According to one aspect of the present invention, the adjustable cooling machine comprises three identical spiral grooved shafts supported at either end by a pair of support structures via respective pairs of adjustable bearings. Each of the support structures is connected to a base plate via a pair of fasteners.

Abstract: An apparatus to produce acoustic cavitation by controlling cavitation events in a liquid insonification medium utilizing a waveform to excite a transducer with a series of bipolar inharmonic tone bursts having medium recovery intervals between respective bursts so that the medium repeatedly recovers from cavitation events between bursts. The apparatus may be used to clean a semiconductor wafer, to de-coat a painted surface having, to induce a chemical reaction, and/or to provide recycled paper made from inked paper de-inked by cavitation. Cavitation events are generated using a transducer and a waveform generator, e.g., square wave tone bursts, to excite the transducer with a signal controlled in frequency, burst repetition rate, duty-cycle and/or amplitude, e.g., utilizing bursts having a frequency between 500 KHz and 10 MHz, and a duty cycle between 0.1% and 70%.

Abstract: A method for driving an actuator. The method includes applying an electrical potential across an electrostrictive material relative to a counterelectrode disposed within an electrolyte, thereby creating a double layer potential across a region of enhanced ionic concentration. A current flowing between the electorostrictive material and the counterelectrode is measured. A portion of the applied potential appearing across the electrolyte and counterelectrode is calculated and subtracted from the applied potential to obtain an estimated double layer potential. The applied electrical potential is adjusted to obtain a specified double layer potential.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element having a piezoelectric film and one pair of electrodes being in contact with the piezoelectric film on a substrate, wherein the piezoelectric film has a structure in which a lead-containing piezoelectric film and a lead-free piezoelectric film are laminated, and in the piezoelectric film, a layer furthest from the substrate and a layer closest to the substrate are lead-free piezoelectric films.

Abstract: A stacked piezoelectric element comprising that can suppress periodic damping on miniaturization of a vibration wave motor and improve its performance. A stacked piezoelectric element comprises piezoelectric layers and electrode layers alternately stacked to have a shape of a cylinder. The electrode layers are divided into a plurality of electrode layer regions along a circumferential surface of the shape of a cylinder.

Abstract: An automotive alternator includes: a case; a shaft; a rotor that is fixed to the shaft; a stator that is fixed to an inner wall surface of the case; and a rectifier apparatus that is disposed inside the case and that is electrically connected to a stator coil of the stator so as to rectify alternating current generated in the stator coil into direct current, the rectifier apparatus having: a heatsink; diodes; and a circuit board that connects the diodes and the stator coil electrically and that is fixed to the case so as to be supported together with the heatsink by mount portions at three points, the alternator being characterized in that: vibration suppressing portions that are thicker than the mount portions and that suppress generation of vibrational modes in the circuit board among the mount portions are disposed on the mount portions.

Abstract: A foldable host unit case for a computer with dual crossover pivotal mechanisms includes a first module body and a second module body. The first module body and the second module body pivotally connect with each other at the middles thereof. The first module body has a foldable front wall and the second module body has a foldable rear wall. The first module body and the second module body can extend toward both lateral sides thereof respectively with respect to a rotational center formed with a pivotal shaft and the front wall and the rear wall are bent to form a firm structure. Hence, the host unit case is capable of being extended conveniently and quickly and being folded conveniently to reduce the volume thereof during being packaged.

Abstract: Rotation and pull-out fitting for a shelf in a corner cabinet, includes a carrier supported in the corner cabinet to be rotatable about a vertical axis, and a pull-out guide on which the shelf is displaceable relative to the carrier, the pull-out guide being mounted on a intermediate carrier that is itself rotatable relative to the carrier about an axis that is parallel with the axis of rotation of the carrier but offset therefrom.

