Abstract: Methods, apparatuses and systems facilitating location or containment of rogue or unauthorized access points on wireless computer network environments. Embodiments of the present invention support one to a plurality of rogue containment methodologies. A first rogue containment type involves identification of the physical connection of the rogue access point to the wired network infrastructure and, thus, allows for disabling of that physical connection to contain the rogue access point. Other rogue containment methods involve wireless techniques for containing the effect of rogue access points. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods, apparatuses and systems facilitating network location of rogue access points to determine whether one or more rogue containment methodologies should be applied. As discussed below, the rogue location and containment functionality described herein can be applied to a wide variety of wireless network system architectures.

Abstract: This invention provides a network relay apparatus has an information collecting portion for collecting information about the function and identification of devices V1-V4 in other network n1 through a communication channel N, a virtual unit generating portion for generating virtual unit information corresponding to a first protocol based on the collected device information, and a relay portion which receives a predetermined command from the first network and which transmits the predetermined command to the device in the second network based on the virtual unit information. Consequently, control of apparatuses among networks is facilitated.

Abstract: Various techniques for queue management based on random early detection (RED) are disclosed herein. In particular, a method for generating a drop probability for an incoming packet in a device having a queue to buffer packets between segments of a network is provided. The method comprises determining, upon receipt of an incoming packet, a size of the queue and determining an error based at least in part on a difference between the queue size and a threshold. The method further comprises determining a drop probability for the incoming packet based at least in part on the error and a constant gain factor. The constant gain factor may be based at least in part on a linearized second order dynamic model of the network.

Abstract: Creating a low-bandwidth channel in a high-bandwidth channel. By taking advantage of extra bandwidth in a high-bandwidth channel, a low-bandwidth channel is created by inserting extra packets. When an inter-packet gap of the proper duration is detected, the extra packet is inserted and any incoming packets on the high-bandwidth channel are stored in an elastic buffer. Observing inter-packet gaps, minimal latency is introduced in the high-bandwidth channel when there is no extra packet in the process of being sent, and the effects of sending a packet on the low-bandwidth channel are absorbed and distributed among other passing traffic.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing packet memory is provided. The apparatus includes an empty list, a storage buffer and apparatus for updating the storage buffer and empty list. The empty list includes a multiplicity of single bit buffers. The storage buffer includes a multiplicity of contiguous buffers, wherein each single bit buffer is associated with one of the contiguous buffers. The state of the bit of a single bit buffer indicates the empty or full state of the associated contiguous buffer and the address of a contiguous buffer is a simple function of the address or number of its associated single bit buffer. The updating apparatus stores data in and removes data from the contiguous buffers and correspondingly updates the states of the associated single bits buffers.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to receive a plurality of packet from an inflow of a single packet flow. In response to receiving the plurality of packets, a plurality of packet pointers is enqueued into multiple physical queues. Each of the plurality of packet pointers designates one of the plurality of packets from the single packet flow. The plurality of packet pointers are dequeued from the multiple physical queues to transmit the plurality of packets along an outflow of the single packet flow.

Abstract: A multi-queue single-FIFO scheme for quality of service oriented communication. According to the invention, an arbiter maintains a number of next access pointers for multiple queues storing data packets to be transmitted. The arbiter also determines which queue is to be serviced next contingent upon a quality of service policy and then fetches at least one data packet, identified by the chosen queue's next access pointer, through a peripheral bus by means of direct memory access (DMA). A single FIFO buffer is connected to the arbiter to store and manage the fetched data packet in a first-in-first-out manner. Following the FIFO buffer, physical layer interface logic accepts each data packet, if available, and prepares the data packet for transmission on a physical medium.

Abstract: A multi-functional switch fabric apparatus and a control method for a multi-functional switch fabric apparatus are provided. The multi-functional switch fabric apparatus includes a plurality of input data processors, which copy, distribute, switch, and output input user data according to a mode set signal from the outside, a switch fabric unit, which includes a plurality of switching units and selectively outputs the user data input from the plurality of input data processors according to the mode set signal, a plurality of output data processors, which buffer, schedule, multiplex, and output the user data input from the switch fabric unit, and a control unit, which outputs the mode set signal to control the plurality of input data processors, the switch fabric unit, and the plurality of output data processors.

