Abstract: The invention relates to a gas discharge source, in particular for generating extreme ultraviolet and/or soft X-radiation, in which a gas-filled intermediate electrode space (3) is located between two electrodes (1, 2), in which devices for the admission and evacuation of gas are present, and in which one electrode (1) exhibits an opening (5) that defines an axis of symmetry (4) and is provided for the discharge of radiation. The proposed improvements constitute the presence of a diaphragm (6), which exhibits at least one opening (7) on the axis of symmetry (4) and operates as a differential pump stage, between the two electrodes (1, 2).

Abstract: A spark plug which includes a center electrode metal shell and an insulator disposed therebetween utilizes for the insulator or ceramic with improved high temperature electrical properties which includes alumina in an amount between about 90 and about 99% by weight, a zirconium containing compound in an amount between about 0 and about 1% by weight, and an oxide mixture in an amount between about 1 and about 10% by weight. The oxide mixture includes a glass former, a network modifier and alumina in an amount between about 16% and about 40% by weight after firing, wherein the molar ratio of the glass former to the network modifier ranges between about 0.8:1 and 1.2:1. The ceramic insulator is particularly adapted for use as an insulator in a spark plug to provide improved dielectric strength and shunt resistance of greater than one 1000 megaohms at 1000 degrees Fahrenheit, so as to reduce the shunting of the spark plug and thereby improve the quality of the spark generated by the spark plug.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes field emission device embodiments. The present disclosure also includes method embodiments for forming field emitting devices. One device embodiment includes a housing defining an interior space including a lower portion and an upper portion, a cathode positioned in the lower portion of the housing, a elongate nanostructure coupled to the cathode, an anode positioned in the upper portion of the housing, and a control grid positioned between the elongate nanostructure and the anode to control electron flow between the anode and the elongate nanostructure.

Abstract: A new contact member is provided to establish intimate contact between a lead wire and the contact member of a lamp base. A flap is formed in a planar wall and connected to the body by a hinge region. The opening formed by the flap is dimensioned to freely receive the lead wire therethrough. The flap is then deflected along the hinge region to pinch the lead wire with the flap and assure continuity of a ground path during welding. The contact member is then grounded, and the welding electrode disposed adjacent an antenna of the lead wire extending outwardly from the contact member. Welding is preferably established by forming an arc between the welding electrode and the lead wire so that the lead wire is melted to form the weld with contact member.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light source apparatus with a structure that improves the positioning precision of a gas discharge tube and facilitates gas discharge tube maintenance work. The light source apparatus has a lamp container housing the gas discharge tube, and an insulating socket member that is fixed in a state of being positioned with respect to the lamp container and that is housed in the lamp container together with the gas discharge tube. The insulating socket member has a plane contacting portion put in plane contact with a stem portion of the gas discharge tube, and a pin socket member into which at least one of stem pins, held in the stem portion is inserted in an electrically contacting state.

Abstract: Disclosed is a low-pressure discharge lamp, particularly a compact fluorescent lamp comprising at least one discharge vessel that is inserted in a base. The base and the discharge vessel are connected via a joining material. According to the invention, the base is provided with at least one recess via which the joining material can be introduced after the discharge vessel has been inserted.

Abstract: Disclosed are LED lamp assemblies that are substantially inseparable. The LED lamp assemblies use discrete components that are individually manufactured and then assembled in a manner that substantially prevents disassembly or disengagement of components. An interference fit can be used to substantially secure components of the LED lamp assemblies. Bonding techniques can also be used, including adhesive and solvent bonds, as well as thermal bonds, including sonic bonds.

Abstract: An exit window for an electron beam emitter through which electrons pass in an electron beam includes a structural foil for metal to metal bonding with the electron beam emitter. The structural foil has a central opening formed therethrough. A window layer of high thermal conductivity extends over the central opening of the structural foil and provides a high thermal conductivity region through which the electrons can pass.

