Abstract: A circuit is provided for charging and discharging a plurality of capacitive actuators, which can be produced with little component outlay and minimizes power loss. The circuit has a charge capacitor, which is charged to a charge voltage predefined in relation to a reference potential, and charge circuits for charging one of the capacitive actuators in each instance which are connected parallel to the charge capacitor and in each of which one of the capacitive actuators is disposed in a series circuit with a choke and a selector/charge switch. The charge circuits have a common charge circuit section containing the choke. Discharge circuits are provided for discharging one of the capacitive actuators in each instance, which are connected parallel to the series circuits formed by the choke and the capacitive actuators and a discharge switch. The discharge circuits having a common discharge circuit section containing the discharge switch.

Abstract: The invention utilizes multiple frequency ultrasound generators driving multiple frequency harmonic transducer arrays at sweeping frequencies into the megasonic range. Generator signals that increase cavitation efficiency and that have successive time periods with predominantly stable cavitation and predominantly transient cavitation further improve the performance of the cleaning, microbiological inactivation, sonochemistry or processing systems. Probes that monitor the ultrasound and feedback the information to the generator provide consistency of process.

Abstract: A pair of opposing thin plate sections, movable sections, and fixed sections for supporting the thin plate sections and the movable sections are provided on a ceramic substrate. After a wiring pattern and a gap or an insulating layer of cermet layer for filling the gap are formed on a ceramic substrate, these are sintered. After that, piezoelectric/electrostrictive layers and cermet electrode layers including a piezoelectric/electrostrictive material and a conductive material are alternately stacked in a comb like structure on the ceramic substrate. Accordingly, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device having the piezoelectric/electrostrictive element in multilayer structure is obtained.

Abstract: A piezoelectric/electrostrictive (P/E) device includes at least one actuator section secured to thin plate sections with an adhesive. The actuator section includes a multilayered member including at least three actuator films, each of which include a P/E layer and electrode films. One or more holes or recesses are formed in portions of the thin plate sections on which the P/E elements are formed. The electrode films contact upper and lower surfaces of respective P/E layers and alternately extend to opposite surfaces thereof. End surface electrodes electrically connect an electrode film that contacts one of the P/E layers and an electrode film that contacts another one of the P/E layers. The end surface electrodes are electrically connected to terminals which are provided on a surface of an outermost layer of the P/E layers, and which are separated from one another by a predetermined distance.

Abstract: Piezoelectrical bending converter with at least one monolithic layered composite, includes a piezoelectric-active ceramic layer with a lateral dimension change which may be generated by application of an electrical field and at least one further piezoelectric-active ceramic layer with a further lateral dimension change, different from the lateral dimension change. An electrode layer is arranged between the ceramic layers, for generation of the electric fields. The layered composite preferably comprises several piezoelectric-active layers and electrode layers arranged between the above. The shift is thus obtained as a gradient of the dimension changes in the direction of the stack of the layered composite. The dimension changes for the ceramic layers and the gradient may be adjusted by the generation of the electrical fields. In order to achieve a shift it is necessary not to have a piezoelectric-inactive layer.

Abstract: A lamp having a cold cathode field emission plate; an anode plate having a transparent substrate having a first side and a second side; a transparent conductive coating formed on the first side of the transparent substrate; a phosphor layer formed on the transparent conductive coating, and a filter formed on the second side of the transparent substrate; and a voltage source connected across the cathode and the anode plate.

Abstract: A spark plug including a noble metal tip bonded to at least one of a front-end portion of a center electrode and an end portion of the ground electrode opposing the center electrode. The noble metal tip contains from 5 to 40 wt % of Rh; from 1 to 20 wt % of at least one of Ir, Re and Ru; from 0.2 to 3 wt % of Ni; and 37 wt % or more of Pt.

