Abstract: The invention relates to an OFDM-transmitter, comprising means for transforming (400) data to be transmitted in frequency-to-time transformation to a basic waveform containing waveform components representing subbands of the spectrum of the signal. The transmitter comprises means for forming (402) at least one alternative waveform from components of the basic waveform, where at least one component in the alternative waveform is delayed in time, and means for selecting (414) a waveform for transmission from the group of waveforms, containing the basic waveform and the at least one alternative waveform. The invention also relates to a method for transmitting an OFDM signal, a method for processing an OFDM signal and an OFDM signal processing arrangement.

Abstract: An information distributing method etc. are provided. An information providing server comprises a first transmission device for transmitting image data to a communication terminal, a first conversion device for converting attached information attached to the image data into converted information of a format suitable for aural read-out, a second conversion device for converting the converted information into voice information, a second transmission device for transmitting the voice information and/or the converted information to the communication terminal, and a third transmission device for transmitting synchronizing information for synchronizing image data with the voice information on a screen of the communication terminal.

Abstract: Methods are described which enable the operator of a network such as an Internet protocol (IP) network to allocate ingress and egress channel capacity for the use by different services or for use by different service providers. The methods can prevent a service provider or a service from overusing network capacity. The methods also enable the network operator to temporarily allocate unused capacity if demand for a service exceeds previously allocated capacity. Further a method is described whereby capacity on a Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network is sold to service providers with guarantees for the number of available channels, where the channel capacity guarantees could be global, or by any type of subdivision. In addition to having a committed channel capacity, the service provider could be allowed to exceed the committed capacity whenever excess capacity is available on the network.

Abstract: A network address translation apparatus and method within a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) router is described. This apparatus and method operates within networking devices such as routers, switches, bridges, etc. These devices masks both source and destination addresses and may either replace or complement a firewall in providing security. According to one embodiment, network type information, corresponding to the gateways within connection, is embedded in a port number within a packet header. This network type information is extracted and analyzed to identify the network types of both gateways within the connection. According to another embodiment, a port number is assigned according to the network types of both gateways within a connection. Thus, this network type information may be identified by processing the port number on which a packet is received.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a parameter of a data stream comprising data transmitted via a communication link in a wireless communication system. The apparatus includes means arranged to determine if the parameter satisfies an acceptable level and means for initiating, if the parameter does not satisfy the acceptable level, a procedure whereby a condition of the communication link is varied until the parameter satisfies the acceptable level.

Abstract: When transmitting voice data, correction codes each representing data of one data packet are added to the transmitted data from the outset. Thus, it is made possible to restore one data packet lost for the first time, and when and only when two successive data packets are discarded, one packet data is lost. In this way, the data discarding endurance is improved.

Abstract: A generic backhaul protocol is provided for passing telecommunication signaling messages according to multiple signaling protocols between a gateway and a media gateway controller. A message in accordance with the generic backhaul protocol includes a message header that indicates the signaling protocol and/or the channel being used on the gateway. The message also includes a message body that contains a protocol data unit encapsulating signaling data in accordance with a signaling protocol.

Abstract: A circuit and method are presented for signal processing and routing of digital voice telephony signals, using a specialized high-density integrated circuit voice processor. The voice processor performs several essential functions required for telephony processing, including echo cancellation, protocol conversion, and dynamic range compression/expansion. These functions are traditionally performed by multiple circuits or modules. By combining these capabilities in a single device, power and circuit board area requirements are reduced. The embodiment of the circuit and method disclosed herein include novel implementations of a time-slot interchange circuit and a telephony signaling circuit. Both of these circuits are designed to minimize demands on the signal processing engines incorporated within the voice processor, and account for very little of the on-chip circuitry.

Abstract: A scheduling algorithm is provided that may be implemented in a multi-stage switch requiring less switching elements than known switching architectures in order to increase bandwidth and to retain the non-blocking properties of the constituent switching elements for incoming traffic, including multicast traffic. A scheduling algorithm is also provided for incremental scheduling of connections being added or removed from the switch.

Abstract: A control topology for distributed scheduling has a two-dimensional fanout broadcast network, which may include logical partitioning. Logically, a switch is in the center and line cards are in a two-dimensional grid. There are multiple broadcast networks along rows and columns. Each line card broadcasts to all the other line cards in its row and column. Then, each line card aggregates requests in its row and forwards the aggregated data to all the other line cards in its column.