Abstract: In a PDP, an end of a first partition (124) is provided with a partition end 126 whose height dimension and width dimension are smaller than those of the first partition (124). With this arrangement, when a nozzle is moved from a portion between the partition ends (126) on a first side to a portion between the partition ends (126) on a second side in a phosphor layer forming step for forming a phosphor layer, a phosphor paste can be uniformly applied to recessed portions (123A), thereby easily providing the PDP that includes the phosphor layer with which good images can be realized.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a PDP includes: a partition forming step to form a first partition (124) and a second partition (125) substantially perpendicular to the first partition (124) on an address-electrode dielectric layer (122) of a rear substrate (120); a base layer forming step to form a base layer after the partition forming step by moving a base-forming-agent applying nozzle (200) along a second groove formed between the second partitions (125) and applying a base forming agent (201) thereto; and a phosphor layer forming step to form a phosphor layer after the base layer forming step by moving a phosphor applying nozzle along a first groove formed between the first partitions (124) and applying a phosphor paste thereto.

Abstract: An electron emission light-emitting device includes a cathode structure, an anode structure, a fluorescent layer, and a low-pressure gas layer. The fluorescent layer is located between the cathode structure and the anode structure. The low-pressure gas layer is filled between the cathode structure and the anode structure, having a function of inducing the cathode to emit electron uniformly. The low-pressure gas layer has an electron mean free path, allowing at least sufficient amount of electrons to directly impinge the fluorescent layer under an operation voltage.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image display device which can acquire a favorable white balance. In the image display device including a first substrate which has a plurality of electron emitting elements, and a second substrate which is arranged to face the first substrate in an opposed manner and has phosphors of three colors consisting of red, green and blue which emit lights upon excitation thereof by electrons emitted from the electron emitting elements, the phosphors of three colors consisting of red, green and blue which emit the lights upon excitation thereof by the electrons emitted from the electron emitting elements displaying 9300K which is standard white of NTSC, an excitation current density ratio of red, green and blue is set to a value which falls within a range of red:green:blue=95-105:100:95-105.

Abstract: A field emission lamp (2) includes a housing (20), a first electrode (22), and a second electrode (24). The housing (20) includes a first supporting element (201) and a second supporting element (202). The first supporting element (201) is disposed at one end of the housing (20). The second supporting element (202) is disposed at opposite end of the housing (20). The first electrode (22) includes an electron emitter (222) and a first electric conduction element (224) electrically connected with the electron emitter (222). The first electric conduction element (224) is fastened to the first supporting element (201). The second electrode (24) includes an electric conduction membrane (241), a fluorescent layer (242) and a second electric conduction element (243). The fluorescent layer (242) is disposed on the electric conduction membrane (241) and corresponding to the electron emitter (222).

Abstract: A discharge field emission device including a cathode an anode, a conductive gas, and a phosphor is provided. The conductive gas is disposed between the cathode and the anode for inducing electrons from the cathode, wherein the conductive gas has a gas pressure between 10?1 torr and 10?3 torr. In addition, the phosphor is disposed on the moving path of the electrons to react with the electrons and emit light. The discharge field emission device has the advantages of high luminescence efficiency and low cost. A light source apparatus and a display apparatus applying the discharge field emission device are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light emitting device (10) comprising at least one inorganic light emitting diode (LED) (14) for emitting primary light, a luminescent plate (12) supporting on a first side the LED(s), which plate is adapted to convert the wavelength of at least part of said primary light from the LED(s), and light scattering means for coupling out light from the luminescent plate. The invention makes it possible to omit any bulky extraction optics, and allows for a flat and compact LED module design. The present invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of such a light emitting device.

Abstract: A flat or substantially flat luminous structure. First and second walls face each other and define an internal space that includes a light source. First and second electrodes for the light source generate electric field lines with at least one component perpendicular to the first and second electrodes, the first electrode supplied or configured to be supplied with a high frequency electromagnetic signal. As an outer covering for the first electrode, an electrical safety system includes an electrical conductor separated from the first electrode by a dielectric, the conductor connected or configured to be connected to a power supply with a potential V and/or with a frequency f, these being adjusted so that the peak value of the external leakage current is equal to 2 mA or less if f is zero, or equal to 0.7 mA or less if f is nonzero.

Abstract: There is provided an illuminant substrate comprising: a substrate; first and second light emitting members provided on the substrate; a first anode that covers the first light emitting member; a second anode that covers the second light emitting member; and a resistor that is located between the first and second light emitting members and electrically connects the first and second anode; wherein the resistor has at least a first layer and a second layer laminated on the first layer; and an edge of the first layer facing the first light emitting member projects toward the first light emitting member further than an edge of the second layer facing the first light emitting member.