Abstract: A method for making barrier arrays for use in flat panel displays includes the following steps: providing a metal plate; using photolithographic etching of the metal plate to form a shadow mask (21) having a number of openings defined therethrough according to a pixel pattern of a flat panel display; and forming an insulative layer (31) on the shadow mask. The technology for making a shadow mask is mature. In addition, a thickness and a material of the shadow mask can be selected according to the requirements of the flat panel display desired. Furthermore, the thickness and the material of the insulative layer can be determined according to the insulative performance required for the flat panel display. In summary, the present invention provides a barrier array having high precision at a low production costs. The barrier arrays are suitable for mass production in an environmentally friendly manner.

Abstract: An electron emitter has an emitter made of a dielectric material and an upper electrode and a lower electrode for being supplied with a drive voltage for emitting electrons. The upper electrode is disposed on an upper surface of the emitter, and the lower electrode is disposed on a lower surface of the emitter. The upper electrode has a plurality of through regions through which the emitter is exposed. Each of the through regions of the upper electrode has a peripheral portion having a surface facing the emitter and spaced from the emitter.

Abstract: A plasma tube array according to the present invention includes plural light emitting tubes that have fluorescent material layers inside and are mutually lined up in parallel. The plasma tube array includes pairs of display electrodes that are formed along the respective fluorescent material layers. The fluorescent material layers are disposed in sequence in the longitudinal direction of the light emitting tubes.

Abstract: An electron emission device and a manufacturing method thereof. The electron emission device includes a first substrate and a second substrate opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween. The first and second substrates are interconnected using a sealant to thereby form a vacuum assembly. Cathode electrodes are formed on the first substrate, and electron emission sources are formed on the cathode electrodes. Further, gate electrodes are mounted on the cathode electrodes with a first insulation interposed therebetween. The gate electrodes are formed in a multi-layered structure of at least two layers. An anode electrode is formed on the second substrate, and a phosphor screen is formed on the anode electrode.

Abstract: On a substrate 111, a color filter each comprising color layers 1A, 1B, 1C of three primary colors (red, green and blue) and a liquid-material-spreading preventive member 26 are formed, the liquid-material-spreading preventive member being disposed at the region 31 outside the anode wire formed at the outermost side. Then, a protective layer 4, anodes 101 and cathode supplementary wires 121 are formed on the substrate and an insulation film 122 is formed thereon. In the insulation film 122, openings 123 are formed at positions corresponding to display pixels. Partition walls 100 are formed on the insulation film 122 and a solution of organic material is applied onto the insulation film to form a thin organic compound layer. The spreading of the solution is prevented by the presence of the liquid-material-spreading preventive member 26. After thin organic compound layers are formed, cathode wires 105 are formed.

Abstract: A pixel structure is provided in which a functional thin film having a uniform thickness can be formed in a pixel region, and an electro-optic device is obtained having superior uniformity of light brightness by the use of the above pixel structure. The functional thin film is formed on a thin film-forming surface surrounded by a partition for defining the pixel region. In this step, since the partition described above is formed of a first partition having a lyophilic surface and a second partition which is provided thereon and which has a lyophobic surface, and the first partition has parts which are not covered with the second partition, a liquid material for forming the functional thin film, which is filled inside the partition, can be formed into a film having a uniform thickness after drying due to the interaction between the lyophilic and the lyophobic properties.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display is provided, which includes: a first electrode formed on a substrate; a partition having an opening exposing the first electrode at least in part; an auxiliary electrode formed on the partition and having substantially the same planar shape as the partition; an organic light emitting member formed on the first electrode and disposed substantially in the opening; and a second electrode formed on the light emitting member and the auxiliary electrode.

Abstract: An electrode in a plasma display panel and a fabrication process thereof that is capable of reducing a line width of the electrode without increasing a resistance component of the electrode. In the method, a bus electrode is provided by laminating a metal film on a certain substrate and then patterning it. A transparent electrode is provided on the substrate in a shape of surrounding the bus electrode. Accordingly, the electrode is provided by the metal film such that a limit for a selection in a width or thickness of the electrode, so that a line width of the electrode can be reduced to improve the visible light transmissivity and the electrode is formed into a large thickness instead of making a minute electrode width to lower the resistance component, thereby reducing a power consumption of the PDP.