Abstract: A stacked device is disclosed which is easily manufactured while identifying a plurality of devices that are stacked in the stacked device. The stacked device includes a stack of a plurality of slave devices and a master device having identical terminal arrangements. Here, the master device includes command transmission unit configured to input an identification command to a terminal of an adjacent slave device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for implementation of a redundant switched full-duplex Ethernet type communication network comprising at least two independent elementary networks, each elementary network (RE1, RE2) comprising at least one source subscriber equipment and at least one destination subscriber equipment, connected to each other through at least one physical link through at least one switch, each equipment being connected to each of these elementary networks (RE1, RE2) in which a frame by frame redundancy is made on each elementary network.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for supporting a Mobile IP mobile router are disclosed. A method of establishing a multicast session, thereby enabling multicast IP data packets to be transmitted to the multicast mobile router, include registering the mobile router with its Home Agent. Upon receipt of a registration reply from the Home Agent, the mobile router sends a join host group message. The join host group messages specifies a multicast group address and requests that a source or rendezvous point send packets destined to the multicast group address to a Foreign Agent to which the multicast mobile router has roamed when the multicast group address is a global scope address. Thus, multicast IP data packets may be received from the Home Agent when the data packets are addressed to an administrative scope address, while multicast IP data packets are received from the Foreign Agent when the data packets are addressed to a global scope address.

Abstract: A first primary packet to create a second primary packet for a particular PID. Different CRC checksum may be generated for the first and the second primary packet. The first primary packet may be replicated in order to create a first secondary packet and the second primary packet may be replicated to create a second secondary packet. The CRC checksum for the primary packets may be stored within their corresponding secondary packets. In response to receipt of a new stream with replicated packets, the first or said second primary packet may be selected and the first or second secondary packet may be selected for a particular PID based on the generated CRC checksum. The selections may co-relate the selected first and/or second primary packet with a legacy system or the selected first and/or second secondary packet with a new system.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention may include replicating a first primary packet to create a second primary packet for a particular channel. A unique identifier may be assigned to the first primary packet and a different unique identifier may be assigned to the second primary packet. The first primary packet may be replicated in order to create a first secondary packet and the second primary packet may be replicated to create a second secondary packet. In response to the receipt of the new stream with replicated packets, the first or said second primary packet may be selected and the first or second secondary packet may be selected for a particular PID based on the assigned unique identifier. The selections may be done to co-relate the selected first and/or second primary packet with a legacy system or the selected first and/or second secondary packet with a new system.

Abstract: A method for routing traffic in a network includes determining topology information for the network and determining traffic demands for multiple service classes. The method further includes determining an objective function for an optimization problem using the topology information and demands, and determining a solution to that specifies a network path for each demand.

Abstract: A method for inspecting packets is disclosed. The method includes processing a packet by determining if the packet is an inter-layer binding protocol packet and inspecting the packet, if the packet is an inter-layer binding protocol packet. The inter-layer binding protocol packet indicating a binding between a first network layer address and a second network layer address.

Abstract: A multiprotocol encapsulation method and system for transporting different protocols over Ethernet are disclosed. The method includes receiving frames from an optical interface and identifying a protocol of the frame. The frames are multiprotocol and include storage network interface protocols. The frames are encapsulated into Ethernet protocol and transported over an Ethernet link.

Abstract: A technique efficiently searches a hash table containing a plurality of “ranges.” In contrast with previous implementations, the technique performs fewer searches to locate one or more ranges stored in the hash table. To that end, the hash table is constructed so each hash-table entry is associated with a different linked list, and each linked-list entry stores, inter alia, “signature” information and at least one pair of values defining a range associated with the signature. The technique modifies the signature based on the results of one or more preliminary range checks. As a result, the signature's associated ranges are more evenly distributed among the hash table's linked lists. Thus, the linked lists are on average shorter in length, thereby enabling faster and more efficient range searches. According to an illustrative embodiment, the technique is applied to flow-based processing implemented in an intermediate network node, such as a router.