Abstract: A buffer having an associated state array to store the current state of the buffer. The state array includes a bit array having a number of entries, each of the entries including a status bit to indicate storage of a corresponding packet in the buffer.

Abstract: An approach for providing access in a communications system is disclosed. A network node (or terminal) generates duplicate bursts. The network node then transmits the duplicate bursts over a contention channel according to a pre-determined quality-of-service (QoS) designation. The contention channel can be established based on a diversity ALOHA protocol. The present invention has particular applicability to a radio communications system, such as a satellite network that provides data communication services.

Abstract: An architecture for providing high-speed access over frequency-division multiplexed (FDM) channels allows transmission of ethernet frames and/or other data across a cable transmission network or other form of FDM transport. The architecture involves downstream and upstream FDM multiplexing techniques to allow contemporaneous, parallel communications across a plurality of frequency channels. Furthermore, the architecture allows a central concentrator to support a plurality of remote devices that each have guaranteed bandwidth through connection-oriented allocations of bi-directional data flows. The upstream and downstream bandwidth allocation can support symmetrical bandwidth as well as asymmetrical bandwidth in either direction. The architecture generally can be used to support connection-oriented physical layer connectivity between a remote device and the central concentrator.

Abstract: A signal format that can be accessed, as a file, by the computer on which it is stored is provided with a plurality of concatenated content packages. The content package comprises System, Picture, Audio and Auxiliary Items. The System, Picture, Audio and Auxiliary Items have a common format including a 16 byte SMPTE Universal Label, a Word Count, and Data. The Item Label has a predetermined length which is set to fixed value except for the byte identifying the Item to which the label belongs. The data of the System Item includes a set of Metadata blocks, which has an initial Metadata Count byte defining the number of blocks in the set. A metadata block may include a metadata Link which links the metadata of that block to the essence of the element of the Auxiliary Item with which element it is associated.

Abstract: A computer implemented method and system for transferring data packets includes intercepting a stream of data packets at the connectionless network layer from a client or server, encoding and encapsulating the data packets, transmitting the encoded data packets, decoding and decapsulating the data packets, and injecting the decoded and decapsulated data packets into the connectionless network layer at a client or server. The encoding of the packets is based on detecting repetitions that could exist anywhere in the data stream. The repetitions are not necessarily within a single packet but could occur across multiple packets and multiple sessions. One of the encoding algorithms includes comparing the payloads of packets with identical signatures and transmitting the full packet only when the payload had not previously been sent.

Abstract: An exemplary satellite communication system comprises a service provider unit communicably coupled to a number of subscriber units via satellite transmission. The service provider unit includes an encoder configured to encode source data into a serial transmit sequence, and is further capable of supporting at least two modes of operation. The serial transmit sequence includes a first unique word identifying a first mode of operation, and is followed by a first payload packet having a first number of channel symbols corresponding to a source packet encoded in accordance with the first mode of operation identified by the first unique word. The first payload packet is encapsulated by two unique words and the time interval between the two unique words is used to determine the first mode of operation identified by the first unique word.

Abstract: A microphotonic light source includes an optical pump and a plurality of waveguides that distribute optical pump power of the optical pump. At least one Erbium-doped laser ring is coupled to at least one of the waveguides so as to match the resonance condition of the optical pump.

Abstract: YAG laser can simultaneously emit a plurality of laser beams having different wavelengths from each other. By simultaneously irradiating the laser beams having different wavelengths from each other to a same region of a non-single crystal semiconductor film, an interference influence is suppressed to obtain a more uniform laser beam. For example, by simultaneously generating second and third harmonics of YAG laser to irradiate the same region through suitable optical system, a laser beam having higher uniformity and having an energy in which interference is highly suppressed is obtained.

Abstract: Provided is a laser display apparatus in which speckle can be suppressed. The laser display apparatus includes: a laser comprising a first mirror and a second mirror that are separated by a cavity distance and form a cavity; and a spatial modulator modulating light transmitted through the first mirror of the laser to display an image on a screen, wherein, when a coherence length lc and an effective reflectivity R are defined by the following equation: l c = 2 ? d ? ? ? ? ? R 1 / 2 1 - R R = R 1 × R 2 [ Equation ] where d is the cavity distance of the laser, R1 is the reflectivity of the first mirror, and R2 is the reflectivity of the second mirror, the coherence length lc satisfies the following inequality: 0<lc?0.85[cm].

