Abstract: A method of controlling an adjustable gain of an amplifier is disclosed. The method includes setting an output of a replica amplifier to be equivalent to a precision reference with a control loop, summing an adjustable offset voltage into the control loop, adjusting the adjustable offset voltage until an error offset voltage of the control loop is nulled, and controlling the adjustable gain of the amplifier with an output of the control loop. An apparatus for controlling an adjustable gain of an amplifier is also disclosed. The apparatus includes a control loop for setting the adjustable gain. The control loop includes an adjustable gain replica amplifier. A switch receives an output of the replica amplifier and a precision reference. An error amplifier receives outputs from the switch and generates a control voltage. The control voltage controls an adjustable gain of the replica amplifier and the adjustable gain of the amplifier.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are described for applying a polar bias modulation having a phase component and an amplitude component to a signal amplified by a power amplifier. The power amplifier (PA) has a plurality of amplifier gain stages and is configured to amplify an input to create an amplifier output signal. The input to the power amplitude is phase modulated based upon the phase component of the polar bias modulation, but need not be amplitude modulated. Amplitude modulation is provided by logic that includes a detector configured to receive an indication of the amplifier output as a feedback signal, a control module configured to generate a control signal based upon both the feedback signal and the amplitude component of the polar bias modulation, and a bias circuit configured to adjust a bias signal associated with at least one of the plurality of amplifier gain stages in response to the control signal.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses are provided for linear envelope elimination and restoration transmitters that are based on the polar modulation operating in conjunction with the orthogonal recursive predistortion technique. The polar modulation technique enhances the battery life by dynamically adjusting the bias level. Further, the analog orthogonal recursive predistortion efficiently corrects amplitude and phase errors in radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PA) and enhances the PA output capability. Additionally, even-order distortion components are used to predistort the input signal in a multiplicative manner so that the effective correction bandwidth is greatly enhanced. Also, the predistortion scheme, which uses instantaneously feed-backed envelope distortion signals, allows for correction of any distortion that may occur within the correction loop bandwidth, including envelope memory effects.

Abstract: System and methods are provided for multi-path orthogonal recursive predistortion. The systems and methods may include generating a first orthogonal signal and a second orthogonal signal, where the first and second signals are orthogonal components of an input signal and processing, at a first predistortion module, the first orthogonal signal and a first error correction signal to generate a first predistorted signal.

Abstract: A class-D switching amplifier is disclosed. The class-D switching amplifier includes two control circuits, a load, and six switching devices. The load is coupled to the six switching devices. The first and the second control circuits provide a first and a second PWM pulse respectively. Each of the first and second switching devices has a first terminal coupled to a first voltage level, a second terminal coupled to the load, and a control terminal coupled to the first control circuit. Each of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth switching devices has a first terminal coupled to a second voltage level, and a second terminal coupled to the load. The control terminals of the third and fourth switching devices are coupled to the first control circuit. The control terminals of the fifth and sixth switching devices are coupled to the second control circuit.

Abstract: With the objective of reducing current consumption of a regulator circuit per se, switches for performing on/off of an operating current are inserted in series with transistors of a reference voltage generating unit and a differential amplifying unit that constitute the regulator circuit. A switch for turning on/off an electrical connection between the reference voltage generating unit and the differential amplifying unit is provided. These switches are periodically on/off-controlled in accordance with a clock signal. Incidentally, when the timing provided to turn on the switch is made faster than the timings provided to turn on the remaining switches, the operation of the differential amplifying unit can be further stabilized.

Abstract: An arithmetic amplifying circuit for driving a capacitive load is provided including a voltage follower circuit converting an input signal to impedance, and a resistance circuit which is serially connected between the voltage follower circuit and an output of the arithmetic amplifying circuit. The voltage follower circuit includes a differential section, which amplifies a differential between the input signal and the output signal of the voltage follower circuit, and an output section, which outputs the output signal of the voltage follower circuit based on an output of the differential section, and drives a capacitive load via the resistance circuit.

Abstract: A method for varying gain exponentially with respect to a control signal is provided. The method includes receiving a primary control signal. A secondary control signal is generated based on the primary control signal. The secondary control signal is provided to a variable gain amplifier and is operable to exponentially vary a gain for the variable gain amplifier with respect to the primary control signal.

Abstract: Provided is an amplifier including: an amplifier circuit receiving differential signals to generate amplified differential signals; a buffer generating buffered signals by buffering each signal generated by controlling a direct current (DC) component of the differential signals; and an impedance matching device coupled between two terminals wherein each of the buffered signals is added with each of the amplified differential signal.