Abstract: A scheme for using a virtual UNI (user network interface) to allow standards-based signaling protocols (e.g., Q.2931) to be used to manage the addition and deletion of AAL2 channel identifiers (CIDS) associated with sub-multiplexed AAL2 common part sub-layer cells is described herein. An ATM node is configured to dynamically establish ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2) channel identifiers (CIDS) on a call-by-call basis using standards-based call control signaling protocols mapping CIDs to a virtual path/virtual channel (VP/VC) within an ATM standard call control protocol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a communication system and communication method which enable various types of near field communication, and a data processing apparatus. NFC communication apparatuses 1 to 3 have two features in that each can perform communication in two communication modes and that each can perform data transmission at a plurality of transfer rates. The two communication modes consist of a passive mode and an active mode. In the passive mode, between the NFC communication apparatuses 1 and 2, for example, the NFC communication apparatus 1 transmits data to the NFC communication apparatus 2 by modulating electromagnetic waves generated by itself, while the NFC communication apparatus 2 transmits data to the NFC communication apparatus 1 by performing load modulation on the electromagnetic waves generated by the NFC communication apparatus 1.

Abstract: A system that indicates which frame should next be removed by a scheduler from flow queues within a network device, such as a router, network processor, and like devices is disclosed. The system includes a search engine that searches a set of calendars under the control of a Finite State Machine (FSM), a current pointer, and input signals from an array and a clock line providing current time. Also included is a decision block that determines which of the searches are critical and which, during peak calendar search periods, can be postponed with minimal impact to the system. The postponed searches are then conducted at a time when there is available calendar search capacity.

Abstract: A network switch having at least one port data port interface, a first memory, a second memory, and a memory management unit in connection with the at least one data port interface, the first memory, and the second memory. The memory management unit operates to receive data from the at least one data port interface, determine if the data is to be stored in one of the first memory or the second memory, store the data in one of the first memory or the second memory as a linked list, retrieve the data from one of the first memory or the second memory, and forwards the data for egress.

Abstract: An interconnect device (e.g., a switch) includes a port operably coupled to a packet broadcaster for routing unicast and/or multicast packets of data in packet-based input/output communications. For an inbound packet, at least two combinations of a source port and one or more destination ports, and one or more destination paths associated with each of said one or more destination ports may be determined by the packet broadcaster in a single lookup of a memory (e.g., a random access memory).

Abstract: Disclosed is a bridge apparatus for the relay of a frame between a wire LAN and a wireless LAN. When a frame transmitted by the wire LAN is a specific frame, a QoS middleware unit of the bridge apparatus adds a bridging request to an FIFO queue having a high priority. And when the frame received from the wire LAN is not a specific frame, the QoS middleware unit adds a bridging request to an FIFO queue having a low priority. A bridging unit performs the priority processing for the bridging request present in the FIFO queue having a high priority, and transmits the frame to the wireless LAN.

Abstract: A method and system provide for using an integrated broadband and narrowband SS7 signaling gateway with M3UA and point code mapping. In general terms one embodiment of the system has: a single physical media carrying at least one bearer path and at least one signaling link, the physical media being operatively connected to a signaling network; and an integrated media and signaling gateway operatively connected to the physical media, the integrated gateway being a termination for both the bearer path and the signaling link.

Abstract: A network processing device stores and aligns data received from an input port prior to forwarding the data to an output port. Data packets arrive at various input ports already having an output queue or virtual output queue assigned. A buffer manager groups one or more packets destined for the same output queue into blocks, and stores the blocks in a buffer memory. A linked list is created of the trunks, which is an ordered collection of blocks. The trunks are sent to a high speed second memory and stored together as a unit. In some embodiments the trunks are split on boundaries and stored in a high speed memory. Once the trunks are stored in the high speed second memory, the corresponding data is erased from the write combine buffer memory and the pointers that made up the linked list are returned to a free block pointer pool. The data can then be read from the high speed second memory very quickly, passed through a switching fabric, and placed back on the computer network for its next destination.

Abstract: A crossbar switch is provided that can allocate output port bandwidth both among multiple classes of service and among input ports. In one implementation, there are two scheduling stages that may be implemented together. One scheduling stage can select traffic for output based on class of service whereas the other scheduling stage may perform a further selection based on destination output port. This allows greater flexibility in managing congestion and allocating limited available bandwidth.

