Abstract: A high voltage reception terminal is formed in a semiconductor integrated circuit without increasing the number of manufacturing processes and the manufacturing cost. A transfer gate configured from a NMOS, which is the high withstand voltage transistor, and a pull-up resistor are formed. An input terminal of the transfer gate is connected to the high voltage reception terminal and an output terminal of the transfer gate is connected to a CMOS inverter through an input resistor. One end of the pull-up resistor is connected to the output terminal of the transfer gate and the other end of the pull-up resistor receives source voltage VDD (5V). The transfer gate lowers the inputted high voltage VX (VX>VDD) to VDD-Vt1?. The pull-up resistor biases the voltage at the output terminal of the transfer gate to VDD and boosts the voltage at the output terminal that has been lowered by the transfer gate to about VDD.

Abstract: A current driving device comprises: a voltage supply part; a current supply part; and a plurality of current output parts, each comprising a current-voltage converting function, a voltage-current converting function, and a voltage holding capacitance element. The current output part takes three operation modes. Under a voltage supply mode, the current output part receives a voltage from the voltage supply part and holds the voltage in the voltage holding capacitance element. Under a current supply mode, the current output part receives the current from the current supply part, generates a second voltage by the current-voltage converting function and holds the voltage in the voltage holding capacitance element. Under a current output part, the current output part outputs an output current according to the voltage held in the voltage holding capacitance element by the voltage-current converting function.

Abstract: An output signal driving circuit is provided. The output signal driving circuit includes a first switch, a second switch, a third switch, and a fourth switch. The first switch is for selectively conducting a first supply voltage with a first terminal according to a first control signal. The second switch is for selectively conducting a second supply voltage with a second terminal according to a second control signal. The third switch is for selectively conducting the first terminal with an output terminal of the output signal driving circuit according to a third reference voltage. The fourth switch is for selectively conducting the second terminal with the output terminal according to a fourth reference voltage. The voltage level of both the third and the fourth reference voltages are between voltage levels of the first and the second supply voltages.

Abstract: A power gated semiconductor integrated circuit comprises: (1) logic circuit to be power gated, said logic circuit having a virtual ground rail; (2) footer device disposed between said virtual ground rail and a ground rail for reducing power consumption of said logic circuit; and (3) virtual rail voltage clamp disposed electrically in parallel with said footer device for limiting the voltage at the virtual ground rail, the virtual rail voltage clamp comprising at least one NFET. A total of Nf NFETs are connected to the virtual ground rail of the integrated circuit for use as both virtual rail voltage clamps and footer devices. A quantity of Nmax-VC NFETs are scanned and perform the function of voltage clamps and the remaining (Nf?Nmax-VC) NFETs perform power gating. Manufacturing variability immunity and tuning of the variability immunity is achieved by adjusting the quantity Nmax-VC based upon testing of the manufactured integrated circuit.

Abstract: An active EMC filter for machine tools allows reducing the leakage current normally induced by large phase-to-ground capacitances. The filter may comprise an active shunt module or an impedance converter or a correction signal generator and is suitable both for three-phase and single-phase applications.

Abstract: An active EMC filter for medical applications allows reducing the leakage current normally induced by large phase-to-ground capacitances. The filter may comprise an active shunt module or an impedance converter or a correction signal generator and is suitable both for three-phase and single-phase applications.

Abstract: Disclosed is a transconductor including: first and second transistors each having first and second gates, the first and second gates being independently controlled, differential voltage input being supplied between the one first gate and the other first gate, the one source and the other source being connected, a first control voltage being commonly given to both of the second gates, and the drains being differential current output terminals; third and fourth transistors each having the same connection as the first and second transistors, each of the one drain and the other drain being connected with either of the one drain and the other drain of the first and the second transistors so that polarities are opposite to each other; and a current source connected with both of the sources of the first and the second transistors and both of the sources of the third and the fourth transistors.

Abstract: A demodulator for demodulating a modulated signal has a peak detector (206) with an input (100) coupled to receive the modulated signal and an output (207) to supply a peak detector output signal. The peak detector has a charge storer (314) coupled to the peak detector output so that the peak detector output signal is provided by a voltage across the charge storer (314) and a comparator (313) having a first comparator input coupled to the peak detector input to receive the modulated signal and a second comparator input coupled to the peak detector output to receive the peak detector output signal. The comparator (313) provides a comparison signal representing a comparison between the voltage of the modulated signal and the peak detector output signal.