Abstract: The jewelry storage cabinet includes a housing, which defines an open interior region therein. Upper and lower shelves are mounted within the open interior region to divide the open interior region into an upper chamber, a central chamber and a lower chamber. The upper chamber is defined between the upper shelf and an upper wall of the housing. The central chamber is defined between the upper and lower shelves, and slidably receives a plurality of sliding vertical panels therein. The lower chamber is defined between the lower shelf and a lower wall of the housing, and slidably receives a plurality of drawers. The upper wall may be pivotally secured to an upper end of a rear wall of the housing, providing the user with selective access to the upper chamber. A plurality of hooks are mounted to the panels for hanging articles of jewelry.

Abstract: A drawer adjusting mechanism is able to adjust dimensional errors of a drawer, so that the drawer may be accurately mounted and smoothly slide on two rails of the drawer. The drawer adjusting mechanism includes a drawer bottom level adjusting mechanism adapted to adjust any error in the drawer bottom level caused by errors in the thickness and dimensions of the drawer bottom, a drawer sliding direction adjusting mechanism adapted to adjust any error in the sliding direction of the drawer caused by a drawer front panel not centered at a front end of a drawer box, and a drawer slope adjusting mechanism adapted to adjust any axial slope of the drawer to enable smooth sliding of the drawer along the rails thereof.

Abstract: A post and beam furniture construction has a number of support posts and a plurality of beams that interconnect the posts. Accessories, including storage shelves and cabinets, and work surfaces are releasably supported by the posts at various positions relative to the shelf length and the post spacing. Support brackets interconnect accessories and posts. Each post has at least two accessory support rails extending along the post length. A support bracket engages a selected rail. Spaced support bracket receptacles extend along a length of the accessory and a support bracket engages a selected bracket receptacle. The beams may be removed from respective posts without moving the posts and may also be length adjustable.

Abstract: There is provided a refrigerator. The refrigerator include a drawer that is selectively drawn in a storage space, a storage container for storing foodstuffs, the storage container being received in the drawer, a container cover for closing the storage container, and an opening device that restricts the container cover when the drawer is drawn out by a predetermined distance, thereby slide-opening the storage container.

Abstract: A binder material, inorganic polymer, is used to formulate carbon nanotube pastes. This material can be cured at 200° C. and has a thermal-stability up to 500° C. Low-out gassing of this binder material makes it a good candidate for long life field emission devices. Due to better adhesion with this binder material, a strong adhesive peelable polymer from liquid form can be applied on the CNT cathode to achieve a uniform activation with even contact and pressure on the surface. The peelable polymer films may be used both as an activation layer and a mask layer to fabricate high-resolution patterned carbon nanotube cathodes for field emission devices using lithographic processes.

Abstract: A foil connector (28, 30) suited for use in a lamp (10) is provided. The foil connector includes a substrate layer (40) formed from an electrically conductive material. A coating (42) is provided for reducing oxidation of the substrate during lamp operation. The coating includes a first coating layer (44) on the substrate comprising a noble metal, a second coating layer (46) spaced from the substrate by the first coating layer, the second coating layer comprising a noble metal, and optionally, a third coating layer (48) spaced from the substrate by the first and second coating layers, the third coating layer comprising a noble metal.

Abstract: A lamp that has a base with a base insulator. Power supply lines are connected in the base to extension wires by means of coils.

Abstract: An exit window for an electron beam emitter through which electrons pass in an electron beam includes a structural foil for metal to metal bonding with the electron beam emitter. The structural foil has a central opening formed therethrough. A window layer of high thermal conductivity extends over the central opening of the structural foil and provides a high thermal conductivity region through which the electrons can pass.

Abstract: A pair of upper and lower magnetic field generators TG, BG are disposed in the vicinity of the end of a deflection device 30 on a phosphor screen 14 side so as to sandwich a horizontal plane. A pair of upper and lower coma aberration correction coil systems 60 in each of which a coil is wound around a substantially U-shaped core are disposed on an electron gun 16 side from a vertical deflection coil 34 so as to sandwich the horizontal plane. A pair of upper and lower magnetic members 70 are disposed between the vertical deflection coil 34 and a separator 38 so as to sandwich the horizontal plane. The angle ?c defined by inner tips of two legs of the substantially U-shaped core and a tube axis viewed along the tube axis satisfies 10°??c?42°.