Abstract: A gain-step transconductor circuit operates with multiple gain values. The gain can be stepped from one gain value to another by selecting a different signal path between an input node and an output amplifier. The output amplifier may operate as a common source amplifier or a common gate amplifier.

Abstract: An electrical device and a loop control method are provided. A data signal is obtained from a front end. A variable gain amplifier amplifies the data signal based on a gain value. An analog to digital converter samples the amplified data signal output therefrom to generate a digital data signal. A peak bottom detector detects a peak level and a bottom level of the digital data signal. A threshold controller compares the peak and bottom levels with a threshold value, and generates a first control signal accordingly. An auto gain controller updates the gain value based on the peak and bottom levels with a first step size. The first step size is determined by the first control signal.

Abstract: A variable gain amplifier includes an attenuator having a plurality of pairs of tap points, and a plurality of pairs of gm cells, wherein each pair of gm cells is coupled to a corresponding pair of the tap points, and each pair of gm cells is constructed and arranged to operate as a multi-tan h cell.

Abstract: In an electronic volume apparatus, a gain having an initial value g1 at time t=0 in an initial state is transited to a target value g2 at time t=Tp after a certain transition period Tp elapses. A gain control unit controls the gain of the amplifier depending on a control function g(t) which satisfies the following conditions (1) to (3): g(0)=g1, g(Tp)=g2; ??(1) g?(Tp/2)>g?(0); and ??(2) g?(Tp/2)>g?(Tp). ??(3) where g?(t) is time differentiation of g(t).

Abstract: An analog transconductance amplifier includes an input stage including a first transistor and a second transistor connected in series to the first transistor. The first and second transistors are connected between positive and negative voltages and are respectively controlled by an input voltage and a first control voltage for generating a normalized drive voltage. An amplification stage includes a first conduction path including an amplification transistor controlled by the normalized drive voltage. A first load transistor is connected in series to the amplification transistor and is controlled by a second control voltage. A second conduction path includes at least one second load transistor controlled by a third control voltage. A current mirror forces through the second conduction path a replica of current flowing through the first conduction path. An output stage transistor delivers an output current, and is controlled by a voltage on the second load transistor.

Abstract: A method for generating a temperature-compensated control signal is provided. The method includes receiving a constant control signal. A temperature-compensated control signal is generated based on the constant control signal. The temperature-compensated control signal is provided to a variable gain amplifier. The temperature-compensated control signal is operable to cause the variable gain amplifier to function independently of temperature.

Abstract: A signal amplifier circuit includes a negative feedback amplifier circuit having an output terminal, a first voltage limiting device for limiting the output voltage from the negative feedback amplifier circuit, a second voltage limiting device for limiting the output voltage from the negative feedback amplifier circuit, a first reference voltage supply applying a first reference voltage to the first voltage limiting device, a second reference voltage supply applying a second reference voltage to the second voltage limiting device. The first voltage limiting device is configured to fix a lower limit saturation voltage at the first reference voltage. The second voltage limiting device is configured to fix an upper limit saturation voltage at the second reference voltage.

Abstract: A two-port dual-gate field-effect transistor for amplifier applications, wherein a self-bias circuit comprising a number of passive elements, such as resistors, diodes and capacitors, is utilized to coupled the output of the amplifier with a second gate of the dual-gate device as a bias source, which transforms the conventional three-port cascode topology into a two-port dual-gate device so as to facilitate device testing, modeling, and packaging for discrete device application. The technology is for improving the RF performance of conventional two-port single-gate HEMT device, with slightly noise figure degradation. This innovation doesn't require complicated RF testing and modeling as compared with conventional dual-gate devices. The two-port dual-gate device fits packaging molds of conventional two-port discrete device, hence the production line thereof can be easily extended to low noise amplifier and power amplifier applications.

Abstract: There are many inventions described and illustrated herein.

Abstract: There are many inventions described and illustrated herein.

Abstract: A connector structure suitable for a high-frequency signal transmission is provided. The connector structure includes a printed circuit board for transferring and processing high-frequency signals, and being electrically connected to a transmission cable, so as to transmit the signals. Here the electrical connection between the ground line of the transmission cable and the ground line of the circuit board must be avoided, so as to prevent high-frequency electromagnetic wave noise from being sent out together with the signals. In addition, an electromagnetic wave insulated absorbing material covers the circuit board, for attenuating the high-frequency electromagnetic wave noises generated by the circuit board. Finally, the transmission cable and the circuit board covered by an electromagnetic wave insulated absorbing material are accommodated within a metal case, thereby reducing the conduction impedance between the shells of the metal case, so as to eliminate the electromagnetic interferences (EMI).