Abstract: An all-digital class-D audio amplifier and method of digitizing an analog signal comprises a pulse-width modulation (PWM) wave generator for generating a PWM wave; an interpolator for receiving an input audio signal, up-sample the input audio signal; and down-sample the input audio signal to a PWM wave switching frequency; an audio speaker for broadcasting an amplified version of the input audio signal; a pair of MOSFETs driven by the PWM wave and the input supply voltage, wherein the pair of MOSFETs transmit the amplified version of the input audio signal to the audio speaker; a natural-sampling and pre-distortion circuit adapted to (i) generate a pre-distorted natural-sampling frequency point for the PWM wave switching frequency, and (ii) account for digitized power supply ripples for an input supply voltage used to drive the audio speaker; and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) adapted to digitize the power supply ripples or distortion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a nonlinear feedback control system is disclosed, such as for electrical and electronic systems, for pre-distorting a nonlinear device. A nonlinear feedback control system includes a nonlinear device having a first input and a first output. A detection stage is in communication with the first output of the nonlinear device. A derivation stage is in communication with the detection stage, and the derivation stage is in communication with the first input of the nonlinear device.

Abstract: An amplifier device has an amplifier circuit, an energy supply device, a switching matrix and a control device. A radio-frequency, low-energy signal pulse can be amplified into a high-energy power pulse by the amplifier circuit. The amplifier circuit is supplied with electrical energy by the energy supply device. The energy supply device has a number of electrical energy sources that are separated in terms of potential relative to one another in a state in which they are not connected to the amplifier circuit. The electrical energy sources can be selectively connected to the amplifier circuit by the switching matrix. The switching state of the switching matrix can be dynamically set for this purpose by the control device.

Abstract: A fully-differential amplifier able to operate at a low power supply voltage and provided with a common-mode signal suppression function is disclosed. This fully-differential amplifier is provided with a first fully-differential amplifier configured by a single-stage configuration inverting amplifier and canceling out the common-mode signal of the input side by a feedforward means and a second fully-differential amplifier configured by a single-stage configuration inverting amplifier and canceling out the common-mode signal of the output side by a feedback means, the output of the first fully-differential amplifier being connected to the input of the second fully-differential amplifier.

Abstract: In a comparator, a differential amplifier has a pair of transistors receiving a signal to be compared for differential amplification, and a current mirror load circuit for outputting a differential output signal in accordance with the relationship in magnitude of the signal to be compared. A latch circuit has inversion amplifiers for amplifying the differential output signal. One inversion amplifier has its input interconnected to an output of the other inversion amplifier and vice versa. The comparator still further includes a transistor for equalizing signals of the differential amplifier, a transistor for enabling the inversion amplifiers to be active, and a constant current source for reducing a current flowing from a supply voltage to the ground when the inversion amplifiers are active.

Abstract: A first differential pair and a second differential pair each receive differential input signals. The first differential pair and the second differential pair are connected such that the second differential pair receives part of a tail current of the first differential pair, and such that output signals of the first differential pair and output signals of the second differential pair cancel each other. A constant current source supplies the tail current to the first differential pair. A transistor which functions as a variable current source is connected between a current path and the second differential pair, and supplies a current drawn from the current path to the second differential pair, the current path connecting the first differential pair and the constant current source.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a circuit for processing a signal and comprising an amplifier (20) having an input and an output. The circuit further comprises a first switching arrangement (S3, T3) and a second switching arrangement (S2, T2). The first switching arrangement being arranged between said input and ground and said second switching arrangement being arranged between said output and ground. The switching arrangements are operatively arranged to connect said input and output to said ground so that said amplifier attenuates said signal.

Abstract: Variable attenuation systems having continuous input steering may be used to implement vector or quadrature modulators and vector multipliers. Discrete implementations of attenuators with continuous input steering may have two outputs which may be cross-connected to provide four-quadrant operation. A symmetrically driven center tap may provide improved zero-point accuracy.

