Abstract: An image sensor with an electronic neutral density filter. Each pixel of the image sensor is capable of being electronically adjusted such that the total charge integration is effectively changed by an amount of the adjustment. The adjustment uses a variable capacitor, here are paper wrapped are formed by an MOS transistor. The capacitor may be within each pixel, or may be shared between multiple pixels.

Abstract: A design structure for designing, manufacturing, and/or testing a circuit for widening a dynamic range of sensor circuitry for sensing energy, such as light energy. The sensor circuitry includes a sensor and recharge circuitry for sharing additional charge with the sensor as needed during an integration period. Readout circuitry is provided to read out, after the integration period, the sense voltage remaining across the sensor and recharge information indicating whether the recharge circuitry shared charge with the sensor during the integration period. The sense voltage and recharge information read out of the sensor circuitry is used in a function to determine the total amount of energy sensed by the sensor during the integration period.

Abstract: An optical cable backshell connector for an optical cable having a plurality of optical fibers and a protective jacket. The novel backshell connector includes a backshell housing secured to the protective jacket and a mechanism disposed within the housing for converting optical signals from the optical fibers into electrical signals. In an illustrative embodiment, the backshell includes a plurality of receiver subassemblies, each receiver subassembly adapted to receive an optical signal from one of the optical fibers and convert the optical signal to an electrical signal. The backshell also includes an electrical output connector adapted to output the electrical signals to an electronics module. In a preferred embodiment, each receiver subassembly includes a photodiode and a matching circuit integrated into a single package. An optical ferrule is attached to each fiber for coupling the fiber to the receiver subassembly.

Abstract: A gamma monitoring apparatus and method for measuring water equivalent of snowpack over a selected ground area. A detector unit is installed at a given height above the area. The detector unit has a collimator and a scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube for detecting gamma rays emitted by naturally radioactive elements present in soil under the snowpack and absorbed by the snowpack in a field of view defined by the collimator. Pulses in a signal produced by the photomultiplier tube are measured and those exceeding threshold energy levels in a number of energy windows are registered as gamma counts. The water equivalent of the snowpack is periodically computed as functions of the gamma counts in the energy windows and the height of the detector unit with respect to ground level. The data representing the computed water equivalent are stored and controllably transmitted for reporting. Soil moisture content is also determinable.

Abstract: A power supply system for an ion implantation system. In one particular exemplary embodiment, the system may be realized as a power supply system that includes a low frequency power inverter, a stack driver and a high voltage power generation unit that receives source power from the power inverter. The high voltage generation unit may include a high voltage transformer for providing an output power that is multiplied to a desired output level and delivered to an input terminal of an ion beam accelerator. The power supply system may also include a dielectric enclosure that encases at least a portion of the high voltage power generation unit, thereby preventing variation in the break down strength of the internal components.

Abstract: The content of the invention comprises a concept of reactor for isolated ion transformations induced by collisions with neutral species. This reactor is also an interface between mobility cell and orthogonal injection TOFMS based on supersonic adiabatic gas flow with variable controlled composition directed along the axis of a multipole ion guide with sectioned rods for possibility of creating of controlled distributions of RF, DC and AC rotating fields.

Abstract: According to an emission detecting analysis system and method, a test target is placed on a stage inside a chamber. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) column is installed at the chamber to obtain an image of the test target, and an emission detector column is installed at the chamber to detect light emission of the test target. High-magnification emission analysis and accurate detection of an emission point at a test target are obtained. In addition, a physical structure of the emission point is analyzed at the test target to reduce time required for analyzing a failure.

Abstract: A technique for assessing runway visibility to airborne infrared vision devices (EVS) determines the range performance of airborne infrared EVS sensors at a given destination and in real time by extending the modern RVR philosophy to the infrared spectrum. The technique measures extinction coefficients at the infrared sensor wavelengths of interest through deployment of ground-based infrared transmissometer systems. These infrared extinction coefficients are used with computational algorithms that are analogous to those used at visible wavelengths to determine the respective distances at which the background scene and runway lights are discernible using infrared cameras with appropriate image processing. In this technique, infrared sensors replace the human eye as a basic mechanism of sensing through the atmospheric path. The algorithms also account for the image processing and cockpit display functions, in accordance with the ultimate discernment by the pilot's eye when viewing an appropriate display device.