Abstract: An electroluminescent module includes a module substrate, a thermal-conducting carrier substrate and a light-emitting element. The module substrate has an opening, a first surface and a first patterned electrode disposed on the first surface. The thermal-conducting carrier substrate has a carrying element and a second patterned electrode disposed on the carrying element. The carrying element is disposed opposite to the first surface of the module substrate, and the second patterned electrode is disposed facing to the first patterned electrode and electrically connected to the first patterned electrode. The light-emitting element is located at the opening and disposed on the thermal-conducting carrier substrate. The light-emitting element has a first electrode and a second electrode, both of which are respectively electrically connected to the corresponding portions of the second patterned electrode of the thermal-conducting carrier substrate.

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing a chemically stabilized inorganic phosphor, among oxynitride phosphors including alkaline earths, which oxynitride phosphor emits orange or red light at longer wavelengths at higher luminance than conventional sialon phosphors activated by rare earths. The present invention further aims at providing a light emitting instrument based on the phosphor, for a lighting instrument excellent in color rendering property and for an image displaying apparatus excellent in durability. The solving means resides in provision of a fundamental phosphor comprising: a composition on a pseudo-ternary phase diagram including AO (A is one kind or two or more kinds of element(s) selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba; and AO is oxide of A), Si3N4, and SiO2 as end members, respectively, and satisfying all of the following conditions: in a composition formula, pAO-qSi3N4-rSiO2 (p+q+r=1), 0.1?p?0.95, ??(1) 0.05?q?0.9, and ??(2) 0?r?0.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display (“OLED”) device includes a display substrate having an organic light emitting element, an encapsulation substrate covering the display substrate, an adhesive covering the organic light emitting element and adhering the display substrate to the encapsulation substrate, and a sealant containing frit to seal an edge region between the display substrate and the encapsulation substrate. A method for fabricating the OLED device is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides an organic light emitting apparatus having a liquid moisture absorbing member, the apparatus being capable of having a larger area than an organic light emitting apparatus having a same size substrate and without the liquid moisture absorbing member and of obtaining stable device characteristics without impairing the advantage of the liquid moisture absorbing member, in other words, by narrowing a non-light emitting region, and a method of producing the apparatus. The organic light emitting apparatus of the present invention has a side where a drive circuit is formed and a side where the drive circuit is not formed, and each of a starting point and an ending point of the application of the moisture absorbing member is placed on the side where the drive circuit is formed.

Abstract: An organic light emitting display device (OLED), which does not include a separate cathode, and a method of fabricating the same, are provided. The OLED includes: a substrate; a reflective layer disposed on the substrate; a charge generation layer disposed on the reflective layer; an organic layer disposed on the charge generation layer and including an emission layer; and an anode disposed on the organic layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an organic lighting component, in particular an organic light-emitting diode, comprising a lighting element (1; 2) and a luminous surface (1f, 2f) encompassed by the lighting element (1; 2), the luminous surface being formed by an electrode (1a; 2a), a counterelectrode (1d; 2d), and an organic layer system (1e; 2e) which is situated between the electrode (1a; 2a) and the counterelectrode (1d; 2d) and is in electrical contact with the electrode (1a; 2a) and the counterelectrode (1d; 2d), wherein sections of the organic layer system (1e; 2e) which are located in the region of the luminous surface (1f; 2f) and which emit light upon application of an electrical voltage to the electrode (1a; 2a) and the counterelectrode (1d; 2d) have a uniform organic material structure and are provided on multiple partial electrodes (1b; 2b) of the electrode (1a; 2a) electrically connected in parallel, on one side the multiple partial electrodes being electrically connected to one another at their ends, a

Abstract: Provided are an electronic device including a bank structure and a method of manufacturing the same. The method of manufacturing the electronic device requires a fewer number of processes and comprises a direct patterning of insulating layers, such as fluorinated organic polymer layers, is possible using cost-efficient techniques such as inkjet printing.

Abstract: An organic lighting emitting diode display device (OLED display device) and a method of fabricating the same. The OLED display device includes: a substrate; a first electrode disposed on the substrate; an emission layer disposed on the first electrode; a second electrode disposed on the emission layer; and a hole injection layer disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer or between the emission layer and the second electrode, and formed of an inorganic semiconductor material, which evaporates at a temperature of 1100° C. or less. The method includes forming the hole injection layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, by thermally evaporating the inorganic semiconductor material, at a temperature of 1100° C., or less.