Abstract: A dynamic resource allocation apparatus and method for assigning timeslot in a return channel in multi-frequency time division multiple access MF-TDMA in order to have a maximum throughput is disclosed. The apparatus includes: resource request amount collection unit for accumulating a requested resource amount corresponding to each of terminals during a super-frame period; resource request amount processing unit for dividing an accumulated requested resource amount by the number of frame pairs in a super frame and storing a sum of a result of dividing and rounding up a remain of the division to a nearest integer as a request amount of each corresponding terminal; and resource allocation unit for deciding a time slot allocated at each of terminals corresponding to a frame pair based on optimal allocation amount, which is decided based on the request amount by the requested amount processing unit.

Abstract: A first network component of an apparatus in one example is coupled with one or more additional network components. The first network component and the one or more additional network components communicate with one another over a single, shared wireline path through employment of a plurality of code division multiple access (CDMA) codes. The plurality of CDMA codes comprise a first CDMA code and a second CDMA code. The first network component sends a first message over the single, shared wireline path to one of the one or more additional network components through employment of the first CDMA code and contemporaneously receives a second message over the single, shared wireline path from one of the one or more additional network components through employment of the second CDMA code.

Abstract: Broadband multi-drop local network, interface and method for multimedia access. A local network architecture include a wired bus coupleable directly to an external data network terminal and configured for carrying broadband packetized data traffic over a frequency spectrum uninterrupted by other defined data channels or services; and one or a plurality of network transceivers operable individually for coupling an addressable network device processing a defined class of information to the bus wherein each network appliance is configured for and further operable for providing communication interfacing of the class of information of each addressable network appliance with the packetized IP data traffic on the wired bus.

Abstract: A pipelined arbitration mechanism allows a routing control decision to be effected for a later packet while a current packet is being transferred. The later packet can be issued a fixed number of cycles after the current request. The mechanism has particular advantages when used with a plurality of functional modules connected to a packet router, whereby a single functional module can generate a current request relating to a current packet and a deferred arbitration request relating to a later packet to be issued a fixed number of cycles after the current request.

Abstract: The invention deals with a physical layer circuit for the IEEE1394 bus. Considered is a scenario where two clusters of 1394 devices are linked to each other by means of a wireless bridge. The devices of one cluster shall communicate with devices of the other cluster without being bridge aware. Under this scenario there are two different types of 1394 devices existing in each cluster. One device is a bridge portal and will have the bridge functionality. All the other 1394 devices in the cluster will not have the bridge functionality. As the device having the bridge functionality needs to have a specific buffer memory for buffering node-ID packets, usually there are two different types of physical layer circuits required for the different types of 1394 devices. The invention deals with the problem of how it can be realized to use in both different types of 1394 devices the same type of physical layer circuit. The invention solves the problem by means of configuration means in the physical layer circuit.

Abstract: A communication system is disclosed that is capable of reducing data delay in transmitted hierarchized data and selecting predetermined data from the transmitted hierarchized data for communication according to conditions of the receiving end. The communication system includes a signal transmitting device that hierarchizes data to be transmitted and transmits the hierarchized data, and a signal receiving device that receives the data from the transmitting device. The signal transmitting device includes a hierarchized data transmitting unit that hierarchizes the data to be transmitted into a number of layers and transmits the data layers. The signal receiving device includes a layer identifying unit that identifies the data layers transmitted from the signal transmitting device, and a hierarchized data receiving unit that selects the identified data layers according to at least one of receiving capability and a propagating environment of the signal receiving device, and receives the selected data layers.

Abstract: An apparatus and method to provide a portable networking interface for distributed switching systems. Two Application Program Interfaces (APIs) are defined for communication to a Forwarding Database Distribution Library (FDDL). The FDDL sits between network client applications and the switch device driver in order to provide a uniform interface to the switch device driver. Towers may be added to the FDDL to provide additional functionality specific to certain client applications.