Abstract: Not only is a common electrode suppressed from having a high resistance, but the common electrode is also prevented from peeling. A radiation detector 1 includes a signal readout substrate 2. The signal readout substrate 2 is constructed by arranging pixel units 4 having pixel electrodes 7 in a two-dimensional matrix form on a front surface 3a of a substrate 3. On a front surface 2a of the signal readout substrate 2, formed is a photoconductive layer 17 having crystallinity. On a front surface 17a of the photoconductive layer 17, formed is a contact assistance layer 30 having conductivity. On a front surface 30a of the contact assistance layer 30, formed is a common electrode 18. A surface area per unit region of the front surface 30a of the contact assistance layer 30 is smaller than a surface area per unit region of the front surface 17a of the photoconductive layer 17.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an infrared detector that is strong against mechanical impacts and enables mounting for various applications to be carried out readily and reliably. An infrared detector 1 includes: a base member 10, positioned at a lower portion; an infrared detecting chip 20, mounted on the base member 10 and for detecting infrared rays; an optical window chip 30, positioned above the infrared detecting chip 20 and for transmitting infrared rays; and bonding wires 38, connecting terminals of the infrared detecting chip 20 with terminals of the base member 10, and a portion below a predetermined distance from an upper surface 30a of the optical window chip 30 is coated by a coating member 40. By interposition of a spacer 36, the optical window chip 30 and the infrared detecting chip 20 form a sealed space 34 that houses an infrared photosensitive portion 23.

Abstract: A Scanning Time-Resolved Emission (S-TRE) microscope or system includes an optical system configured to collect light from emissions of light generated by a device under test (DUT). A scanning system is configured to permit the emissions of light to be collected from positions across the DUT in accordance with a scan pattern. A timing photodetector is configured to detect a single photon or photons of the emissions of light from the particular positions across the DUT such that the emissions of light are correlated to the positions to create a time-dependent map of the emissions of light across the DUT.

Abstract: A control aperture for an IR sensor includes a die; an IR sensor disposed on the die and an IR opaque aperture layer on the die having an IR transmissive aperture aligned with the IR sensor for controlling the field of view and focus of the IR sensor.

Abstract: An inorganic scintillating mixture includes at least a first and a second component, each having a characteristic behavior in response to the irradiation with charged particles, such as protons and heavy ions, showing a typical Bragg peak with respect to a relative depth dose. The first component has a quenching characteristic in the Bragg peak region and the second component shows an increased efficiency in the Bragg peak region both related to a reference curve for the relative dose.

Abstract: According to at least one embodiment of the invention, the measurement of an image dose is performed in the flat X-ray detector itself. The flat X-ray detector, in at least one embodiment, has a scintillator that converts the incident X-rays into light. The actual image signals are then generated in a light converting layer. A portion of the light generated by the scintillator is branched off, with the use of fiber optic elements, to at least one photocounter. The fraction of the branched off light is fixed, that is to say a measured value determined by the photocounter is proportional to the image dose. It is thereby possible to determine the image dose provisionally during image recording, and to intervene for control purposes by, if appropriate, changing the image recording period (beam time on X-ray tube) and the operating voltage of an X-ray tube during the image recording.

Abstract: Method, apparatus and system for reducing or preventing polarization in semiconductor radiation detectors for medical imaging. For example, an apparatus includes a semiconductor with electrodes coupled thereto, configured to generate an electrical signal in the electrodes in response to absorption of ionizing radiation in the semiconductor, wherein the absorption of the ionizing radiation generates a space charge in the semiconductor; and an infra-red (IR) generator configured to generate IR radiation of a selectable wavelength, the selectable wavelength being chosen so as to at least partially reduce an effect of the space charge on the electrical signal.

Abstract: A method includes mechanically correcting for a keystone effect on an x-ray detector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for detecting unauthorized product in a protected access area, which comprises, in combination: a support base (100) designed to receive a single foot, covered with its shoe, of an individual to be checked, positioning marking means, on the support base (100), for imposing an exact positioning of the foot covered with its shoe, means of detecting ionizing or radioactive radiation (500), positioned under the support base (100) on the side opposite (105) to that comprising the positioning marking means (400), to provide an indication linked to the presence or the absence of a product emitting an ionizing or radioactive radiation in an area of the individual between the sole of the shoe and the knee of the individual to be checked.