Abstract: Light-emitting devices (24) and light-emitting displays (1) for realizing bright display by allowing light emitted from an emissive layer (100) to efficiently contribute to a display. Polarization separators (500) are arranged between the emissive layer (100) and a phase plate (700). In the light of a wavelength range which includes a part or all of a light-emission wavelength range of the emissive layer and is narrower than a visible wavelength range and is directed from the emissive layer side to the polarization separators side, the polarization separators (500) reflect circularly polarized light components which are converted into linearly polarized light that is absorbed by the polarizer (600) due to the operation of the phase plate and transmit the other light.

Abstract: A triplet light emitting device which has high efficiency and improved stability and which can be fabricated by a simpler process is provided by simplifying the device structure and avoiding use of an unstable material. In a multilayer device structure using no hole blocking layer conventionally used in a triplet light emitting device, that is, a device structure in which on a substrate, there are formed an anode, a hole transporting layer constituted by a hole transporting material, an electron transporting and light emitting layer constituted by an electron transporting material and a dopant capable of triplet light emission, and a cathode, which are laminated in the stated order, the combination of the hole transporting material and the electron transporting material and the combination of the electron transporting material and the dopant material are optimized.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode display device according to the present invention includes a first electrode on a first substrate including a first region and a second region, the second region substantially surrounding the first region; a pixel separating pattern on the first electrode in the second region; an organic light emitting pattern at least in the first region; a second electrode on the organic light emitting pattern; a contact electrode on the pixel separating pattern, the contact electrode being electrically connected to the second electrode; and a thin film transistor on the second substrate facing the first substrate, the thin film transistor being electrically connected to the contact electrode.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is disclosed. The plasma display panel includes a front substrate, a rear substrate facing the front substrate, a barrier rib that is positioned between the front substrate and the rear substrate to partition a discharge cell, a first electrode and a second electrode that face each other to be spaced apart from each other at the discharge cell therebetween, and a dielectric layer that covers the first electrode and the second electrode. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode includes a depression formed on a facing surface of the first electrode and the second electrode. The dielectric layer includes a groove formed between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) includes front and rear substrates spaced apart and facing each other, barrier ribs between the front and rear substrates to define a plurality of discharge cells, a plurality of electrodes between the front and rear substrates to generate a discharge, a light transmitting layer including a blue pigment, and at least one blue phosphor layer in the discharge cells, the phosphor layer including a phosphor material represented by Ba1-x-ySryMgpAlqOr:Eux, where 0.001?x?0.1, 0.021?y?0.3, p=1, q=10 or 14, and r=17 or 23.

Abstract: A low-pressure discharge lamp (1) is provided that includes a glass tube (2) having an inner diameter in a range of 1 to 5 mm and a pair of electrodes (3) disposed at end portions in the glass tube (2). The pair of electrodes (3) contain at least one transition metal selected from transition metals of Groups IV to VI. Mercury and a rare gas containing argon and neon are sealed in an inner portion of the glass tube (2). A relationship between a cathode glow discharge density J and a composition index ? of the sealed rare gas of the low-pressure discharge lamp (1) satisfies the following expression ??J=I/(S·P2)?1.5? (where S represents an effective discharge surface area (mm2) of an electrode, I represents a RMS lamp current (mA), P represents a pressure (kPa) of a sealed rare gas, and ? represents a composition index of a sealed rare gas that is a constant expressed by ?=(90.5A+3.4N)×10?3 when a total of a composition ratio A of argon and a composition ratio N of neon is expressed by A+N=1).

Abstract: A lighting device of the type used as reading light in a vehicle. The lighting device comprises a single light-emitting diode and internal supply means adapted to generate a current to the single light-emitting diode. The internal supply means are connectable to an external power network. The device has an optical unit to recenter and focus the luminous flux emitted by the single light-emitting diode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vacuum plasma generator for providing a plasma discharge (10) for treating work pieces (5) by way of a pulsed plasma process in a vacuum chamber (2). Said vacuum plasma generator comprises a generator output (9, 9?) having an AC mains supply (6a), an AC/DC mains rectifier system (6) for rectifying the AC mains voltage to a DC voltage, a filter capacitor (6b), a first stage as clocked DC/DC voltage converter (7) with means for adjusting the DC output voltage which produces an intermediate circuit voltage (Uz), comprising a controlled power switch (7a) which feeds the primary winding of a transformer (14) and the secondary winding of which is connected to a rectifier (15) and a downstream intermediate capacitor (12) and configures a floating transformer secondary circuit (23). Said secondary circuit is connected to a downstream second stage which is a pulse output stage (8) and is connected to the generator output (9, 9?).