Abstract: A balun includes an input line for receiving an unbalanced signal, an output line for receiving the unbalanced signal from the input line and outputting a balanced signal, and a ground. The input line and the output line are formed in the same layer, and the ground is formed in a different layer from the input line and the output line. The ground has an opening so as to generate a potential difference between the first output line and the second output line. The ground is electrically connected to the input line.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method for providing filtering functionality and impedance transformation within a BAW resonator network are disclosed. In particular, a BAW resonator network is designed to provide band pass capability and a transformation between its input impedance and output impedance. By effectively integrating impedance matching functionality within the BAW resonator network, discrete impedance matching elements previously required within a system may be removed or reduced in size. As a result, matching networks and their associated component costs, insertion losses, and board size contributions may be reduced.

Abstract: A ridge-waveguide filter with a signal input port at a first end and a signal output port at a second end contains a cascade assembly of metal-bounded ridge-waveguide sections with interspersed metal-bounded evanescent-mode coupling regions, and also contains low-loss ridge-waveguide port coupling networks to impedance-match the ends of the assembly to respective signal-port reference impedances. A frequency multiplexer with a composite-signal port and a plurality of channeled-signal ports is composed of a plurality of ridge-waveguide filters that are series-connected through a ridge-waveguide manifold containing a multiplicity of three-way waveguide junctions and quasi-lumped waveguide elements.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method for providing filtering functionality and impedance transformation within a BAW resonator network are disclosed. In particular, a BAW resonator network is designed to provide bandpass capability and a transformation between its input impedance and output impedance. By effectively integrating impedance matching functionality within the BAW resonator network, discrete impedance matching elements previously required within a system may be removed or reduced in size. As a result, matching networks and their associated component costs, insertion losses, and board size contributions may be reduced. Harmonic termination may be provided within the BAW resonator network or a prematch stage to improve efficiency of a power amplifier.

Abstract: A surface acoustic wave device includes front stage and rear stage surface acoustic wave elements, a signal wiring connecting between the front stage and rear stage surface acoustic wave elements, a reference potential wiring connected with the rear stage surface acoustic wave element and a capacitor made of an insulator interposed between the signal wiring and the reference potential wiring. A surface acoustic wave device includes a front stage surface acoustic wave resonator, a rear stage surface acoustic wave element, a signal wiring connecting between the front stage surface acoustic wave resonator and the rear stage surface acoustic wave element, a reference potential wiring connected with the rear stage surface acoustic wave element and a capacitor made of an insulator interposed between the signal wiring and the reference potential wiring. A communication device includes the surface acoustic wave device described above, a receiver circuit or a transmitter circuit.

Abstract: The invention provides a grounding strategy for electronic components. In particular, the present provides ground connections in thin-film electronic components by connecting one group of one or more resonators to one ground connection and connecting a second group of one or more resonators to another ground connection.

Abstract: An across-trench circuit for high-speed signal transmission applicable to a multi-layer circuit board, such as high-speed digital circuit board, for installing an across-trench signal transmission circuit on the high-speed digital circuit board is disclosed, wherein a pair of coplanar waveguide circuit formed on both sides of signal circuit crossing a trench, so as to reduce ground bounce noise of signal transmission for the high-speed digital circuit board, and thereby increases the quality of transmitting the signals and reduces the ground bounce noise and damage of reflection and interference.

Abstract: An electromechanical switch with a rigidified electrode includes an actuation electrode, a suspended electrode, a contact, and a signal line. The actuation electrode is disposed on a substrate. The suspended electrode is suspended proximate to the actuation electrode and includes a rigidification structure. The contact is mounted to the suspended electrode. The signal line is positioned proximate to the suspended electrode to form a closed circuit with the contact when an actuation voltage is applied between the actuation electrode and the suspended electrode.

Abstract: A circuit for guiding electromagnetic waves includes a substrate for supporting components of the circuit. The circuit includes a control device which includes a first conductive element on the substrate for connection to a first component of the circuit and a second conductive element on the substrate for connection to a second component. The control device is made up of a variable impedance switching material on the substrate which exhibits a bi-stable phase behavior. The compound has a variable impedance between a first impedance state value and a second impedance state value which can be varied by application of energy thereto to thereby affect the amplitude or phase delay of electromagnetic waves through the circuit.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments comprise a bimetal restraint adapted to restrain a bimetal of a circuit breaker from deformation beyond a predetermined threshold during a short circuit event. In certain exemplary embodiments, the bimetal restraint can be adapted to act as a shunt during the short circuit event to transfer electrical energy from an electrical energy source to a load side of the circuit breaker.