Abstract: The electrode lengths of a plurality of electrodes linearly arranged in an acceleration cavity are proportional to the velocity of a traveling ion beam. Further, the electrode length is so designated that, in each half of a predetermined cycle in the ion beam direction of travel, the absolute value of a difference, relative to a length that is proportional to the beam traveling velocity is equal to or greater than a value corresponding to the phase width of the traveling ion beam, is provided for electrodes that do not exceed three units and that are fewer than electrodes allotted to half the predetermined cycle.

Abstract: A non-heating type fluid sterilizing apparatus can efficiently sterilize a fluid having high turbidity and a large quantity of solid matter or a fluid such as blood having low transmissivity of ultraviolet radiation, as well as sterilize either a single fluid in large quantity or various fluids in small quantity.

Abstract: An image projection system for presenting an image to a viewer comprises an electromagnetic radiation source configured to generate radiation having multiple spectral characteristics, and multiple independently operable optical switches configured to selectively transmit, reflect, and/or block radiation from the radiation source to the viewer. The viewed image is made up of pixels defined by the selective operation of the optical switches with the radiation source.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel methods for reducing background fluorescence of arrays. In particular embodiments, the invention provides a method of treating an array by exposing the array to light wherein the array receives at least a specified dosage of light. In various embodiments the invention also provides a device for exposing an array to light, wherein the device includes: (a) a light source capable of producing light; and (b) an array holder configured to hold the array, the array holder disposed to permit the array to receive the light from the light source.

Abstract: A radiation attenuation system for attenuating radiation during lateral radiographic imaging of an object is provided. The system includes a first radiation attenuating barrier that is substantially conformable to the object and configured to at least partially cover the object. The first radiation attenuating barrier has a fenestration area defining at least one opening. The system further includes a second radiation attenuating barrier coupled to the first radiation attenuation barrier. The second radiation attenuating barrier is selectively movable between a collapsed position and a generally upright position relative to the first radiation attenuating member.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for using one particle out of N particles for irradiating or investigating a target are provided. A radiation source with N incoherent emitters emits a radiation, and particles of said radiation are detected by using at least N?1 detectors located at N?1 different positions. A discriminator is adapted for identifying particle detection events on at least N?1 detectors within a predetermined time period from other particle detection events.

Abstract: The present invention relates to components in ion implanters having surfaces adjacent to the path of the ion beam through the ion implanter. Such surfaces will be prone to deposition and the present invention addresses problems associated with delamination of deposited material. An ion implanter component is provided that has a surface defining at least in part an ion beam path through the ion implanter, wherein at least a portion of the surface has been roughened. The portion of the surface may be roughened to provide surface features defined at least in part by sharp changes in orientation of adjacent parts of the surface.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present method may comprise: heating up at least one structural element beyond a change state temperature thereof; changing the configuration of the structural element from an extended configuration to a reduced size configuration; cooling the structural element to below the change state temperature thereof; covering the structural element with a thermal protection device; removing the thermal protection device to expose the structural element to heat radiation; and heating, via the heat radiation, at least a portion of the structural element to thereby cause the structural element to change from the reduced size configuration to the extended configuration. In one embodiment each of the structural elements is formed from a thin elastic memory composite material.

Abstract: The present invention describes a bolometric device with receiving cavity for measuring a beam of high frequency microwaves, comprising a hollow body (1) with receiving cavity (50) having an opening (2) for the entrance of said beam of high frequency microwaves in said receiving cavity (50), a diverging mirror (3) located in the lower part of said cavity (50) for reflecting said beam of microwaves on an absorbent coating material (4) applied on the internal surface (5) of the hollow body (1), a cooling circuit (7) for transferring the thermal energy accumulated on the absorbent coating material (4) and a circuit (6) for measuring the power of the beam of high frequency microwaves entering the hollow body (1). Said absorbent coating material (4) consists of boron carbide. In addition a procedure is described for coating with an absorbent material the internal surface (5) of a hollow body (1) being part of the aforementioned device for measuring a beam of high frequency microwaves (FIG. 1).