Abstract: Energy loss due to driving a plurality of power supply units simultaneously in a low-current region is prevented, and a more stable load current is obtained. The generation of a load current in a small-current region from a pilot arc current is handled solely by the power supply unit U1, the remaining (N?1) power supply units U2 through U4 are driven when the small-current region is exceeded, and a current that is the composite of all the currents is fed to the load, whereby a stable plasma arc power supply is obtained in which power consumption in the low-current region is reduced.

Abstract: A dimmable arc lamp assembly comprises a lamp enclosure comprising a chamber enclosing a light-emitting material, first and second electrodes extending into the chamber of the lamp enclosure, and a heating element proximate the chamber configured to heat at least a portion of the lamp enclosure to a temperature greater than the boiling point of the light-emitting material such that the light-emitting material remains in a gaseous state. Because the light-emitting material remains above its boiling point during lamp operation, dimming is not susceptible to control issues that can result from condensation of the light-producing material. Such lamps may be used in various applications such as in flat panel displays.

Abstract: There is provided a surface light source device comprising: a light source body including a plurality of discharge spaces therein, a first electrode and a second electrode applying a first voltage into the discharge spaces and arranged parallel to each other, and a third electrode applying a second voltage into the discharge spaces and facing the first and second electrodes and arranged in a direction of crossing the first and second electrodes. In accordance with the present invention, the discharge firing voltage and sustain voltage of the surface light source device can be lowered by applying the first and second voltage to the electrodes. Further, it is possible to divisionally drive the surface light source device by sequentially and/or selectively applying a voltage to divided parts of each electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a display device including: a pixel array portion; a drive portion; and a power source wiring; the pixel array portion, at least a part of the drive portion configured to drive the pixel array portion and the power source wiring are forming a panel, the pixel array portion including scanning lines disposed in rows, signal lines disposed in columns, and pixels disposed in matrix in portions where the scanning lines and the signal lines cross each other, respectively, the drive portion including a scanner portion configured to drive the pixels in a line-sequential manner through the scanning lines, and a signal portion configured to supply a video signal to each of the signal lines in correspondence to the line-sequential drive, so that an image is displayed on the pixel array portion.

Abstract: To provide an AC-PDP capable of achieving low power consumption and low cost, a driving method is adopted in which, during a period of sustaining light emission of the AC-PDP, an electrode of one side of the panel is fixed at a predetermined potential, and positive and negative voltages are alternately applied to an electrode of the other side of the panel. In addition, an IGBT is used as a switch element. Thus, with a half-bridge driving method using an IGBT as a switch element, it is possible to simultaneously achieve a reduction in loss of a driving circuit of the AC-PDP and a reduction in the number of components thereof, such reductions not being able to be achieved by the conventional techniques.

Abstract: An extended voltage range LED string driver comprising: an electronically controlled switch exhibiting a first port, a second port and a control port; a source of predetermined voltage connected to the control port of the electronically controlled switch; an LED string driver operatively connected to the first port of the electronically controlled switch; and a means for connecting an LED string to the second port of the electronically controlled switch; the electronically controlled switch being arranged to conduct between the first and the second port only when the voltage at the first port is within a predetermined range of said predetermined voltage.

Abstract: A light system that is controllable to generate a plurality of selected lighting effects, the light system includes a main processor, the main processor being in communication with a plurality of light sources; and each of the plurality of light sources having a distinct, known address whereby one of more of the light sources are individually addressable by the main processor, a known address being received by a selected light source of the plurality of light sources and acting to set the selected light source of the plurality of light sources in a disposition to receive a subsequent command from the main processor for generating a selected lighting effect. A light source and a method of forming a light system are further included.

Abstract: A flash light emitting device that irradiates flash light to a work piece, comprises a first flash light discharge lamp and a second flash light discharge lamp. In the flash light emitting device, a time width of a second flash light discharge lamp current is shorter than a time width of a first flash light discharge lamp current, and the second flash light discharge lamp current is inputted into the second flash light discharge lamp after the first flash light discharge lamp current is inputted into the first flash light discharge lamp.