Abstract: A button structure for displaying a multi-layered appearance includes a first flexible body, a film layer, a first color layer, a second flexible body, a second color layer, and a third color layer. The film layer is disposed on a top surface of the first flexible body. The first color layer is disposed between the first flexible body and the film layer. The second flexible body is disposed on a top surface of the film layer. The second color layer is disposed between the second flexible body and the film layer. The third color layer is disposed on a top surface of the second flexible body. Hence, the above-mentioned layers are integratedly formed together to display a multi-layered appearance.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a composite material that can be used for manufacturing a heat-resistant light-emitting element, provide a composite material that can be used for manufacturing a heat-resistant light-emitting element that can be driven with stability for a long period of time, and further, provide a composite material that can be used for manufacturing a light-emitting element that easily prevents short circuit between electrodes and uses less power. The present invention provides a composite material that has a first metal oxide skeleton including a first metal atom and an organic compound that is bound to the first metal atom by forming a chelate, where the first metal oxide exhibits an electron accepting property to the organic compound.

Abstract: A light-emitting device is provided, which includes a first electrode, a second electrode electrically isolated from the first electrode, and a luminescence layer formed of an electrolyte and disposed to contact with both of the first electrode and second electrode. The electrolyte comprises a luminous pigment which emits light, an ionic liquid, and carbonate. The carbonate is solid at normal temperature.

Abstract: A lamp (10) includes an envelope (12) and a source of illumination (22, 24, 26) disposed within the envelope. The source (22, 24, 26) emits radiation at least in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum. A film (30) is disposed around the envelope to block the transmission of substantially all light emitted from the envelope in the UV range and below a selected wavelength in the visible range, the selected wavelength being above about 450 nm. The film transmits substantially all visible light above the selected wavelength. The film includes a polymer matrix and a blocking material dispersed in the polymer matrix. The polymer matrix and blocking material are stable at lamp operating temperatures of above 100° C.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for improving the efficiency of a fluorescent lamp suitable for use as a backlight in an avionics or other liquid crystal display (LCD). The apparatus includes a channel configured confine a vaporous material that produces an ultra-violet light when electrically excited. A first electrode and a second electrode assembly disposed within the channel and configured to apply an electrical potential across at least a portion of the channel to electrically excite the vaporous material. Control circuitry is configured to provide control signals to the first and second electrodes to apply the electrical potential in a manner that produces a mean electron energy that substantially maximizes probabilities of collisions between electrons and particles that that produce more emissions in the light-producing channel having wavelengths substantially less than 400 nm than emissions having wavelengths greater than 800 nm.

Abstract: An electron emission device and a light emission device using the electron emission device are provided. The electron emission device includes cathode electrodes, gate electrodes that are located above the cathode electrodes, and electron emission regions that are electrically connected to the cathode electrodes. Each of the cathode electrodes includes a main electrode having openings and adapted to receive a driving voltage, a plurality of isolation electrodes on which the electron emission regions are located, the isolation electrodes being located in the openings of the main electrode, and a resistive layer that connects the main electrode to the isolation electrodes. Each of the isolation electrodes includes a first region contacting the resistive layer and a second region on which at least one of the electron emission regions is located. A width of the second region is greater than a width of the first region.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes an enclosure with a face portion, a cold cathode within the enclosure, a phosphor layer disposed on an interior surface of the face portion, and a tubulator between the cold cathode and the phosphor layer, the tubulator having a conductive insert. Electrons from the cold cathode are defocused by the conductive insert and impact the phosphor layer when an electric field is created between the cold cathode and the phosphor layer due to applied voltages at the cold cathode, conductive insert and phosphor layer. The phosphor layer emits light through the face portion in response to electrons incident thereon.