Abstract: An optical system is usable for forming an illuminated pattern on the surface of a material which is being displaced with respect to that illuminated pattern. An illuminating device, which includes several light sources that are driven in a pulsed manner by a control unit, emits light that is used to form the illuminated pattern. A detection device detects the light emitted by the illuminating device. The control unit controls one individual light source, or a group of light sources. An operating time of the light source or sources is synchronized with an exposure time of the detection device. The operating time of the light source is shorter than the exposure time of the detection device.

Abstract: A hydraulic blowout preventer operator comprises a first piston rod coupled to a closure member. The operator further comprises a first operator housing coupled to a bonnet and a head. The first piston rod extends through the bonnet into the first operator housing where is couples to a first piston disposed within the first operator housing. The operator further comprises a second piston rod coupled to the closure member. The second piston rod has a longitudinal axis that is parallel to a longitudinal axis of the first piston rod. The second piston rod extends through the bonnet into a second operator housing and is coupled to a second piston that is disposed within the second operator housing.

Abstract: An inflatable evacuation slide has a pressure relief valve in at least one of the inflatable support tubes. The pressure relief valve has a “floating” lifter that slidingly engages the valve stem of the poppet valve portion of the pressure relief valve. Because the lifter floats on the valve stem, the lifter cannot load the poppet valve in compression. When the poppet valve opens, however, air pressure acting on the lifter causes the lifter to engage a stop at the end of the valve stem, which enables the lifter to fully open the poppet.

Abstract: A valve assembly comprises a rotatable valve, an electrically operated actuator, and an overstroke device. The actuator comprises a component configured to move in a direction to an actuator position so as to cause corresponding rotation of the valve to a valve position in response to electrical operation of the actuator. The overstroke device is configured to enable the component to move in the direction beyond the actuator position to an overstroke position while the valve remains in the valve position in response to electrical operation of the actuator.

Abstract: A case main body and an upper plate are reliably fitted together, a seal is formed between the fitting surfaces, and a magnetic circuit is prevented from malfunctioning. A solenoid-controlled valve, which connects a solenoid section (2) and a valve section (30), comprises a cylindrical case main body (3) having a solenoid coil (4) housed therein and having a connecting section (3A) at one end, an upper plate (6) having a locking surface (6B) adapted to be fitted to the connecting section (3A), and a connector (5) integrally provided with the upper plate (6). A seal section (20) is joined to an outer surface between the fitting surfaces of the connecting section (3A) and the upper plate (6).

Abstract: A tank adapter is disclosed that has a housing. The housing has a top, a bottom and a sidewall deposed between the top and the bottom and a cavity defined by the top, bottom, and sidewall. The outer surface of the top has a first lower surface and a second raised upper surface. The second raised upper surface is located in juxtaposition to the first lower surface. The perimeter of the first lower surface is larger than the perimeter of the second raised upper surface such that a lip is formed between the first lower surface and the second raised upper surface. At least one passageway extends from the second raised upper surface to the inner surface of the top. The passageway has a first opening located in operative communication with the second raised upper surface. The passageway has a second opening located in operative communication with the inner surface of the top and at least a portion of the cavity.

Abstract: A brine valve includes a housing having a first port, a second port, and a piston port. The piston port is fitted with a water-sealing diaphragm. An external piston has a first end and a second end. The external piston second end pushes against the diaphragm. An apertured cap affixes over the piston port to retain the external piston in place. The external piston first end extends outside of the apertured cap. An internal piston is disposed within the housing and has a first end and a second end. The internal piston first end pushes against the diaphragm and against the external piston. A seal ring is disposed towards the second end and is fitted to seal the first port. A spring is placed against the internal piston second end. Pushing on the external piston first end moves both pistons to permit water to flow between the housing first and second ports.

Abstract: A gate valve for controlling fluid flow, with a valve body forming a cylindrical flowbore and a gate cavity intersecting the flowbore to provide opposed openings. Seat pockets formed in the opposed openings may optionally include a metal carrier ring. A non-metallic bridging seal formed as a face seal is provided between the first seal surface of the annular seat element and the seat pocket. The bridging seal bridges any gap formed at the first seal surface such that sealing engagement is maintained across the gap at all times as the gate moves between open and closed positions, while still permitting limited axial movement of the annular seat element. Preferred embodiments of the bridging seal include tongue and groove seals and bridge ring inserts. A secondary seal to the seat pocket may be included as a corner, periphery or face seal, for example as an O-ring, U-ring or wiper seal.