Abstract: A laser diode driving circuit capable of providing a suitable output current to a laser diode is disclosed. The laser diode driving circuit includes a current supply, a first pseudo laser diode, a second pseudo laser diode, and an output current mirror circuit. An input current provided by the current supply is output through the output current mirror circuit to the laser diode. By making the characteristic of each of the first and second pseudo laser diodes substantially equal to the characteristic of the laser diode, the non-linearity between the input current and the output current is compensated.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser includes a substrate, a first semiconductor multiple layer reflecting mirror formed on the substrate, the reflecting mirror having a semiconductor layer including at least Ga, In and P, an active region formed on the first semiconductor multiple layer reflecting mirror, a second semiconductor multiple layer reflecting mirror formed on the active region, a current confining layer formed between the first and second multiple layer reflecting mirrors, the current confining layer including an oxidized region at a peripheral portion, a first electrode formed at a side of the first semiconductor multiple layer reflecting mirror, and a second electrode formed at a side of the second semiconductor multiple layer reflecting mirror, wherein the first electrode is electrically connected to the semiconductor layer of the first semiconductor multiple layer reflecting mirror.

Abstract: An improved singlet delta oxygen generator (SOG) and method of its use are disclosed. The improved SOG is compact and scalable, capable of operating in a zero-gravity or low gravity environment, requires no gaseous diluent or buffer gas, and is capable of operating at pressures as high as one atmosphere. The improved SOG also efficiently utilizes the reactants and produces a O2(1?) stream that is largely free of chlorine and water vapor contamination and therefore does not require a BHP regeneration system or a water vapor trap. When used as part of a COIL system, the SOG may be part of a plenum that directly feeds the laser's nozzle. The close proximity of the SOG to the laser cavity allows operation of the SOG at higher pressures without significant depletion of available O2(1?) through collisional deactivation.

Abstract: A simple and high-reliability constitution provides a solid-state laser system that allows a high-output, long-pulse-width laser beam to be obtained. A solid-state laser system that includes a solid-state laser medium 1, a light source 2 for pumping the solid-state laser medium 1, two reflecting mirrors 3 and 4 for flanking the solid-state laser medium 1, thereby constituting a laser resonator, is constituted in such a manner that a virtual-mirror plane 5 is defined in the space between the solid-state laser medium 1 and the reflecting mirror 4; a lens 6 is provided between the virtual-mirror plane 5 and the reflecting mirror 4; and, by means of the forward and backward paths along the route from the virtual-mirror plane to the reflecting mirror by way of the lens, the virtual-mirror plane in the forward path and the virtual-mirror plane in the backward path are made in an optically conjugated relationship with each other.

Abstract: Two pulse sequences are delivered by two lasers. A rotating segmented mirror having one or more reflective areas and one or more transmissive areas is rotated synchronously with the delivery of the pulse sequences to transmit pulses from one sequence, and to reflect pulses from the other sequence at intervals.

Abstract: An induction furnace includes an induction coil, an electrically non-conductive crucible having an inner diameter disposed within the induction coil, and an electrically conductive member disposed below the crucible and having an outer diameter which is further from the induction coil than is the inner diameter of the crucible. Due to the non-conductive nature of material disposed within the crucible at lower temperatures, the induction coil initially inductively heats the conductive member, which transfers heat to the material to melt a portion of the material. Once the material is susceptible to inductive heating (usually upon melting) the susceptible material is inductively heated by the induction coil. During the process, inductive heating of the material greatly increases as inductive heating of the conductive member greatly decreases due to low resistivity of the molten material and due to the molten material being closer to the coil than is the conductive member.

Abstract: A transmitter and receiver carry out ultra wideband communications. The transmitter includes a generator of a chip clock, a generator of a spreading code sequence of a fixed chip rate by using the chip clock, and a frequency converter of a carrier wave frequency, being synchronous with the chip clock, by a transmission signal spread-modulated by the spreading code sequence. The receiver includes a generator of a chip clock synchronous in timing with a received signal, a generator of a spreading code sequence of a fixed chip rate by using the chip clock, a frequency converter of the received signal by using a regenerated carrier wave signal synchronous with the chip clock, and a despreading unit of the received signal frequency-converted by using the spreading code sequence.