Abstract: Ribs for defining pixel cells are formed in the shape of a lattice, and sustain electrodes and scan electrodes are disposed near the ribs. The electrodes are spaced apart in each pixel cell, and the sustain electrode and the scan electrode are each cut away between pixel cells arranged in the row direction to provide each pixel cell with individually separated electrodes. In addition, between pixel cells adjacent to each other in the row direction, the sustain electrodes and the scan electrodes are connected to each other by means of a sustain-side bus electrode and a scan-side bus electrode, respectively. This makes it possible to provide a high luminous efficiency. Furthermore, each pixel cell is provided with a wide distance between the electrodes and thereby with a large effective opening portion. Thus, this provides only a small amount of reduction in intensity when the electrodes are spaced apart between the pixel cells arranged in the row direction in order to increase the luminous efficiency.

Abstract: A structure for connecting terminal parts of electrodes of a plasma display panel (PDP) includes a pair of substrates, barrier ribs arranged between the pair of substrates, a dielectric layer arranged between the pair of substrates, discharge electrodes, each having a discharge part arranged inside the barrier ribs, and an exposed part arranged at an end of the discharge part and outside the barrier ribs, terminal electrodes arranged on the dielectric layer, connection parts including conductive paste electrically connecting the exposed parts with the terminal electrodes, blocking partition walls arranged between the connection parts, and signal transmitting members electrically connected with the terminal electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a light emitting device capable of obtaining a certain luminance without influence by the temperature change, and a driving method thereof. A current mirror circuit formed by using a transistor is provided for each pixel. The first transistor and the second transistor of the current mirror circuit are connected such that the drain currents thereof are maintained at proportional values regardless of the load resistance value. Thereby, a light emitting device capable of controlling the OLED driving current and the luminance of the OLED by controlling the drain current of the first transistor at a value corresponding to a video signal in a driving circuit, and supplying the drain current of the second transistor to the OLED, is provided.

Abstract: The present invention narrows a picture frame size by deciding line widths of respective power source bus lines which supply electricity to organic EL elements of respective colors corresponding to current quantities of the respective power source bus lines. Red pixels, green pixels and blue pixels which are arranged in a matrix array and, and power source lines which are connected to the respective pixels are formed in a display region, and power source bus lines which supply electricity to these power source lines are formed in a picture frame region. The power source bus line for red of a large current quantity is arranged on a side close to the display region and the power source bus line for green of a small current quantity is arranged on an outer side.

Abstract: The present invention, according to a preferred embodiment, is directed to portable electronic devices which operate on exhaustible power sources, for example, batteries. The electronic devices of the present invention comprise at least one signal switch and a microchip in communication with the switch wherein the switch is only capable of transmitting a signal to the microchip that the switch has been activated or deactivated. The microchip is in communication with the exhaustible power source of the electronic device and controls (i) the power on/off function of the device, (ii) at least one other function of the device in response to activation and deactivation signals from the switch, and (iii) an automatic shut off function in response to the receipt of an activation signal from the switch.

Abstract: The present disclosure introduces a simple method and apparatus for converting DC power to AC power, and, specifically, to single-ended inverter circuits for driving discharge lamps such as a Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL) or an External Electrode Fluorescent Lamp (EEFL). Among other advantages, these circuits offer nearly symmetrical voltage waveform to drive discharge lamps when the duty cycle is close to 50%. They also eliminate the high current and high voltage resonant capacitor on the primary side, and reduce the voltage rating of a primary switch to twice the input voltage without the need for snubber circuits. The recommended inverters can be used to efficiently drive discharge lamps at low cost, particularly for applications with a narrow input voltage range. The lamp current can be regulated through the duty cycle modulation of the main switch.