Abstract: A time delay relay includes a coil having a longitudinal axis therethrough and an armature proximate an end of the coil. The armature is movable between an energized position and a de-energized position. A tube is positioned within the coil. The tube has a longitudinal axis that is substantially coincident with the axis of the coil. A metallic core is disposed within the tube. The core is movable along the longitudinal axis of the tube in response to a magnetic field in the coil to induce movement of the armature to the energized position. A time delay occurs between the onset of the presence of the magnetic field and the movement of the armature to the energized position.

Abstract: An electrical switching device, especially a high-frequency switching device, comprising an elongate electrical switching element, a contact end of which is disposed between two opposite contact elements that are transversally spaced apart from each other. The switching element can be selectively moved perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction thereof towards one or the other opposite contact element by two adjusting elements that are located on both sides next to the switching element. In order to eliminate or at least reduce frictional processes and the risk of the electrical contact being damaged by abrasion, the switching element is made at least in part of magnetic material while the adjusting elements are formed by two magnet assemblies, the magnetic force of one magnet assembly or the other magnet assembly being selectively reducible or increasable.

Abstract: A combination of at least two electromagnetic switching devices, each of which is provided with a plug-in connector socket and can be fixed side by side on a support in a stationary position in relation to one another and can be connected to form electrical contact by means of a connection unit. The connection unit includes an electrical conductor connection and a plug-in connector system. The conductor connection is encased by a housing of the connection unit and the plug-in connector system is encased by the lateral faces of the connection unit that face the switching devices. The plug-in connector system is configured to be displaced on the lateral face of the connection unit towards the lateral face of the neighbouring device in the connection unit housing.

Abstract: A solenoid plunger for use in solenoid driven multi-line embossing systems is constructed of magnetic steel laminations that are attached to a center block which is machined to mount a solenoid shaft and anti-rotate pins. The laminations are attached to the center block with screws and vacuum epoxy glued for a very high cycle life. The laminated steel construction dramatically reduces eddy currents, which allows the magnetic field to rise and fall much more quickly than a conventional steel plunger. It also increases the magnetic force in the solenoid. This reduction in solenoid plunger eddy currents and increase of magnetic force in the solenoid structure itself operates to increase embosser throughput. The laminated steel construction further reduces embosser solenoid heating which also contributes to improved embossing control.

Abstract: This magnetic clamping device comprises a clamping support (41) and at least one magnetic pad (5) housed in this support, each pad comprising a magnet that can be switched between an activated state, in which the magnetic flux lines generated by the pad may extend towards the outside of the clamping device, and a deactivated state, in which the magnetic flux lines are confined in the clamping device. Each pad (5) comprises at least one solenoid coil, each end of this solenoid coil being connected to a terminal. The terminals of at least one pad (5) are connected to a circuit by means of removable connectors (7A, 7B, 9).

Abstract: Coil frames and transformers are provided. A coil frame includes a sub-coil-frame and an extended frame. The sub-coil-frame is utilized for winding a metal coil thereon. The extended frame is attached to the sub-coil-frame. The extended frame has a hole and a protrusion. The hole of the coil frame can be connected with the protrusion of another coil frame.

Abstract: A micro power converter is provided in which magnetic flux passing a route outside of external electrodes and second connection conductors is decreased to reduce noises, and at the same time, adhesiveness of molding resin is preserved to provide excellent humidity resistance.

Abstract: Miniature circuitry and inductor components in which multiple levels of printed circuitry are formed on each side of a support panel, typically a printed circuit board or rigid flex. Magnetic members are embedded in one or more cavities in said support panel. Electrical connection between the plural levels of circuitry and multiple windings around the magnetic members are provided by plural plated through hole conductors. Small through hole openings accommodate a plurality of the plated through hole conductors since each is insulated from the others by a very thin layer of vacuum deposited organic layer such as parylene having a high dielectric strength. Adhesion of this plated copper to the organic layer is provided by first applying an adhesive promotor to the surface of the organic layer followed by the vacuum deposition of the organic layer.

Abstract: A planar transformer device comprising a primary coil (4), a secondary coil (6) and a core (8, 10), in which the coil layers (16, 24) of the secondary coil (6) are wound onto each other in a direction which is essentially parallel to the plane of the primary coil (4).

Abstract: A temperature controlling protective device is made of a PPTC material, comprising: a body having two ends, a top surface and a bottom surface, and two ends of the body. Two electrodes made of silver gel respectively cover the two ends of the body. Two protective layers respectively cover the top surface and the bottom surface. The protective device may prevent electronic circuits from damage due to over heating.