Abstract: A first copy and a second copy of a signal, which comprises a plurality of TDMA frames, are transmitted from the same antenna. Relative to the first copy, the second copy of the signal has a fixed delay and a random phase. The random phase changes from one of the TDMA frames to another of the TDMA frames. A group of hopping carrier frequencies are partitioned into at least two sets of carrier frequencies. The first copy and the second copy of the signal are transmitted using a sequence of the hopping carrier frequencies, wherein consecutive pairs of the hopping carrier frequencies for consecutive pairs of the TDMA frames are not from the same one of the at least two sets.

Abstract: An m-ary variable shift keying communications system with a signal transmitter which uses a frequency hopping architecture and conveys symbol information. A pseudorandom noise (PN) code is integrated into the transmitted signal. There is a code for the system in which there are “m” number of possible frequencies. A signal receiver has a plurality of channels. There is a detection means and a symbol decision means operatively coupled to the receiver. An error detection and correction means provides error correction of the received data.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus supporting an acquisition of a received code modulated signal by determining the correlation between the received code modulated signal and an available replica code sequence at different code phases. It is proposed that the apparatus comprises a first acquisition engine for selecting code phases which are good candidates for being the code phase at which a received code modulated signal and an available replica code sequence have the highest correlation. The apparatus further comprises a second acquisition engine for performing a refined comparison between a received code modulated signal and an available replica code sequence for each code phase selected by the first acquisition engine. The invention relates equally to a corresponding method and to a system comprising such an apparatus and a network.

Abstract: A code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication system with improvements to permit stable reception with a minimum of bit error. The system includes a base station and a mobile station for communicating with the base station. The mobile station includes an oscillator, a radio frequency demodulator for demodulating a radio frequency band signal received from the base station by use of a first signal from the oscillator, a radio frequency modulator for modulating a second signal to be transmitted by use of the first signal from the oscillator, and an antenna for receiving the radio frequency band signal transmitted from the base station, and for transmitting the modulated second signal to the base station. An oscillation frequency of the oscillator is controlled by use of a change of phase shift detected using the demodulated radio frequency band signal received from the base station.

Abstract: The invention relates to a receiver in a spread spectrum system, comprising reception means for receiving a spread spectrum signal. The receiver comprises interference cancellation means configured to cancel multiuser interference and external interference from the received spread spectrum signal in one or more interference cancellation stages. The invention further relates to an interference cancellation method in a spread spectrum system.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for determining whether a chipping code from a group of codes is used in a signal. In one embodiment of the invention, a signal is received and each code from the group is correlated with the received signal. The ratio of the highest correlation value to the second highest correlation value is calculated. If the ratio exceeds a threshold, the chipping code may be determined as the chipping code used in the signal. In another embodiment, the ratio of the highest correlation value and the total received power of the signal is calculated. If the ratio exceeds a threshold, the chipping code may be determined as the chipping code used in the signal.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a transceiver configured for use with a multi-tier system bus that allows for the flow of information to be managed among plural processors by connecting processors within modules on a local bus, which is then connected to the system bus by way of a gateway. The transmitter portion of the transceiver of the present invention allows for the high performance of the bus by providing buffering and interleaved output of direct memory access and control actions packet types. The receiver portion of the transceiver of the present invention provides input discrimination and individual buffering of direct memory access and interrupt control actions packets along with specialized control functions, such as reset, timer, broadcast, and so forth.

Abstract: A method for emulating signal impairments to enable dynamic evaluation of transmit and receive modem performance through the use of computer-generated models enabling both an evaluation of system performance as well as a comparison of results obtained from system designs respectively exposed to both impaired and unimpaired conditions to enable direct comparison as well as comparison with standardized measurement values to facilitate system design activities prior to any hardware implementation.

Abstract: A jitter detecting circuit and a phase locked loop using the detected jitter are provided. A jitter detecting circuit detecting a jitter value of a signal which is converted into a digital signal from an analog signal input, wherein the jitter value detecting circuit includes an edge detector discriminating signs of two signals derived from continuous sampling points from the digitally converted input signal, and outputting the two signals as first and second edge signals, respectively if the signs s are different from each other; a comparator outputting a signal having a smaller absolute value among the first and second edge signals output from the edge detector; an operating unit dividing the absolute value output from the comparator by the sum of the absolute value of the first edge signal and that of the second edge signal; and an accumulator accumulating outputs of the operating unit during a predetermined period, to obtain a jitter value of the predetermined period.