Abstract: A driving device for driving discharge lamps (14) includes a first pulse circuit (11), a second pulse circuit (13), and a primary driving circuit (12). The first pulse circuit includes an input end, a first output end (1), and a second output end (2). The second pulse circuit includes an input end, a third output end (3), and a fourth output end (4). The primary driving circuit is connected between the first pulse circuit and the second pulse circuit for generating drive signals. The second output end of the first pulse circuit is connected to the third output end of the second pulse circuit, and the fourth output end of the second pulse circuit is connected to ground.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a single-channel comprehensive protection circuit of a self-excitation half-bridge series resonant circuit having a single lamp output, including a DC block capacitor C3, a first partial pressure resistor R1, a second partial pressure resistor R2, a rectifying diode D1, a filter and integral capacitor C4, a release resistor R3, a diac D2, a filter capacitor C5, a filter resistor R4, wherein the method of one point of loading point A at the fluorescent lamp filament is used. The present invention normalizes the treatment of abnormal signals for over-current, over-voltage and end of lamp life state etc. in order to replace the conventional design of multi-channel and multi-point sampling for simplifying the circuit, reducing the cost and space, increasing reliability, and facilitating miniaturization development of the electronic lighting products.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for automatic light dimming of electronic and magnetic ballasts used for fluorescent or high intensity discharge lamps. A variable capacitant's limiting current is added in the lamps which provides lighting intensity controls without changing the ballast's operation frequency. Several capacitors are placed in line with a terminal for the lamp. The capacitor's switching capability is used to change the current received by the lamp. The amount of voltage can be controlled by either varying the supply voltage, or with an elimination sensor, or by manual potentiometer control.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a field emission device including a first electrode serving as a display plate on which phosphor material is coated, and a second and a third electrode for emitting electrons to be ejected onto the first electrode, wherein the phosphor material emits light when the electrons are ejected thereonto; a voltage application unit for applying driving voltages to the second and the third electrode to control an emitted amount of the electrons in accordance with display data and allow a specific part of the phosphor material to emit light; and a brightness control unit for controlling an emission brightness of the phosphor material. The brightness control unit includes a first electrode current detection unit, a display data amount estimation unit, a comparing unit, a preset value generation unit, an average turn-on rate detection unit, an average turn-on rate analysis unit, and a selection unit.

Abstract: A multi-phase motor drive includes coil magnets that generate a magnetic field when energized with an electrical current. The coil magnets are configured in an electrical matrix. Switches are arranged in an electrical circuit with the coil magnets. Each coil magnet is in electrical communication with at least two of the switches and each switch is in electrical communication with more than one coil magnet. The switches operate in pairs to energize the coil magnets and the multi-phase motor drive includes a lesser number of switch pairs than coil magnets.

Abstract: A DC motor control circuit includes a pair of substantially identical unipolar control circuits. Each of the unipolar control circuits are connected between a respective current source and a current input to the motor. Each of the unipolar control circuits includes a solid state switch located between a motor current input and the source of direct current. The degree to which the solid state switch allows current to flow to the motor is controlled by an input bias signal to the switch. Current limiting for adjusting the input bias signal according to the current flowing through the motor is provided in one way of controlling the motor movement.

Abstract: Speed regulator for a brushless DC motor, wherein the DC motor comprises a stator, a rotor and an electromagnet wherein the electromagnet is in the vicinity of the stator, the rotor produces a permanent magnetic field and the electromagnet is activated to generate an alternating magnetic field; furthermore comprising a power supply and a regulating element, the regulating element being connected to the power supply to regulate the power feed to the electromagnet, so that, during use, a torque generated by the DC motor is regulated, characterized in that the speed regulator is able to generate a voltage V(?) as a function of rotor speed of revolution, rotor position (?), rotor load and motor activation, wherein the speed regulator sets the change in the voltage V(?) of the motor as a function of the rotor position ? in such a way that the instantaneous torque T(?), at least in the vicinity of the reversal in polarity of the driving magnetic field, complies with the conditions that the derivative (?)/?? is esse

Abstract: A control device controls a drive signal supplied from a drive device to a load apparatus along an electric path connecting the drive device and the load apparatus. The drive device receives a PWM (pulse width modulation) signal to PWM-control the drive signal, detects information about a short circuit in the path, and notifies the detected information about the short circuit. The control device comprises means for producing the PWM signal; means for inquiring of the drive device about the information about the short circuit at predetermined inquiry intervals; first determining means for determining whether or not the short circuit has been detected based on the information notified in response to the inquiry; and second determining means for determining how the short circuit occurs, based on history information in the information about the short circuit notified when the first determining means determines that the short circuit has been detected.