Abstract: A controller of a communications network enables endpoints or multiple networks to intercommunicate using multiple types of bearer format (IP, TDM, ATM, Frame Relay, etc.), and enables a bearer format conversion when necessary to carry bearer channel information across an interface of the network. The network may be packet-based or circuit-based and may include gateways and associated controllers which work in tandem to transfer format conversion parameters between endpoints or networks. The format control parameters are exchanged between various controllers, i.e., call control elements, to determine the appropriate format to forward the bearer channel information across the interface and to instruct the associated gateway of the required format conversion. The determination of the necessary format conversions may occur on a call-by-call basis, or by periodically detecting and storing format conversions associated with the various endpoints and intercommunicating networks.

Abstract: A method for arranging error control of packet-switched data, in which method at least a first part and a second part can be separated from the packets. In the method, errors detected in received data are checked, and conditions are determined for handling errors detected at least in the first and the second part. If an error is detected in a received first part and/or second part, the routine checks whether the conditions allow the first part and/or second part to be transmitted to upper protocol layers. If this is allowed, the first part and/or second part are transmitted to upper protocol layers.

Abstract: A multiple processor device stores a stream of data as a plurality of data segments, which includes multiplexed data fragments from at least one of a plurality of virtual channels. The data segments that comprise the stream of data correspond to the multiplexed data fragments from the virtual channels. The multiple processor device then decodes at least one data segment in accordance with one of a plurality of transmission protocols to produce a decoded data segment. The multiple processor device then stores the decoded data segment to align it in accordance with a data path segment size. The multiple processor device then interprets the stored decoded data segment with respect to a corresponding one of the plurality of virtual channels to determine a destination of the stored decoded data segment. The multiple processor device then stores the decoded data segment as part of reassembled data.

Abstract: Methods and structures of performing multi-level comma detection and alignment on an unaligned data stream. Each string of N consecutive bits in the unaligned data stream is monitored for a predetermined byte value. When the predetermined byte value is located, the unaligned data stream is aligned with the predetermined byte value, producing a partially aligned data stream. A string of bytes from the partially aligned data stream is then compared with a predetermined sequence of byte values. When the predetermined sequence is located, the partially aligned data stream is aligned based on the location of the predetermined sequence within the partially aligned data stream. The invention also encompasses multi-level comma detection and alignment circuits that can perform, for example, the previously described inventive methods.

Abstract: The invention relates to a procedure for the allocation of time slots for a transmission of data in variable time slots between a controller of a packet-oriented data network on the one hand and a terminal of a user of the data network on the other hand. The time slots are assigned to a terminal for a data flow following request made by the terminal and in dependence on the transmission capacity available in the data network, and are temporarily stored in a ring buffer before they are allocated to the terminal at a predefinable allocation instant. In order to simplify and accelerate the allocation of time slots in such a data network, it is proposed that a temporal write range be defined in the ring buffer by a variable first upper time threshold and a variable first lower time threshold.

Abstract: A method for dynamically adding a new channel to a group of virtually concatenated channels carrying traffic to a network element (NE) of a synchronous network. By this method if a delay associated with the new channel is longer than a delay associated with the group of virtually concatenated channels then traffic received along the group of virtually concatenated channels is delayed until the group of virtually concatenated channels and the new channel are time-aligned, and then the new channel is added to the group. If the delay associated with the new channel is shorter than the delay associated with the group of virtually concatenated channels then traffic in the new channel is delayed until the new channel and the group of virtually concatenated channels are time-aligned, and then the new channel will be added to the group.

Abstract: A multiple bit stream interface interfaces a first transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit and a second transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit. The multiple bit stream interface includes an interface plurality of transmit bit streams each of which carries a respective bit stream at an interface bit rate and in a natural order. The interface further includes a transmit data clock operating at a frequency corresponding to one-half of the interface bit rate. The first transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit receives a first plurality of transmit bit streams from a communication ASIC at a first bit rate. The second transmit data multiplexing integrated circuit produces a single bit stream output at a line bit rate. The interface plurality of transmit bit streams is divided into a first group and a second group, wherein the first group is carried on first group of lines and the second group is carried on a second group of lines.

Abstract: A laser system and method for self-injection locking. The system includes a laser having a laser output at a frequency ?o. An optical port provides a portion of the laser output at the port and a modulator, coupled to the port, is driven by a RF signal at a frequency ?m generates two sidebands at ?o±?m. A filter passes one of the two sidebands; and an optical path couples an output of the filter to the laser for injection locking.