Abstract: A device and method for measuring power of a received broadband signal including narrowband interference in a mobile communication system is provided. An interference eliminator removes the narrowband interference from the received broadband signal through a filter. A power compensator calculates a compensation value for compensating for at least one portion of the received signal removed when the narrowband interference was removed. A received power measurement unit measures power of the received signal received from the interference eliminator, and compensates for a measurement error in the measured power due to the removed at least one portion using the compensation value, and then outputs the received broadband signal having the compensated power.

Abstract: Provided are a method of updating a tap coefficient of a channel equalizer while reducing the number of calculations and the divergence, and a circuit arranged and configured to execute the method. The method includes evaluating whether or not an error of the channel equalizer converges within a range of a threshold of visibility and determining the status of a control signal to select whether the tap coefficient of the channel equalizer will be updated using a least mean square (LMS) algorithm or a Kalman algorithm, wherein the LMS algorithm is the default error correction means and the Kalman algorithm is utilized when the control signal indicates the presence of a training signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for evaluating a signal containing pulses received from a wireless computer peripheral device are provided. A received signal is analyzed to measure the strength of the received signal and determine whether sources of interference exist. Correction action is recommended based on the analysis of the received signal.

Abstract: Programmable integrated Digital Satellite Equipment Control (DiSEqC) transceiver. The DiSEqC functionality is integrated onto a semiconductor device. Rather than perform the DiSEqC protocol in software, the DiSEqC protocol is implemented in hardware thereby providing more reliable demodulation and improved robustness. The device's functionality may employ much more reliable communication schemes that are enabled by the hardware/integrated approach of implementing the DiSEqC protocol. The integrated approach allows extensive programmability of the various operational parameters thereby greatly improving the ease of future backward compatibility with legacy devices; devices employing this integrated DiSEqC functionality may be easily updated to conform to future enhancements of the DiSEqC protocol.

Abstract: A motion compensation method for estimating motion between one image frame and another image frame. Each frame is divided into a number of block, and a match is found for a block of one frame within a search area in another frame. A motion vector is determined that represents the geometrical displacement between the two matched blocks, by determining whether motion estimation is being performed near pattern-like objects in the frames. A new frame is reconstructed by interpolation as a function of the two existing frames based on the motion vector and a degree of being a pattern-like object in a frame.

Abstract: In a high-efficiency encoder which performs motion-compensation prediction, an intra-field is set every n fields. The presence of a scene change is detected. When a scene change occurs, a reference picture of motion-compensation prediction is switched, or the field immediately after the scene change is set as an intra-field.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for multi-rate encoding of video sequences. The input data stream is received at a first bit rate. A domain transformation is performed on the input data and the transformed data is encoded into a series of output data streams each with a different bit rate.

Abstract: A method of estimating motion in a mobile device reduces access of external memory and power consumption while increasing the usability of internal memory. The method includes recognizing an overlapped block of a reference search area between the current and its next macro block, and transferring only non-overlapped blocks to internal memory when motion estimation of a next macro block is performed.

Abstract: A motion of an image in a block is detected with respect to image data D1, a coding mode to be applied thereto is selected among a plurality of prepared coding modes, and motion compensation is performed for the image data (Step S101). Then, an orthogonal transform coefficient D6 and coding mode information D3 undergo variable-length coding to generate coded data D7 (Step S103). Subsequently, in the variable-length coding of the coding mode information, a probability table for use in arithmetic coding is switched for each of binarization codes included in a binarization pattern of the coding mode information with reference to a coding mode selected in a block adjacent to the block. Thus, the image coding method, image decoding method, image coding apparatus, image decoding apparatus, program, computer data signal, and image transmission system, which are capable of enhancing efficiency of data compression for coding mode information multiplexed on coded data, are realized.