Abstract: A motor vehicle steering system includes a motor driving circuit connected between a power supply and a ground for driving a multi-phase motor, PWM signal generating unit for generating an each-phase PWM signal for controlling a current flowing through each of phases of the multi-phase motor and feeding the each-phase PWM signal to the motor driving circuit, a single current sensor connected between the motor driving circuit and the power supply or the ground, and each-phase current value computing unit for finding an each-phase current value flowing through each of the phases of the multi-phase motor on the basis of an output of the current sensor. The PWM signal generating unit shifts the fall or rise timing of a carrier wave of the each-phase PWM signal by a predetermined phase shift amount.

Abstract: In a method for operating a power tool with an energy accumulator, in particular a rechargeable energy accumulator, which supplies power to an electric drive motor, a clock frequency is generated by an electronic unit, with which a gate of a MOSFET—which supplies operating voltage to the drive motor—is switched on with each cycle, and a switching-off of the MOSFET is carried out within one cycle using different signals, as a function of operating parameters.

Abstract: A different adaptive control method is used to control a motor during each of two or more phases of motor operation. Thus, in a first phase of motor operation the motor is controlled using a first adaptive control method, in a second phase of motor operation the motor is controlled using a second adaptive control method, and so forth. The motor can be controlled in this manner in any number of phases, in which the motor is used for any of a number of corresponding purposes. The method used in each phase can be optimized to suit that type of operation without compromising operation during other phases.

Abstract: The control system for controlling a permanent magnet synchronous motor includes: a position detection member, an angular speed calculator, a speed controller, a current command generator, a three phase/d-q coordinate converter, a current controller, a d-q/three phase coordinate converter, and an inverter. The speed controller generates a torque command based on a difference between an angular speed command value and the calculated angular speed. The current command generator generates a q-axis current command and a d-axis current command corresponding to the torque command and the angular speed. The three phase/d-q coordinate converter generates a q-axis current feedback signal and a d-axis current feedback signal. The current controller generates a q-axis voltage command and a d-axis voltage command. The d-q/three phase coordinate converter converts the q-axis current command and the d-axis current command into three phase voltage commands.

Abstract: A voltmeter relay, of the type normally installed in control boxes for the electric motors of refrigerator compressors, equipped with a built-in terminal board for connection of the relay excitation coil to the electric motor, the pickup and maintenance capacitors, the thermostat and any other utilities. In practice, a terminal board is built into the relay, whereas according to the prior art, it is separate from the relay and therefore requires additional connections. The voltmeter relay is of the type used in association with one or more capacitors, designed to start and power single-phase induction motors, the voltmeter relay being connected to the induction motor, the capacitors and one or more utilities, and includes a built-in terminal board (3) including all the terminals required to make the connections.

Abstract: Variable speed drive comprising a main rectifier module (10) including thyristors (K1, K2, K3) to power a main continuous bus (15) from an external power network (5), an inverter module (30) delivering a variable control voltage to an electric motor from the main bus (15), an auxiliary rectifier module (20) connected to the external power network (5), an electronic control unit (50) controlling the thyristors, a powering module (29) supplying the control unit (50) from the auxiliary rectifier module (20) and from the main rectifier module (10). According to the invention, a switching device (40) controlled by the control unit (50) is used to disconnect the powering module (29) and the auxiliary rectifier module (20).

Abstract: An electric equipment has a battery and an electric condenser that has an internal resistance lower than that of the battery and accumulates therein an electric power of the battery. A charge control circuit controls a charge current originating from the electric power of the battery and flowing from the battery to the electric condenser. The charge control circuit controls the charge current in accordance with a self-discharge rate of the battery. A load is driven with the electric power accumulated in the electric condenser.