Abstract: A metallic ball has a sliding sleeve, a shell, at least one magnet and a mounting bracket. The sliding sleeve has an open upper end, an open lower end and an outer surface. The shell is spherical, is mounted securely around the sliding sleeve between the open upper end and the open lower end of the sliding sleeve and has a reinforcing disk mounted around the outer surface of the sliding sleeve and has a top surface and may have a protruding portion. The magnet is on the top surface of the reinforcing disk. The mounting bracket is mounted around the sliding sleeve and on the top surface of the reinforcing disk to cover the magnet and has a wall extending toward and engaging the reinforcing disk and completely covering the magnet to effectively avoid the magnet being broken or damaged.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to synthetic textiles treated with h-PEI derivatives, such derivatives possessing the general structure shown below: (R)x?h-PEI?(A)y where R is a non-hyperbranched hydrocarbon group, said hydrocarbon group having at least one linear portion, said linear portion having between 5 and 30 carbon atoms; where x is a number from 1 to 10,000; where h-PEI is a hyperbranched polyethyleneimine; where A is an organic compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; where y is a number from 0 to 500; and wherein R is present in an amount of between about 0.1% and about 80% by weight of the h-PEI derivative. The chemical treatment imparts durable odor control, softness, wrinkle resistance, and moisture wicking to substrates treated therewith.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a solution comprising cellulose, an ionic liquid comprising anions and cations as solvent and 6-30% by weight of a nitrogen-comprising base, based on the total weight of the solution, its preparation and also its use for the physical or chemical treatment of cellulose.

Abstract: An inorganic powder uses a UV solid light source applied for the UV LEDs, in which an inorganic powder is based on the inorganic powder of n-silicate group II elements, and its ingredients have valence 2 ions, such as Eu+2, Sm+2, Yb+2 and Dy+2, valence 3 ions Ce+3, Tb+3 and/or Eu+3. The chemical formula of the components is Me+21-xLn+32-ySi2O8:TR+2x:TR+3y, and x=0.0-0.2, y=0.0-0.1. A main structure thereof is a hexagonal crystal structure. When the indium gallium nitride and gallium nitride based allomorphous semiconductor short wave UV light is used under conditions of excitement, the multiple band white light can be obtained.

Abstract: A process for generating synthesis gas wherein a reactant gas mixture comprising steam and a light hydrocarbon is introduced into a tubular reactor comprising a catalyzed structured packing at higher inlet mass rates than conventional tubular reactors containing random packing catalyst pellets or catalyzed structure packing.

Abstract: Processes are disclosure which comprise alternately contacting an oxygen-carrying catalyst with a reducing substance, or a lower partial pressure of an oxidizing gas, and then with the oxidizing gas or a higher partial pressure of the oxidizing gas, whereby the catalyst is alternately reduced and then regenerated to an oxygenated state. In certain embodiments, the oxygen-carrying catalyst comprises at least one metal oxide-containing material containing a composition having one of the following formulas: (a) CexByB?zB?O?, wherein B=Ba, Sr, Ca, or Zr; B?=Mn, Co, or Fe; B?=Cu; 0.01<x<0.99; 0<y<0.6; 0<z<0.5; and 1<?<2.2; (b) SrvLawBxB?yB?zO?, wherein B=Co or Fe; B?=Al or Ga; B?=Cu; 0.01<v<1.4; 0.1<w<1.6; 0.1<x<1.9; 0.1<y<0.9; 0<z<2.2; and 3<?<5.5).

Abstract: In a positive electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, alumina, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, lithium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and iron oxide is dispersed between particles of an active substance for the positive electrode, whereby a discharge capacity or a discharge-recharge capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is improved.

Abstract: This invention provides a multimodal brominated styrenic polymer composition. The composition is comprised of at least one brominated anionic styrenic polymer and at least one brominated non-anionic styrenic polymer. Also provided by this invention are processes for producing multimodal brominated styrenic polymer compositions.