Abstract: An MPEG video stream generator, which contains several slightly different programs, each with approximately the same content. The MPEG stream is constructed in such a manner that a simple transcoder can effectively select one of the programs. This is achieved by storing the differences relative to the default program in selected user data fields. The transcoder is little more than an MPEG bitstream parser, which replaces the bits corresponding to selected set of macroblocks by the replacement data stored in the user data fields. A standard MPEG decoder without any knowledge of the embedded user data fields will simply extracted the default program. One application relates to broadcasting of a television program with or without a logo, or a commercial with or without a public warning. Another application relates to copy-protection schemes. In such a scheme, the default program contains a ticket indicating that the contents may be copied once.

Abstract: A DPCM operation which can reduce the size of differential data and a method and an apparatus for encoding data using the DPCM operation are provided. A method for generating differential data includes generating differential data by performing a DPCM operation on quantized data and generating predicted differential data by performing a predicted DPCM operation on the quantized data, generating circular-quantized differential data and circular-quantized predicted differential data by performing a circular quantization operation on the differential data and the predicted differential data so as to reduce their ranges, and selecting one of the circular-quantized differential data and the circular-quantized predicted differential data depending on their magnitudes.

Abstract: A phase adjustment apparatus and a semiconductor test apparatus for automatically correcting irregularities of propagation delay of a transmission signal, so that the transmission signal transmitted between apparatuses while synchronized with a high-speed clock can be received at a stable optimal timing at a receiving end. The phase adjustment apparatus for transmitting a transmission signal synchronized with a clock between a first apparatus of the sending end and a second apparatus of the receiving end includes phase adjustment means used when retiming the transmission signal with the clock of the receiving end of the second apparatus. That is, the phase adjustment means corrects an unknown phase relationship between the clock of the receiving end and the transmission signal and delays the transmission signal by a specified amount for adjustment so that the signal can be received with a stable retiming condition.

Abstract: A method of coded modulation of digital data is described, the digital data being divided into parallel signal streams, and the useful bits then being channel coded at different code rates according to their error susceptibility. The useful bits channel coded differently in this way are then scrambled separately in time. The different code rates used and the respective number per transmission frame of the useful bits channel coded at different code rates are signaled to the receivers, so that the receiver is able to perform the descrambling and channel decoding.

Abstract: To mitigate the effects of non-linear amplification in a digital transmission system employing a multi-carrier multiplexing communications technique, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing or discrete multi-tone, predistortion of an input signal to a power amplifier with a non-linear transfer characteristic is performed in the frequency domain by modifying frequency-domain symbols used to modulate individual sub-carriers. The frequency-domain symbols are modified in a manner that compensates for the amplifier's non-linear transfer characteristic.

Abstract: A radio receiver with a low intermediate frequency has a first mixer stage that can be fed with a modulated input signal and at whose output a complex intermediate frequency signal can be derived. Connected downstream of the first mixer stage is a limiting amplifier at whose output the intermediate frequency signal is present in a discrete-value and continuous-time fashion. A sampling device, for sampling the intermediate frequency signal, and a digital demodulator unit are connected to the output of this limiter. The demodulated input signal can be derived at the output of this digital demodulator unit. The present radio receiver requires a low chip area in conjunction with low power consumption, but offers a high sensitivity and accuracy based on the digitally implemented demodulation.

Abstract: A method decodes a noisy signal from the coordinates of a point in a point constellation, each point associated with a digital data item of a determined number of bits, consisting of determining components of a received point; determining a reference point corresponding to the constellation point closest to the received point; determining at least one concurrent point corresponding to the constellation point closest to the reference point, having a bit of determined rank opposite to the bit of determined rank of the reference data; and determining, at least for the bit of the reference digital data at said determined rank, a precision data item based the received, reference, and concurrent points, in which the determination of the bits of the concurrent point is performed based on the values of some of the bits of the reference digital data and on said rank.

Abstract: The present invention provides a diversity transmission system. The diversity transmission system includes a method and system of diversity transmission through a wireless channel formed between multiple transmission antennae of a transceiver and a subscriber unit. The method includes forming a stream of symbols from an incoming data stream. A plurality of the symbols are selected forming a data vector. A maximum delay spread through the wireless channel is determined. The maximum delay spread is generally determined as a multiple of a sample time spacing between elements of the data vector. A plurality of diversity vectors are generated based upon the data vector and the maximum delay spread, each diversity vector includes a plurality of elements. Corresponding elements of the diversity vectors are simultaneously transmitted, each diversity vector transmitted from at least one corresponding antenna of a plurality of spatially separate antennae.