Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention includes a delta-sigma modulator formed of a loop filter coupled to receive an incoming signal, and a quantizer coupled to the loop filter to receive an output of the loop filter and to generate a quantized output. The loop filter may have multiple integration stages and a transfer function constrained to maintain stability of the delta-sigma modulator regardless of an amplitude of the incoming signal. Methods directed to design of such a delta-sigma modulator are also described.

Abstract: A primary delta-sigma modulator converts a continuous-time input signal into a discrete-time output sequence. A calibration circuit comprising an auxiliary delta-sigma modulator estimates percentage error in an integrator time constant and adjusts the time constant of at least one integrator in the primary delta-sigma modulator accordingly. The auxiliary delta-sigma modulator and the primary delta-sigma modulator use integrators with substantially similar circuit designs. The percentage error in the time constant of the integrator in the auxiliary delta-sigma modulator, and correspondingly the percentage error in time constant of the integrator in the primary delta-sigma modulator, is estimated by injecting a calibrating sequence into the auxiliary delta-sigma modulator and examining a correlation between an error sequence and an output sequence of the auxiliary delta-sigma modulator.

Abstract: A current source cell of one embodiment according to the present invention comprises: first and second transistors which are complementarily switched by a control signal; a constant current source which is commonly connected to one ends of current paths of the first and second transistors; third and fourth transistors which are respectively connected between the other ends of the current paths of the first and second transistors and first and second output terminals, and which being in normally conducting states; and an inversion amplifier having an input terminal which is commonly connected to the one ends of the current paths of the first and second transistors, and having output terminal which is commonly connected to control terminals of the third and fourth transistors.

Abstract: Digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion are implemented in or using programmable logic. The DAC and ADC circuits may be hardwired in a programmable logic integrated circuit or may be implemented using an intellectual property (IP) core. The IP core would be a series of bits to configure the logic cells and other programmable logic of an integrated circuit to include one or more DACs or ADC, or both on the same integrated circuit. The DAC may be a sigma-delta-modulator-based implementation or a resistor-ladder-based implementation.

Abstract: A method for producing an analog output from a digital input is described. A digital pulse train is received having an average value which is proportional to a digital conversion value. The digital pulse train is driven at a periodic interval to produce a modulated tristate-gate output. The modulated tristate-gate output is averaged to produce an analog output. Optionally, the pulse train is also driven at an additional periodic interval having a duty cycle of more, or less, than less than 50%. The pulse train may also be driven steadily.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes a CMOS image sensor and a signal processor operable to process an output signal from the CMOS image sensor. The CMOS image sensor includes the following elements: an imaging region; a reference signal generator operable to generate a reference signal; a comparator operable to compare the reference signal generated by the reference signal generator with a signal transmitted from the imaging region; a counter operable to count, in parallel with comparison performed by the comparator, a predetermined count clock and to hold a count value at the time of completion of comparison performed by the comparator; and a reference signal supply interface unit operable to supply the reference signal generated by the reference signal generator to a plurality of comparators via different signal lines, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides a ball measuring apparatus capable of measuring a trajectory of a ball from a hitting position to a landing position, the landing position and a stop position. A ball measuring apparatus 100 according to a first embodiment includes a first millimeter wave radar device 1 capable of carrying out a measurement from the hitting position to a predetermined position of the trajectory and having at least one transmitting antenna and a plurality of receiving antennas, and a second millimeter wave radar device 2 capable of measuring the stop position and having at least one transmitting antenna and a plurality of receiving antennas. A ball measuring apparatus 101 according to a second embodiment has a millimeter wave radar device 31 and a CCD camera 32.

Abstract: To reduce interference and increase battery life, a method and apparatus for transmitting location data within an ad-hoc communication system is provided herein. During operation, a portion of a beacon payload is reserved to broadcast location information (coordinates) for a node as well as other parameters that may be needed for location estimation. In addition to a node's location, an accuracy of the nodes location is also included within the beacon field. Because nodes will no longer have to awake outside their beacon transmit times to broadcast location information, battery life is extended. In addition, because nodes will no longer be transmitting location information outside their guaranteed time slot, system interference is also reduced.