Abstract: There is provided a device for generating a lossless pulse ultraviolet laser beam of generating a laser beam having a desired wavelength by repeatedly rotating a laser beam generated by a pulse ytterbium fiber laser several times. The device includes a pulse ytterbium fiber laser generating and emitting a laser beam of a high-speed pulse form, a nonlinear harmonic crystal for modulating a wavelength of the laser beam into a desired wavelength, a lens for focusing the modulated beam, a reflecting mirror for transmitting a beam having a desired wavelength and reflecting a beam having an undesired wavelength, and a laser window having one AR-coated surface.

Abstract: A system or method coherently combines a large number of light beams at a single wavelength in multiple stages to form a high-power diffraction limited output beam. A two-stage system, or method based thereon, includes a master oscillator transmitting a light beam to a first phase modulation stage, which splits the beam into N beams and locks beam phases using phase correction signals from a first feedback loop. A second phase modulation stage splits each N beam into M beams and locks the phases of M beams in each N group using phase correction signals from a second feedback loop. A two-dimensional fiber array directs M×N beams to a first diffractive optical element combining the beams into N coherent beams of M beams each, and phase correction signals for the second stage are derived from a sample extracted from the N coherent beams.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for monitoring a laser. The apparatus includes a plurality of sensors and a monitoring device capable of communicating with the plurality of sensors and configured to monitor an operating status of a laser. The plurality of sensors includes an optical power sensor, a first temperature sensor, and a power sensor and/or a current supply sensor. The present invention also provides a method for monitoring a laser. The method includes measuring an output optical power of the laser, measuring a temperature of the laser and/or a lasing medium exciting device, measuring an amount of current supplied to the exciting device and/or an amount of laser cavity excitation, and determining a current and/or predicted health status of the laser based on at least one of the optical power, the temperature of the laser, the temperature of the exciting device, the current and the driver power.

Abstract: A method of performing eye safety measurements on laser devices is disclosed. The laser is contained within a housing having a central bore. The method uses an optical detector having at least two zones to make separate measurements of both a direct power coming from the laser and an indirect power reflected off of the central bore. The first zone measuring the direct power is smaller than the second zone measuring the indirect power. The measurement of the first power is then used to adjust the power of the laser to be within a specified optical standard, such as the class 1 standard. In one exemplary embodiment, the laser is an 850 nanometer Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL).

Abstract: A voltage dividing apparatus for preventing sudden increases in power to a laser diode includes a laser diode module, a laser-driving unit and a Zener diode. The laser diode module includes a laser diode for receiving a driving current to emit light, and a photo diode for receiving the light emitted from the laser diode and transferring the light signal into a voltage signal. The voltage signal is fed back to the laser diode module for automatically balancing the power of the laser diode. The laser-driving unit is used for driving the laser diode to output power. When the circuit shorts, two voltage-dividing resistors and the Zener diode disable the laser-driving unit to protect the laser diode. It blocks the laser diode's outputting power to prevent the outputting power from suddenly increasing and prevent the laser with strong power from hurting a user's eyes.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser diode of a tunnel junction type includes a semiconductor substrate, a first reflector, a second reflector, an active region disposed in series between the first and second reflectors, and a tunnel junction region disposed in series between the first and second reflectors. The tunnel junction region includes a first semiconductor layer of a first conductive type and a second semiconductor layer of a second conductive type that forms a junction with the first semiconductor layer, the first semiconductor layer being composed of a supper-lattice layer that at least partially includes aluminum and is partially oxidized.

Abstract: A VCSEL with nearly planar intracavity contact. A bottom DBR mirror is formed on a substrate. A first conduction layer region is formed on the bottom DBR mirror. An active layer, including quantum wells, is on the first conduction layer region. A trench is formed into the active layer region. The trench is formed in a wagon wheel configuration with spokes providing mechanical support for the active layer region. The trench is etched approximately to the first conduction layer region. Proton implants are provided in the wagon wheel and configured to render the spokes of the wagon wheel insulating. A nearly planar electrical contact is formed as an intracavity contact for connecting the bottom of the active region to a power supply. The nearly planar electrical contact is formed in and about the trench.