Abstract: A driving method for a fluorescent lamp is provided. A driving signal for driving the fluorescent lamp is generated, and an operating current of the fluorescent lamp is detected. The frequency of the driving signal is adjusted when the operating current of the fluorescent lamp reaches a first predetermined value. Besides, whether or not the operating current of the fluorescent lamp reaches a second predetermined value is detected in order to decide whether to stop generating the driving signal or not, wherein the second predetermined value is greater than the first predetermined value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for protecting a discharge lamp lighting device from damage due to mis-wiring of a source of electrical power to the discharge lamp lighting device. The protection apparatus includes a detector, a comparer and an inhibitor. The detector samples at least one monitor point associated with the discharge lamp lighting device to obtain at least one detection voltage. The comparer compares the at least one detection voltage with a reference voltage. The inhibitor inhibits an operation of the discharge lamp lighting device when the comparer determines that a mis-wiring of the source of electrical power to the discharge lamp lighting device exists.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an inrush current limiting resistor for suppressing inrush current, and to avoid an excessive current flowing through the inrush current limiting resistor even if the lamp is operated at a dimmed level by mistake. A compact self-ballasted fluorescent lamp 1 is composed of a holder 20 and a case 30 attached to each other. The case 30 houses therein a lighting unit 50 for operating an arc tube 10. The lighting unit 50 is composed of a rectifier/smoothing circuit module having an electrolytic capacitor 53, an inverter circuit module, and a resonant circuit module having a resonance capacitor 54. The circuit modules are mounted on a printed wiring board 51. An inrush current limiting resistor 62 is connected to the input end of the rectifier/smoothing circuit module and in contact with the electrolytic capacitor 53 and the resonance capacitor 54 at their outer circumferential surfaces.

Abstract: A light or light kit (10) is disclosed which includes a switch housing (11, a plurality of light sockets (12), and a pull chain type switch (13) which includes a pull chain or cord (13?). A light bulb (15) is mounted within each light socket. The light kit also includes a controller or dimmer module (17) electrically coupled between the pull chain switch and the light socket. The dimmer module may gradually change the light intensity with the actuation of the pull chain switch through the continual pulling of the pull chain.

Abstract: A method of maintaining and controlling a plurality of wireless light fixtures includes providing the light fixtures in a structure, wirelessly receiving respective operational data from each of the light fixtures at a central location, aggregating the received respective operational data to form an aggregation of operational data, and analyzing at least a portion of the aggregation of operational data. The method further includes performing one or both of (i) controlling the operation of a first selected one or more of the light fixtures based on a result of the analyzing step by wirelessly transmitting respective operational commands from the central location to each of the first selected one or more of the light fixtures, and (ii) causing a maintenance related action to be taken with respect to each of a second selected one or more of the light fixtures based on a result of the analyzing step.

Abstract: A lamp includes an arc tube and a lighting unit for lighting the arc tube. The lighting unit includes a rectifier circuit, a smoothing circuit for partial smoothing, and an inverter circuit having a pair of switching elements. The smoothing circuit smoothes portions of the output voltage of the rectifier circuit below the first voltage value and outputs a voltage that falls between the first voltage value and the second voltage value. The discharge sustaining voltage of the arc tube is set to fall between the first and second values of the voltage Vdc output from the smoothing circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus includes electrical contacts coupled to a LED. The apparatus further includes a positive temperature coefficient resistor in operative thermal communication and electrically in series with the LED. A resistance of the PTC resistor varies as a function of a temperature of the LED.

Abstract: A transformer for driving multiple lamps includes a core, a primary winding set, a secondary winding set and a balancing winding set. The primary winding set winds around the core and includes a first primary coil. The secondary winding set winds around the core and includes a first secondary coil. The balancing winding set winds around the core and includes a first balancing coil and a second balancing coil which wind around the core in a combinative way. The primary winding set, the secondary winding set and the balancing winding set have the same magnetic-flux loop in the core.

Abstract: A transformer includes: a primary winding receiving portion having a primary winding wound around an axis; and a pair of secondary winding receiving portions each having a secondary winding wound around an axis and disposed on the opposite sides of the first primary winding receiving portion with a gap left in the axial direction. The gaps are formed in a size of a value higher than a first predetermined value, and the coupling coefficients between the first primary winding and the two secondary windings are set lower than a second predetermined value by the gaps.