Abstract: In a device for measuring angular positions by using radar pulses and mutually overlapping beam characteristics of at least two antenna elements, a switchable phase shifter is provided in the signal path of at least one antenna element which is switchable in the time-division multiplexing between different phase states. For the radar received signals, an evaluation device is provided for the joint and especially simultaneous evaluation of signals of two antenna elements with the participation of antenna element, in whose signal path a switchable phase shifter is provided.

Abstract: An antenna structure comprises a substrate, a first conductive element, a feed point, a first extending element, two first radiation elements, two second radiation elements, a ground element, a signal line, and a ground line. The first conductive element is disposed on the substrate and extends in a first direction. The feed point is connected to an end of the first conductive element. The first extending element is connected to another end of the first conductive element opposite to the feed point and extends in the second direction. The first radiation elements are connected to two ends of the first extending element and extend in the first direction. The second radiation elements are connected to the first extending element, near the first radiation elements and extend in the first direction. The ground element is disposed on the substrate. The signal line is coupled to the feed point. The ground line is coupled to the ground element.

Abstract: A wireless communication module used for a portable electronic device comprises a first antenna module and a second antenna module, which first antenna module has a first antenna for transmitting and receiving of wireless signals, an electronic circuit for coding and decoding of wireless signals, and a detector for detecting of signal intensity, and which second antenna module has a signal transmission line and a second antenna for transmitting and receiving of wireless signals; the first antenna module connects to the second antenna module via the signal transmission line of the second antenna mode to have the detector of the first antenna module can detect and compare the signal intensity of the first and second antennas, when a weaker signal is detected at the first antenna of the first antenna module, the signal transmission/receiving task is actively shifted to the second antenna of the second antenna module; the wireless signal received by the first antenna of the first antenna module or by the second a

Abstract: A Portable communication device includes in an interior of the portable communication device a ground plane and an antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement includes an antenna element combination including a first radiating antenna element to be connected to a feeding potential and dimensioned for resonating in a first frequency band, and a second radiating antenna element dimensioned for resonating in a second frequency band. The antenna arrangement further includes at least one first element joining switch that in a closed position interconnects elements of the antenna element combination for dimensioning the antenna element combination for resonating in a third frequency band and in an open position separates these elements from each other, and a grounding switch which in a closed position joins the second radiating antenna element to a ground plane and in an open position separates the second radiating antenna element from the ground plane.

Abstract: A mobile wireless communications device may include a housing, a printed circuit board (PCB) carried by the housing, at least one wireless RF circuit carried by the PCB, and a first contact(s) carried by the PCB and electrically connected to the at least one wireless RF circuit. The device may further include a wrap-around antenna assembly comprising an antenna retainer frame removably coupled to an edge of the PCB and having first and second portions wrapping around adjacent first and second surfaces of the PCB at the edge thereof when the antenna retainer frame is coupled to the PCB. The wrap-around antenna assembly may also include an antenna carried by the antenna retainer frame and extending along the first and second portions thereof. The antenna may include a second contact(s) removably coupled to the first contact(s) when the antenna retainer frame is coupled to the PCB.

Abstract: An electronic device an antenna, an information processing apparatus for the purpose of processing information captured by the antenna, and a metal exterior parts capable of housing therewithin the antenna and the information processing apparatus, wherein the metal exterior parts is configured so that the antenna can receive magnetic flux from outside the metal exterior parts that has passed through the metal exterior parts and can resonate, and wherein at least a part of the metal exterior parts has an electrical resistance value that is different from another part of the metal exterior parts.

Abstract: An on-board antenna includes a radiation element provided on a dielectric substrate, a grounding conductor surrounding a periphery of an outer edge portion of the radiation element at a position spaced away outwardly from the outer edge portion, and a conductive member provided on the surface at a position spaced away outwardly from an outer edge portion of the grounding conductor.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an integrated circuit antenna array is provided that includes: a substrate, a plurality of antennas adjacent the substrate; and an RF feed network adjacent the substrate for transmitting RF signals to the plurality of antennas and for receiving RF signals from the plurality of antennas, the RF feed network coupling to a distributed plurality of phase shifters integrated with the substrate for phase-shifting the RF signals propagated through the RF feed network.