Abstract: A post pulling device includes a tower having first and second side members, each side member having a plurality of receiving slots. Each receiving slot of the first side member corresponds to a respective receiving slot of the second side member. The post pulling device includes a rigid bar having opposed first and second ends, opposed first and second sides, and first and second pivoting members extending from the first and second sides, respectively. The first and second pivoting members are respectively receivable in corresponding receiving slots of the first and second side members. An end plate and a lanyard are included for coupling a post to the first end of the rigid bar. A hitch element may be coupled to the tower for selectively coupling the tower to a vehicle hitch. The rigid bar may be telescopic with structures for maintaining the rigid bar at a selected length.

Abstract: A stake pulling device for pulling a stake in an upward direction from the ground, the device including a stake that includes means by which a pin can be secured to; and a jack wherein the jack includes pin engagement means for engagement of said secured pin such that when said jack is raised, the stake is pulled in an upward direction from the ground. The application also includes a stake device suitable for removal by a pulling device and various methods of pulling a stake in an upward direction.

Abstract: A vehicle positioning device that installs onto the side of the frame of a heavy duty rollback wrecker vehicle and is capable of winching a wrecked vehicle onto the shoulder of a roadway so that the wrecked vehicle is aligned parallel with the roadway, i.e. the desired position to be safely loaded onto the rollback wrecker vehicle. The device is provided with a winch and attached cable and hook for winching a wrecked vehicle in a direction approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rollback wrecker vehicle. The winch is hydraulically powered by tapping into the existing hydraulic system provided on the rollback wrecker vehicle.

Abstract: A passive energy absorbing strut for dynamic restraint includes a hydraulic cylinder, a hydraulic piston rod extending from the cylinder, a rod stem on the end of the rod and having a flange and a stop at opposite ends, a floating piston member sleeved on the stem between the flange and the stop, the piston member having fluid passages therethrough, and a piston spring urging the piston member away from the flange. The flange is sized to restrict the piston passages when the piston member engages the flange. The piston member is driven toward the flange in reaction to initiation of sudden extension of the strut, thereby restricting the piston passages and the flow of hydraulic fluid therethrough. The strut is connected between a piston and cylinder of a pneumatic vehicle end lift to damp sudden extension of the lift in response to loss of the load.

Abstract: A rail structure for use as a handrail or as part of a fence or guardrail construction. The rail has a rigid channel shaped support member and upper and lower rail caps to enclose the support member with a durable decorative appearance. The upper and lower rail caps are snap fit to the support member and engage with a plurality of flanges extending from the surface of the support member. When utilized in a fence or guardrail construction, a plurality of spindles are received through a series of spaced apart apertures defined in opposing rail caps with the ends of the spindles further received in the support member channel.

Abstract: An enclosed fence railing set includes a set of posts with tips and fixing components for an upper beam and lower beam on both sides thereof. The fence railing set also includes a set of beams including an upper beam and a lower beam wherein the upper beam and lower beam match the fixing components and wherein there are railings between the sets of beams. A set of stakes are provided for fixing the posts. Each of the stakes includes a tube extending upwardly from the stake and a plate separating the stake and tube with a number of holes in the plate.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure configurable for use as a nonvolatile storage element includes a first electrode, an insulating layer formed on at least a portion of an upper surface of the first electrode, and a pillar traversing the insulating layer and being recessed relative to an upper surface of the insulating layer. The pillar includes a heater formed on at least a portion of the upper surface of the first electrode and a collar formed on sidewalls of the insulating layer proximate the heater and on at least a portion of an upper surface of the heater. The structure further includes a PCM layer formed on at least a portion of the upper surface of the insulating layer and substantially filling a volume defined by the upper surface of the heater and at least a portion of an upper surface of the collar. A second electrode is formed on at least a portion of an upper surface of the phase change material layer.

Abstract: A memory cell and a method of making the same, that includes insulating material deposited on a substrate, a bottom electrode formed within the insulating material, a plurality of insulating layers deposited above the bottom electrode and at least one of which acts as an intermediate insulating layer. A via is defined in the insulating layers above the intermediate insulating layer. A channel is created for etch with a sacrificial spacer. A pore is defined in the intermediate insulating layer. All insulating layers above the intermediate insulating layer are removed, and the entirety of the remaining pore is filled with phase change material. An upper electrode is formed above the phase change material.