Abstract: A bias circuit includes a transistor having a control gate, a first terminal and a second terminal coupled to a ground level, a first resistor coupled to the control gate, a first capacitor coupled between an input signal and the first resistor, a diode coupled between a connection point of the first capacitor and the first resistor, and the ground level, a second capacitor coupled between the control gate and the ground level, a second resistor coupled between the control gate and the ground level, a third resistor coupled between the control gate and a predetermined voltage, a fourth resistor coupled between the predetermined voltage and the first terminal, and a fifth resistor coupled between the first terminal and a bias signal. A current through the transistor corresponds to the input signal, and the bias signal is generated according to the current through the transistor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a power amplifier that includes the following: an RF operation transistor 3 having a base to which an RF signals is inputted, an emitter connected to the ground, and a collector connected to a power supply and a terminal for outputting an RF signal; a current reference transistor 12 having a collector connected to a reference current source 11, an emitter connected to the ground, and a base connected to the base of the RF operation transistor, an operational amplifier 22 formed of CMOS having one input connected to the collector of the current reference transistor and the other input connected to the base of the RF operation transistor; and a voltage-to-current conversion transistor 22 for converting the output of the operational amplifier 22 into a current to be supplied to the base of the RF operation transistor.

Abstract: A tail-tank coupling technique combines two complementary differential LC-VCOs to form a quadrature LC-VCO. The technique reduces phase noise by providing additional energy storage for noise redistribution and by cancelling noise injected by transistors when they operate in the triode region. The resulting noise factor is close to the theoretical minimum 1+?, similar to a differential LC-VCO driven by an ideal noiseless current source. However, its figure-of-merit is higher, due to the absence of voltage head-room being consumed by a current source. The optimal ratio of tail-tank capacitor to main-tank capacitor for minimizing phase noise is approximately 0.5. The method can be extended to combine any even number of LC tanks resonating at fo and 2fo to form an integrated oscillator producing quadrature phase at frequency fosc and differential output at 2fosc.

Abstract: Provided is a high-frequency oscillator whose output power increases without a change in physical size of the entire high-frequency oscillator and deterioration of a phase noise characteristic. The high-frequency oscillator for harmonic extraction includes: an active element (5); a fundamental reflection stub (9) provided on a signal line located on an output side of the active element (5); an output terminal (4); and a harmonic impedance converting circuit (3) interposed between the fundamental reflection stub (9) and the output terminal (4), for converting a harmonic output terminal side load impedance into an optimum value for maximizing harmonic output power, the optimum value being obtained in advance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a proximity switch, particularly an inductive proximity switch, with an oscillator having an at least partly self-compensated feedback network influenceable by a target to be detected, as well as an oscillator amplifier.

Abstract: A temperature-sensitive current source includes a first MOS transistor having a source coupled to a first voltage; a second MOS transistor having a source coupled to the first voltage, and a gate coupled to a gate of the first MOS transistor, such that a current output at a drain of the second MOS transistor mirrors a current passing across the first MOS transistor; and a resistor coupled between the source and a drain of the first MOS transistor in parallel, such that the current passing across the first MOS transistor is substantially larger than a current passing through the resistor, wherein the first and second MOS transistors operate in a saturation mode, such that the output current at the drain of the second MOS transistor is responsive to a change of temperature.

Abstract: A piezoelectric oscillator includes: a base substrate; a frame-like supporting section formed from a portion of the base substrate; and a plurality of oscillator sections, wherein each of the oscillator sections includes an oscillation section that is formed from a portion of the base substrate, and has one end affixed to an inner side of the support section and another free end, and a driving section that generates flexing vibration at the oscillation section, and wherein the oscillation sections are different in length, and each of the driving sections has a first electrode formed above the base substrate, a piezoelectric layer formed above the first electrode, and a second electrode formed above the piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A MEMS oscillator, such as a MEMS scanner, has an improved and simplified drive scheme and structure. Drive impulses may be transmitted to an oscillating mass via torque through the support arms. For multi-axis oscillators drive signals for two or more axes may be superimposed by a driver circuit and transmitted to the MEMS oscillator. The oscillator responds in each axis according to its resonance frequency in that axis. The oscillator may be driven resonantly in some or all axes. Improved load distribution results in reduced deformation. A simplified structure offers multi-axis oscillation using a single moving body. Another structure directly drives a plurality of moving bodies. Another structure eliminates actuators from one or more moving bodies, those bodies being driven by their support arms.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided. In this regard, a representative system incorporates a crystal oscillator circuit and a digital automatic level control circuit. The digital automatic level control circuit is operative to: convert an oscillation amplitude of the crystal oscillator circuit to a proportional DC voltage; convert the DC voltage to a corresponding digital code representation; and adjust bias current and oscillator loop gain such that a desired oscillation amplitude is set.