Abstract: A hub assembly (10) includes a hub (12) which can be attached to the mast (11) of an antenna by fastening assemblies (41) at a selected position along the mast (11). The hub (12) can carry rods (46) in horizontal slots (39, 40) to form a capacitance hat for the antenna, or can carry rods (46) in vertical slots (37, 38) so that the rods (46) can be positioned to overlie a trap (51) by a selected extent to tune the trap (51) a selected amount. Clamping assemblies (47) hold the rods (46) in the selected slots (37-40). Apertures (36) are provided in the hub (12) and are adapted to receive guy wires to support the antenna.

Abstract: An antenna having multiple antenna elements of unequal lengths, form in a conical shape. The longest antenna element has a trap in a specific location of the antenna element. Multiple traps can be used for extended coverage depending upon the frequency band. The antenna elements are connected together through a transversal-wire ring and a feed transmission line is attached to it. The antenna occupies minimal footprint in the horizontal direction and maintains a low VSWR and a uniform beam pattern over a wide frequency band, more than 1:20. The antenna has a constant radiation pattern over a 1:6 bandwidth and the pattern bandwidth may be increased using more antenna elements and traps. The elevation and azimuth patterns show a consistent characteristic from 100 MHz to 600 MHz.

Abstract: An image display system includes at least one display panel, a memory circuit, and a position sensing subsystem. The memory circuit stores image information, associated with positions within a space in which the at least one display panel is provided, at least temporarily. The position sensing subsystem detects the position of the at least one display panel within the space. The at least one display panel presents at least a portion of the image information thereon according to its position that has been detected by the position sensing subsystem in the space.

Abstract: A method of spatial visualization in which several views are decomposed into bits of partial information, which are made optically visible by image rendering elements. Neighboring image rendering elements emit light of different wavelengths or wavelength ranges. Propagation directions for the light are given by wavelength filters such that an observer will see predominantly bits of partial information of a first selection of views with one eye and predominantly bits of partial information of a second selection with the other eye. At least one image rendering element is simultaneously allocated bits of partial information from at least two different views. The allocation is made in such a way that the wavelength of the partial information is always equal to the wavelength, or lies in the wavelength range, of the light emitted by the allocated image rendering element.

Abstract: A plasma display device includes a plasma display panel, and a driving pulse generator which generates pulses for driving the plasma display panel, and a memory storing data necessary for generating the pulses each having a frequency identical with one of a plurality of predetermined frequencies. The driving pulse generator generates the pulses each having an appropriate frequency associated with each of regions in which the plasma display device is used. The appropriate frequency is a frequency which reduces interference to medium or short radio-casting wave by electromagnetic wave caused by the plasma display device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the plasma display panel module that integrates a sustainer board and reduces electromagnetic interference. The plasma display panel module includes a plasma display panel that includes scan electrode lines, sustain electrode lines, and a data electrode lines, an integration driving board that drives scan electrode lines and sustain electrode lines, a first electric current path that is connected between the integration driving board and the scan electrode lines, a second electric current path that is connected between the integration driving board and the sustain electrode lines, and a metal plate to release heat by a plasma display panel, which a penetration hole that the second electric current path penetrates is formed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method and apparatus of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for improving its contrast and enabling its high speed driving. A driving method of a plasma display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention applies a setup voltage with a first gradient to the scan electrode for the reset period; and applies the setup voltage with a second gradient to the sustain electrode while a voltage on the scan electrode rises.

Abstract: An organic EL drive circuit comprises a timing signal generator circuit for generating a plurality of second timing control signals sequentially delayed from a first timing control signal, a reset pulse generator circuit for selecting one of the plurality of the second timing control signals according to the predetermined data and generating a reset pulse having a front edge determined according to the selected second timing control signal and a rear edge determined by the first timing control signal and a switch circuit responsive to the reset pulse for connecting the terminal pins to a predetermined bias line to reset an organic EL element of an organic EL panel connected to the terminal pins. Luminance of the organic EL panel is regulated by regulating the display period according to the predetermined data.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display having addressable pixels on a substrate, the pixels having performance attributes, and a control circuit for controlling the pixels of the display device, includes one or more OLED pixels; an OLED reference pixel located on a substrate and connected to the control circuit, the OLED reference pixel having the same performance attributes as the one or more OLED pixels, the OLED reference pixel having a voltage sensing circuit including a transistor connected to one of the terminals of the OLED reference pixel for sensing the voltage across the OLED reference pixel to produce a voltage signal representing the voltage across the OLED reference pixel; a measurement circuit connected to the voltage signal to produce an output signal representative of the performance attributes of the OLED reference pixel; an analysis circuit connected to the measurement circuit to receive the output signal, compare the performance attributes with predetermined performance attributes,