Abstract: An electrical device, such as a battery charger, a method for operating an electrical device, a method for charging a battery, and a software program for operating the electrical device and/or the battery charger. In some aspects, the battery charger is capable of charging different types of batteries and capable of operating on alternate sources of AC power or alternate sources of DC power. Also, the battery charging circuit will not operate if one of the power source, the battery, the power switch means and the control means (including the microcontroller) malfunctions. In addition, in the battery charging circuit, the battery under charge enables the operation of the battery charging circuit.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus includes an assembled battery including a plurality of cells, a plurality of temperature sensors sensing temperatures of the plurality of cells, respectively, a current sensor sensing a current flowing through the assembled battery, and a state monitoring unit and an abnormality detecting apparatus that are a detecting unit of detecting an abnormality of the plurality of temperature sensors. The detecting unit makes a notification of an abnormality, when charging or discharging of the assembled battery is performed and on a basis of a plurality of detections of the deviation being greater than a first prescribed value and the output fluctuation range being smaller than a second prescribed value.

Abstract: The present invention is a switching power converter that supports both a boost mode of operation and a buck mode of operation, uses one energy storage element, transitions smoothly between boosting and bucking, and avoids simultaneous boosting and bucking. The switching power converter uses a common duty-cycle timing signal and a common duty-cycle setpoint signal to provide a smooth transition between boosting and bucking, and to eliminate overlap between boosting and bucking. A voltage input error integrator is used to integrate out errors between an output voltage and a setpoint voltage to provide the common duty-cycle setpoint signal. Duty-cycle error integrators are used to integrate out errors between the common duty-cycle setpoint signal and the actual duty-cycle of either the buck converter or the boost converter. Non-overlapping boost operating and buck operating ranges are provided by the common duty-cycle setpoint signal.

Abstract: A DC/DC converter includes: a boost converter that boosts an input voltage in accordance with a first control signal; an insulated converter that converts an output of the boost converter in accordance with a second control signal; a current sensor that detects an output current of the insulated converter; a first controller that generates the first control signal based on an error between the output current detected by the current sensor and a first threshold value; and a second controller that generates the second control signal based on an error between the output current detected by the current sensor and a second threshold value that is larger than the first threshold value.

Abstract: A low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator having more than one LDO modules, each LDO module having a frequency response adapted to a certain range of output frequency. The LDO voltage regulator can provide a gain over a broad range of operating frequency by combining output current from each LDO module and providing the combined current at an output of the LDO voltage regulator. The LDO voltage regulator further comprises a load monitor coupled to the LDO modules for disabling some of the LDO modules to reduce power consumption of the LDO voltage regulator.

Abstract: A system and method for charging and discharging a superconducting coil. The system comprising a boost converter coupled between a low-voltage bus and a high voltage bus, and a buck converter coupled between the high-voltage bus and the coil. The system being configured to charge and discharge the coil without reversing the current while reversing polarity, and to only supply high-voltages when necessary. The system further comprising means to dissipate excess energy during discharge. The method comprising pulse width modulating the solid-state switch of a boost converter to achieve a high-voltage from a low-voltage and then switching solid-state switches of a buck regulator to charge or discharge the coil in a non current reversing, polarity reversing manner.

Abstract: A control circuit for a DC-DC converter that prevents a deficiency from occurring due to sudden interruption in power supply. The control circuit activates and inactivates a main switching output transistor and a synchronous rectification output transistor to convert the input voltage to an output voltage. The output voltage is smoothed by a smoothing capacitor. When the input voltage decreases, the control circuit activates the synchronous rectification output transistor to readily discharge the smoothing capacitor via the synchronous rectification output transistor.