Abstract: An oscillator circuit that generates an oscillation signal is provided. The oscillator circuit includes: a voltage controlled oscillator that outputs the oscillation signal with a frequency corresponding to a provided control voltage; and a jitter demodulator that extracts a phase fluctuation component of the oscillation signal outputted by the voltage controlled oscillator and modulates the control voltage according to the phase fluctuation component. The oscillator circuit may further include a low pass filter that removes a frequency component larger than a predetermined cutoff frequency of the control frequency inputted to the voltage controlled oscillator and provides the same to the voltage controlled oscillator.

Abstract: In various embodiments, the invention provides a clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which is integrated with other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages.

Abstract: There is described a power splitter for directing electromagnetic power comprising: an input port for receiving the electromagnetic power; at least one dielectric element placed inside the power splitter; at least two output ports for outputting the power according to a splitting ratio, the at least two output ports placed on a surface opposite to the input port; and at least one dielectric moving device for positioning the at least one dielectric element between the at least two output ports to dynamically direct the power into the at least two output ports according to the power splitting ratio.

Abstract: A band combining filter comprising a plurality of cascaded directional filters, each directional filter having at least two inputs and at least two outputs, the nth directional filter being arranged such that the output signals O1 and O2 from the first and second outputs are related to the input signals I1, I2 to the first and second inputs by the relation ( O 1 O 2 ) = ( R n ? ? 1 T n ? ? 2 T n ? ? 1 R n ? ? 2 ) ? ( I 1 I 2 ) with R and T being reflection and transmission functions respectively, characterised in that the directional filters are connected in a cascade with the first and second inputs of the nth directional filter being connected to the first and second outputs of the (n-1)th directional filter respectively in the cascade.

Abstract: A duplexer including an FBAR band pass filter that can be easily embodied in single chip, and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The duplexer of a mobile communication device includes a transmitting band pass filter, formed on an upper portion of a substrate, having at least two FBARs electrically connected to each other, a receiving band pass filter, formed on an other side of the substrate, having at least two FBARs electrically connected to each other, and a page shifter electrically connected with the transmitting band pass filter and the receiving band pass filter. Since the transmitting and receiving band pass filter and the inductor can be integrated into one chip, a duplexer with minimized size can be provided in response to the request of miniaturization and lightness of various mobile communication device.

Abstract: A filter element includes a flat dielectric substrate, a ground electrode on a back main surface of the dielectric substrate, resonant lines each having a shorting end in the vicinity of a border between a side of the dielectric substrate and the ground electrode and extending from the side to a front main surface of the dielectric substrate. The resonant lines and the ground electrode constitute strip-line resonators. In any of the strip-line resonators, the line width of the resonant-line side portion is different from the line width of the resonant-line main-surface portion.

Abstract: The arrangement 10 according to the invention is suited for transmitting an informative signal S1, generated by suitable signal generator 1 at a first electrical site 7a to a second electrical site 7b. The first electrical site 7a is electrically connected to the second electrical site 7b by means of a capacitively coupled transmission line 5a, 5b. In order to enable such capacitively coupled transmission line distributed or lumped capacitors 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d can be used. The arrangement is connectable to an accessory device 6, which may comprise a spectrometer, a further signal generator, tuning means, etc. The further signal S2 is conceived to be generated by the accessory device 6 and to be transported via the capacitively coupled transmission line 5a, 5b in a direction from the second electrical site 7b to the first electrical site 7a. The further signal S2 can be used for feeding the amplifier 2, or for carrying the signal S1.

Abstract: An attenuator for attenuating an input signal at a predetermined rate and a step attenuation device having the same are provided. The attenuator includes first to sixth impedance components. A terminal of the first impedance component is connected to an input signal. A terminal of the second impedance component is connected to the other terminal of the first impedance component. The other terminal of the second impedance component outputs an attenuated signal. A terminal of the third impedance component is connected to a common terminal of the first and second impedance components. A terminal of the fourth impedance component is connected to a ground voltage. A terminal of the fifth impedance component is connected to the other terminal of the fourth impedance component. The other terminal of the fifth impedance component is connected to the ground voltage. A terminal of the sixth impedance component is connected to a common terminal of the fourth and fifth impedance component.