Abstract: A display element having a plurality of pixel portions arranged two-dimensionally with a predetermined pixel pitch and a microlens array including a plurality of microlenses arranged two-dimensionally corresponding to the plurality of pixel portions on an incident side or an emission side of light with respect to the pixel portions, wherein, in the microlens array, each microlens has a lens surface of a hyperboloid of revolution, and a lens pitch of the plurality of microlenses is set to a pitch smaller than the lens pitch able to substantially equivalently maintain a converging efficiency of a lens of the hyperboloid of revolution and a lens of an ellipsoid of revolution with respect to the incident light and able to maintain a converging efficiency higher than the converging efficiency of the lens of the ellipsoid of revolution or wherein, in the microlens array, each microlens has a lens surface of a hyperboloid of revolution, and a lens pitch is 20 ?m or less; a display device; and a microlens array.

Abstract: An image display having a display panel including pixels in a matrix pattern, anodes formed corresponding to the pixels, a cathode in common with the anodes, EL elements provided between the anode and the cathode and including a light emitting layer, and TFTs for controlling the current supply to the EL elements. The display also has a scan driver for selecting pixel lines on the display panel, a data driver for applying RGB display signals corresponding to a pixel line of the display panel when the pixel line is selected, and a display controller for using a current value fed back by the common cathode and externally input RGB data to correct a white gray level of the RGB data and to generate RGB display data to the data driver.

Abstract: An apparatus for driving a display device includes a timing controller and a data driver. The timing controller encodes first gray scale data of a present frame, decodes encoded second gray scale data of a previous frame, compares the first gray scale data with the second gray scale data, and generates compensated gray scale data based on a result of comparing the first gray scale data with the second gray scale data. The data driver generates data signal based on the compensated gray scale data to provide the data lines with the data signal. The gray scale data are encoded so that the toggle number between adjacent data pins into which the gray scale data are output may be reduce. The encoded gray scale data are stored in a memory. Thus, the power consumption is reduced, and the EMI may be reduced.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines crossing over the gate lines while being electrically insulated from the gate lines. Pixels are placed at the cross regions of the gate and the data lines arranged in a matrix form. Each pixel has a switching circuit connected to the gate and the data lines. Data voltages are fed to the pixels such that the polarity of the pixels is inverted per a pixel group of two or more pixel rows. Gate voltages are applied to the neighboring first and second pixel groups such that the gate voltage applied to the pixel row of the first pixel group close to the second pixel group differs from the gate voltage applied to the pixel row of the first pixel group distant to the second pixel group.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel (2) includes scanning signal lines (31) for supplying scanning signals to gate electrodes (20) of TFTs (14), and data signal lines (32) for supplying data signals to data electrodes (24) of TFTs. The liquid crystal panel further includes auxiliary capacitive electrode pads (27a) for use in forming auxiliary capacitance and an auxiliary capacitive lines (33) so as not to generate a capacitive bond with the scanning signal lines. The liquid crystal panel is driven at a rewriting frequency of a screen of not more than 30 Hz. As a result, the liquid crystal panel can be driven at a low consumption power while maintaining a desirable display quality of the liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microdisplay system that utilizes a small high resolution active matrix liquid crystal display with an illumination system and a magnifying optical system to provide a hand held communication display device. The system can employ an LED illumination system and cellular communication or processor circuits within a compact housing to provide communication devices such as pagers, telephones, televisions, and hand held computer devices with a compact high resolution video display.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display replaces the common electrodes of a conventional LCD with a plurality of switch electrodes. The plurality of switch electrodes is grouped into several switch electrode sets. Each of the switch electrode sets' potential is modulated by a different driving circuit. The driving circuits can also separately modulate the potentials of the switch electrode sets according to the scanning sequence of the LCD.