Abstract: A protection cover used for avoiding the influence brought about by the temperature effect of a varistor is proposed. The protection cover is made of ceramic or refractory material, and is used to bear high temperature generated when a metal oxide varistor breaks down to catch fire and to further cover the fire therein, thereby preventing the fire from burning out application components around the metal oxide varistor. Moreover, accommodation portions and grooves for receiving temperature breakers are disposed on the protection cover to provide a better contact surface between the protection cover and the temperature breakers so that the temperature breakers can more accurately detect the temperature on the protection cover, hence reducing the occurrence of the situation of erroneous actions.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sending messages to a group using a preferred or an optimal communication medium for each individual in the group are provided. Groups may be indicated by tags associated with each individual in the group. Determining a preferred or optimal communication medium for each individual may be based on various factors, including predetermined preferences, presence, and/or activity. In various embodiments, the present invention includes systems and methods for managing a plurality of groups with overlapping membership.

Abstract: A method configures an electrical field device that has a control unit with selection switches arranged on it. Selection switch settings are detected by the control unit for the electrical field device as a configuration number. The control unit uses a table, which is stored in a memory for the field device, to determine the device settings associated with the configuration number which describes the settings and the selection switches, for the electrical field device, and sets these, thus completing the configuring of the electrical field device.

Abstract: An intelligent lock comprises a mechanical element operative to provide two lock position upon a proper actuation, and an electromechanical (EM) trigger separate from and coupled to the mechanical element and operative to control the actuation. When included in an intelligent locking system, the lock is remotely controllable through a monitoring and control unit, operative to relay commands to the EM trigger.

Abstract: A lock programming device (10) is for use with a lock system (40) including a computer (2) and a one door lock(s) having a control. The computer has RAM (6), a storage device (7), and a program for generating lock code data files in response to user input. The lock control has memory (4a) for storing a lock code data file(s) and is configured to operate the lock when receiving input corresponding to the code file. The programming device (10) includes a base (12) disposeable in a user's hand and a flash memory (14) connected with the base for storing at least one data file. A controller (16) connected with the base is coupled with the flash memory and coupleable with the computer. The controller communicates with the computer to write a data file in RAM directly to the flash memory and communicates with the lock control to transfer the data file from the flash memory to the lock memory.

Abstract: RFID-based systems and methods are presented. A portable electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention includes an electrical system, a controller coupled to the electrical system, a display screen coupled to the electrical system, input devices coupled to the electrical system, and an RFID tag coupled to the electrical system such that removal or disablement of the tag causes disablement of at least some functionality of the device. A Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system according to an embodimient of the present invention includes an RFID device tag coupled to a device and an RFID user tag associated with a user. The device tag is associated with the user tag. At least some functionality of the device is disabled based on whether or not a presence of the user tag is detected within a vicinity of the device tag.

Abstract: A door lock mechanism controller includes a first communication device and a second communication device. The first communication device transmits a first radio signal to a first communication terminal through a first antenna so as to receive authentication information for operating a door lock mechanism. The second communication device transmits/receives a radio signal to/from a second communication terminal so as to receive authentication information for operating the door lock mechanism. A control prevents operation of an actuator based on the authentication information received by the second antenna, when the first radio signal is transmitted by the first antenna.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for sending a code from a mesh network key and wirelessly communicating the code with one or more mesh network appliances over a mesh network such as ZigBee; receiving the code over the mesh network by a mesh network lock controller; and providing access to the secured area upon authenticating the code.

Abstract: After a door of a vehicle is locked, a touch switch and a lock switch is disabled for a predetermined time period. A predetermined operation of a holder of a handheld unit to a door handle during the predetermined time period causes a device mounted in the vehicle to perform a certain function other than unlocking the door. Thus the predetermined operation solely to the door handle after the door of the vehicle is locked can serve as an instruction for the device mounted in the vehicle to execute the certain function.

Abstract: A vehicular rearview mirror system includes an interior rearview mirror assembly having an interior electrochromic reflective element, a housing for the interior electrochromic reflective element, and digital circuitry supplying a drive signal to the interior electrochromic reflective element. The interior electrochromic reflective element assumes an interior mirror partial reflectance level in response to the interior mirror electrochromic reflective element drive signal. The digital circuitry includes a microcontroller for controlling over a vehicle network at least one other vehicle function. One of the at least one other vehicle function includes an exterior mirror assembly that may include an exterior electrochromic reflective element that assumes an exterior mirror partial reflectance level in response to an exterior mirror electrochromic reflective element drive signal.