Abstract: A battery disconnect includes a housing, battery and load terminals, separable contacts electrically connected between the battery and load terminals, an operating mechanism structured to open and close the contacts, and a manual operator cooperating with the operating mechanism to open and close the contacts. A current sensor is structured to sense current flowing between the battery and load terminals. A circuit cooperates with the current sensor and the operating mechanism to trip open the contacts responsive to arc fault, overload and short circuit conditions associated with the sensed current. The circuit includes a first input structured to receive a remote on/off signal and a second input structured to receive an inhibit signal. The circuit cooperates with the operating mechanism to open and close the contacts responsive to the on/off signal, and to inhibit detection of the arc fault, overload and short circuit conditions responsive to the inhibit signal.

Abstract: An apparatus, and a method of opening and closing electrical power feed lines using a hybrid contactor, which combines a traditional set of mechanical main contacts with a high voltage solid state switch. The solid state switch provides a parallel current path around the main contacts. When the main contacts are to be opened or closed, the solid state switch is first closed, diverting current away from the main contacts to prevent arc formation when the main contacts are being opened or closed. Once the main contacts are opened or closed, the solid state switch is opened, as the parallel current path is no longer needed. Optional auxiliary contacts are connected in series with the solid state switch to provide galvanic isolation between an input terminal and an output terminal.

Abstract: A magnet switch which may be employed in automotive engine starters is provided. The magnet switch includes a metallic terminal which extends through a hole formed in a switch cover to have one of ends thereof protruding outside the cover. The other end of the terminal is connected to an exciting coil to energize it to establish an electric connection between contacts. The magnet switch also includes a cylindrical seal and a stopper. The seal is fit on the end of the terminal to hermetically seal a clearance between the hole and the terminal. The stopper provided on the terminal works to stop the seal from moving to the other end of the terminal, thereby ensuring the stability of installation and sealing performance of the seal in the magnet switch.

Abstract: An electrical device has a battery, a load, wiring connecting the battery to the load, and a switch in the wiring closable by a magnetic field to energize the load from the battery. It is enclosed in a package or support having an envelope surrounding the electrical device, a magnet shiftable on the envelope between an on position juxtaposed with and actuating the switch and an off position spaced from and not actuating the switch, and a spring urging the magnet into the off position.

Abstract: A transformer including a magnetic core is provided. The magnetic core includes multiple laminate stacks having at least one opening. The transformer also includes a winding comprising a conductive material around the magnetic core through the at least one opening and surrounded by an insulating layer having a dielectric constant that varies as a function of voltage.

Abstract: A coil component having a first coil, a second coil, a third coil, each of which has a different function, an upper flange, and a lower flange, and also including a drum core in which a first winding groove having the first coil wound around is formed, and a base member having a winding shaft provided in a bottom portion, wherein a second winding groove is formed between the lower flange and the bottom portion, and the second coil and the third coil are wound around this second winding groove when the drum core and the base member are assembled together.

Abstract: A magnetic pole comprised of a core (301) and a winding (314) for magnetically levitated vehicles is described. According to the present invention, the winding (314) is comprised of at least two discs (315, 316) that consist of conductor strips wound in several layers around said core (301). The individual layers are electrically insulated by way of first insulation layers (303, 310, 321) radially against each other and against said core (301), while the individual discs (315, 316) are electrically insulated against each other axially by at least a second insulation layer (317) (FIG. 3).

Abstract: An inductor and a method of manufacture results in external electrodes that prevent generation of flashes. The inductor has a ferrite substrate, external electrodes, and a coil. The cross-sectional area of the external electrodes extending across the cutting line is reduced to suppress generation of flashes during the cutting process. Pairs of through-holes are formed at positions in line symmetry about the cutting line. A connection conductor is formed in each of the through-holes, and the external electrodes are formed on the front and back surfaces of the substrate, with the connection conductor connecting each of the pairs of external electrodes on the front and back surfaces. Through-holes can be oblong holes extending across the cutting line, and the external electrodes can extend away from the cutting line.