Abstract: An improved method and system for printing electric paper is described. The method utilizes a system for keeping a writing characteristic, such as an electric charge or an electric current, constant with each pixel of an electric paper as the electric paper moves through a system. By keeping the electrical characteristic constant at each pixel, as the electric paper moves, the throughput of an electric paper printing system is significantly enhanced.

Abstract: An input device is provided that is configured to dynamically select and control y-scrolling and x-scrolling. The input device includes a roller wheel configured to be rotated by a user; an encoder configured to encode rotations of the roller wheel; and a sensor coupled to the roller wheel, wherein the sensor is configured to control the encoder to scroll a graphical object along a first axis if the sensor is in a first state, and the sensor is configured to control the encoder to scroll the graphical object along a second axis if the sensor is in a second state.

Abstract: A computer input device has two modules, each module located at the natural resting position of one of the computer user's corresponding hands on a work surface. The first module has a pointing device, while the second module has a plurality of touch sensitive devices such as buttons or skin capacitance detectors. The second module is substantially flat and sends to the computer commands which translate to those of left and right clicks and/or scrolls. The first module has a pointing stick allowing easy hand access and further allowing the stick to be held in a pencil grip or with the thumb and opposing finger or fingers for pointing. The command translation and other variables may be programmed to suit the user's accessibility needs.

Abstract: An method and device suitable for navigation on a wide variety of surfaces is introduced. Specular reflection is used to determine relative motion over typical surfaces. A specific application is a computer mouse.

Abstract: Embodiments of the subject invention relate to systems, methods, and devices providing a reduced number of selectable inputs that enable efficient communication. One aspect of what is disclosed are embodiments of a systematic code, which systematic code enables efficient communication. Another aspect of the invention is the implementation of embodiments of a systematic code on interactive devices, thereby enabling efficient communication using such interactive devices.

Abstract: A coordinate input device includes a coordinate input unit which performs a coordinate input operation by sliding an operating member on an operation surface which is formed in a convex shape, a concave shape, or the shape of a polyhedron. More specifically, the coordinate input device includes a capacitive sensor substrate formed by laminating two electrode layers with an upper substrate (dielectric layer) therebetween, each electrode layer including a plurality of electrodes arranged in a striped pattern. In addition, the coordinate input device also includes the operation surface formed in a convex (or concave) shape which is used for performing a coordinate input operation by sliding the operating member thereon.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a touch panel wherein a glass substrate is coated with a resistive layer; a pattern of conductive edge electrodes and a conductive wire trace pattern are applied to the resistive layer; the conductive edge electrodes are electrically isolated from the conductive wire traces; and a protective insulative border layer is applied over the edge electrodes and the wire traces. A touch panel which includes a glass substrate coated with a resistive layer on one surface thereof; a pattern of edge electrodes on the resistive layer; a wire trace pattern on the resistive layer; a trench in the resistive layer between the wire trace pattern and the edge electrode pattern; and a protective insulative border layer over the edge electrode pattern and the wire traces.

Abstract: In an image display device adapted to display an image to viewers, the CPU detects the operating state of given application software and causes the display control unit to control whether to permit the first display unit to display the image or not in accordance with the detected operating state of the application software.

Abstract: The descriptions of higher order complex geometry in CAD systems are fundamentally different from and seemingly incompatible with the surface based combinatorial geometry (SBCG) format for describing the same geometry in the context of general ray-tracing applications such as radiation transport. A computer implemented process translates the high order complex geometry embodied in CAD software to the SBCG format. The translation process is comprised of a set of lower-level algorithms that operate on two data sets which are commonly available from commercial CAD software systems. The first data set is a list of trimmed surfaces which make up a given part. These data are typically available from one of the standard geometry representations such as IGES, STEP, or ACIS, at least one of which is supported by each of the major CAD systems (e.g. ProEngineer). The second data set is nodal data: an appropriately dense grouping of point coordinates, designated as either inside or outside the part.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a method for determining deformation of a surface of a material is provided. The method includes receiving, at a computer, an elastic deformation range and a plastic deformation range of the material. The method also includes modeling a region of the material with a mesh. The mesh includes a plurality of elements. The method also includes determining, by performing a finite element analysis on the mesh by the computer, a displacement for at least one point on each of the elements. The displacement results from a set of modeled boundary conditions. The finite element analysis includes recurrently approximating the modulus of elasticity for each element according to the elastic deformation range and the plastic deformation range. The act of approximating is based on a value of strain calculated from a previously calculated element displacement.