Abstract: A group wiring system includes a hub of a server system, a distribution frame including a plurality of wire pair receptacles, a plurality of remote receptacles, a testing device, and a plurality of testing circuits. Each testing circuit is coupled between conductive wires of contacts of an associated wire pair receptacle. Each testing circuit includes a light emitting device and a filtering device. The light emitting device emits light when the testing device applies a testing voltage to the contacts. The testing voltage is a low-frequency voltage signal having a frequency higher than 200 Hz that creates a circuit impedance higher than an impedance of the filtering device when passing through the hub, thereby decaying and filtering the voltage signal and allowing locating test while the server system is on-line. A method for locating wire pairs in a group wiring system is also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an optical resonator and a passive optical device. The optical resonator has first and second optical reflectors and an optical cavity interposed between the reflectors. The optical resonator includes an electro-optically responsive material. One of the reflectors is a distributed Bragg reflector. A passive optical device is configured to direct light through the first optical reflector. The optical resonator is configured to return a portion of the light through the first reflector.

Abstract: A voltage detector that more accurately measures AC voltage of a voltage conductor by correcting the voltage detected directly by the detector's contact probe to account for the conductor's size and shape. The housing of the detector has plural non-contact electrode sensors spaced apart over its surface for sensing capacitive charging currents in the detector's vicinity. By combining voltages sensed by these electrode sensors to the probe's measured voltage, the detector can correct the contact probe measurement for voltages that bypass the contact probe or other conductors in the vicinity that product their own capacitive charging currents. A microprocessor in the housing of the present detector adds or subtracts sensed voltages depending on whether they are input or output voltages, respectively.

Abstract: The apparatus for measurement of a current which is flowing in an axially elongated electrical conductor at a first electrical potential. The apparatus contains at least one associated sensor element associated with the conductor that is electrically isolated from it at a second electrical potential different from the first electrical potential of the electrical conductor, and having magnetoresistive characteristics. The sensor element is intended to form a loop which is magnetically closed around the conductor in the circumferential direction, with the resistance value being tapped off at axially opposite ends. Its magnetoresistive part is preferably composed of a non-metallic powder composite material with a high magnetoresistive effect.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for accurately measuring delivered or supplied electrical energy over an extended range of values. In one embodiment, a meter for monitoring the energy at a remote site includes a current sensor for measuring the current supplied to or from the site, and a microprocessor that generates output readings with an enhanced accuracy over a wide range of outputs in response to digital samples received from the sensor. In a one implementation, the meter is configured to provide readings with an accuracy that satisfies the standards IEC 60687 1A 0.5S, IEC 60687 5A 0.5S, ANSI C12.20 Class 20 0.5, and ANSI C12.20 Class 2/10 0.5. In another implementation, the meter is configured to provide readings with an accuracy that satisfies the standards IEC 60687 1A 0.2S, IEC 60687 5A 0.2S, ANSI C12.20 Class 20 0.2, and ANSI C12.20 Class 2/10 0.2.

Abstract: Testing of an electronic device is carried out by combining power and signal delivery on a single pair of wires. The power delivery is decoupled from the signal delivery, using inductors, so the device power supplied does not interfere with the test signals delivered from the device and the response signals delivered to the device. Further, simultaneous bidirectional signal paths are decoupled, using capacitors, so that the tester transceiver and the device transceiver are not damaged by the power delivered to the device on the same wires. A common fixture may be used to test a number of different types of wafers, independent of the topography, size, or power requirements of the devices on the wafers, resulting in a significant cost saving, because fixture design has become very expensive, in some cases costing more than the tester whose signals it is implemented to deliver.

Abstract: Balls are interposed between respective raceway surfaces of inner and outer ring members, and a seal apparatus is provided between shoulder portions of the inner and outer ring members. The seal apparatus comprises an outer ring-side seal ring fixed to the outer ring member, and an inner ring-side seal ring fixed to the inner ring member. A pulser ring is fixed to a ring-shaped core metal of the inner ring-side seal ring. In an outer diameter side of the ring-shaped core metal of the outer ring-side seal ring, a magnetic sensor is molded with resin by an external member to be integrated therein. A connector connected to the magnetic sensor is formed consecutive with the external member.