Abstract: A magnetic device of smaller size and lower profile comprising a coil conductor of high inductance and low resistance is provided. The magnetic device comprises a coil conductor and a multilayer magnetic layer formed so as to cover the periphery of the coil conductor. Further, a magnetic device having higher inductance value and lower conductor resistance value (AC resistance) by selecting a magnetic layer capable of suppressing the eddy current and having excellent magnetic characteristics even designed with smaller size and lower profile.

Abstract: A coil unit including an annular toroidal core, two coils wound over the toroidal core providing a bifilar winding, a winding-start positioning part, and a winding-end positioning part. The winding-start positioning part is adapted for making contact with a winding-start portion of the coils. The winding-end positioning part is adapted for making contact with a winding-end portion of the coils for regulating the positions of the winding-start portion and the winding-end portion relative to the toroidal core.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuse assembly, which includes a main body, two metal legs, a meltable rod having its both ends being connected by inner ends of the metal legs respectively, and a cover. A thin tin layer is connected tightly between the inner end of the metal leg and the rod without any space. The fuse assembly then obtains a perfect electrical connection. It cab be used on any electrical product with a high effective and stable function.

Abstract: A fuse structure of a semiconductor device includes a fuse pattern having a contact portions at opposite ends of the fuse pattern, wherein the fuse pattern includes a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer stacked sequentially, and a first electrode and a second electrode connected to the contact portions respectively. The fuse pattern is configured to be electrically shorted during a fuse program operation. A bottleneck portion can be formed at the center of the fuse pattern spaced apart from pad portions formed at opposite ends of the fuse pattern to which an electrode is connected, enabling breakage of the fuse pattern to be spaced apart from a contact portion of the electrode. As a result, a profile of a portion broken after a fuse program operation is improved and leakage current caused by a poor profile is suppressed.

Abstract: Software is employed to create an array of switch identifiers based on a known switching system architecture. A switch identifier array is preferably determined and stored in the system as part of the system manufacturing process prior to deployment of the system at an end user site. A relatively straight forward indexing operation may then be used to determine those sets of switches which are available to establish a desired interconnection, greatly simplifying selection of appropriate switches to create a desired path during real time operation of a deployed system.

Abstract: A computer system and method is disclosed that analyzes and corrects retail data. The system and method includes several client workstations and one or more servers coupled together over a network. A database stores various data used by the system. A business logic server uses competitive and complementary fusion to analyze and correct some of the data sources stored in database server. The data fusion process itself is an iterative one—utilizing both competitive and complementary fusion methods. In competitive fusion, two or more data sources that provide overlapping attributes are compared against each other. More accurate/reliable sources are used to correct less accurate/reliable sources. In complementary fusion, relationships modeled where data sources overlap are projected to areas of the data framework in which fewer sources exist—enhancing the accuracy/reliability of those fewer sources even in the absence of the other sources upon which the models were based.

Abstract: A conservation system for a building area has an access device to allow entry into the building area. The access device is programmed with a predetermined amount of electricity usage. A system control device is used for detecting the access device and sends wireless signals of detection. An interrupt device is used for receiving the wireless signals of detection and for controlling operation of electrical devices. The interrupt device allows operation of an electrical device when the system controller detects the access device. The interrupt device transmits usage data to the system controller of the amount of electricity being drawn by the electrical device. The system controller will receive the usage data and compare the usage data to the predetermined amount of electricity usage. The system controller allows operation of the electrical device if a total amount of the usage data is less than the predetermined amount of electricity usage.

Abstract: The present invention relates a scanable product made of a physical object and an ID Container, such ID Container possessing on its memory a Unique ID and a stored coded locking mechanism. The stored coded locking mechanism is generated by inputting physimetric property of the physical object and its Unique ID into hash functions to create an unintelligible code. Methods of making such a scanable product, and methods of authenticating a scanable product are also taught.

Abstract: A method implements keyless access to at least one vehicle door. An access system has at least one central control unit for transmitting and receiving control signals, at least one first door control unit which is assigned to a first vehicle door and has the purpose of unlocking or locking a vehicle door, at least one first proximity sensor for sensing an object located in the direct vicinity of the first proximity sensor, and a central check system which communicates with the central control unit in order to authenticate an opening signal of an identification signal transmitter. The first proximity sensor outputs a proximity signal when the object is sensed, so that the first door control unit is changed by the proximity signal from a first operating state into a second operating state.