Abstract: A method and a program for converting boundary data into cell inner shape data, includes a division step (A) of dividing external data (12) constituted of the boundary data of an object into cells (13) in an orthogonal grid, a cutting point deciding step (B) of deciding an intersection point of the boundary data and a cell edge as a cell edge cutting point, a boundary deciding step (C) of deciding a boundary formed by connecting the cell edge cutting points as the cell inner shape data, a cell classification step (D) of classifying the divided cells into a nonboundary cell (13a) including no boundary surface and a boundary cell (13b) including a boundary surface, and a boundary cell data classification step (E) of classifying cell data constituting the boundary cell into internal cell data inside the cell inner shape data and external cell data outside the cell inner shape data.

Abstract: An apparatus for image data computation and for synchronous data output. An arrangement for producing and reproducing two partial light images which together can be perceived as a light image having a three-dimensional effect. A method of synchronous reproduction of time image sequences by at least two image reproduction devices. The apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention has a master-client structure. A graphics master unit and at least two graphics clients are connected together by way of a first message channel and by way thereof exchange first messages, such that computation and projection of the partial images is synchronized.

Abstract: An electronic system, an integrated circuit and a method for display are disclosed. The electronic system contains a first device, a memory and a video/audio compression/decompression device such as a decoder/encoder. The electronic system is configured to allow the first device and the video/audio compression/decompression device to share the memory. The electronic system may be included in a computer in which case the memory is a main memory. Memory access is accomplished by one or more memory interfaces, direct coupling of the memory to a bus, or direct coupling of the first device and decoder/encoder to a bus. An arbiter selectively provides access for the first device and/or the decoder/encoder to the memory. The arbiter may be monolithically integrated into a memory interface. The decoder may be a video decoder configured to comply with the MPEG-2 standard. The memory may store predicted images obtained from a preceding image.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for synchronization of command processing from multiple command queues. Various embodiments employ a condition code register that indicates which queues should have processing suspended until a specified event condition occurs. Upon satisfaction of the specified condition, processing of commands from the suspended queue is resumed.

Abstract: An object collation method comprising a registration procedure for registering the registered data of a registered object in a database, and a collation procedure for collating the input image of a target object with the registered data. The registration procedure includes a step of storing the three-dimensional shape of the registered object and a texture space defined by a texture group indicating the luminance and/or color information of each position of the object surface under various illumination conditions. The collation procedure includes the steps of: generating an illumination fluctuation space defined by the image group under the various illumination conditions, at the location and position of the target object in the input image from the three-dimensional shape and the texture space; and collating the target object and the registered object based on the distance between the illumination fluctuation space and the input image.

Abstract: The data conversion device of the present invention includes: a coding section for replacing (i) one or more components constituting the display data of each pixel and other one or more components constituting display data of a pixel existing around that pixel on a screen with (ii) one or more average values of both the components so as to reduce an amount of data; and a decoding section for reading out compressed data from a frame memory and then allotting the average value as display data for each corresponding pixel. Therefore, unlike a case of adopting a conventional general data compression method, the data conversion device of the present invention can prevent deviation between original display data and display data obtained by a compression/restoration process from becoming large.

Abstract: A method for performing image editing includes displaying an image in a first state; saving the image in the first state; performing an operation to change the image to a second state from the first state, the second state being different from the first state; displaying the image in the second state; selecting from the displayed image in the second state a first area; and reversing the operation with respect to the first area to change the first area of the image back to the first state.

Abstract: A computer implemented method determines an output path for use in rendering one or more graphical objects, the output path being determined from two or more input paths, based on a predetermined set operation, with each of the input paths having at least one edge, and each of the edges including one or more original segments. The method includes the steps of converting each of the two or more input paths into corresponding simple outline path representations, each of the simple output path representations having one or more of the original segments or parts thereof, and intersecting at least one original segment from one of the simple outline path representations with at least one original segment from at least another one of the simple outline path representations, depending on the predetermined set operation, to select one or more of the original segments or parts thereof to be used in the output path. The selected original segments or parts thereof are combined to determine the output path.