Abstract: Structures and methods of fabricating portions of integrated circuit devices to reduce agglomeration tendencies of high surface-energy metals used in interconnects and contacts. Early transition metals having relatively low surface energies are chosen to form stable crystalline compounds rich in the high surface-energy metal. Agglomeration control layers containing such alloy compounds facilitate adhesion between the high surface-energy metal and an underlying layer of the integrated circuit device, such as a diffusion barrier layer. These agglomeration control layers may be nitrided to improve robustness at higher temperatures.

Abstract: In a semiconductor integrated circuit device having plural layers of buried wirings, it is intended to prevent the occurrence of a discontinuity caused by stress migration at an interface between a plug connected at a bottom thereof to a buried wiring and the buried wiring. For example, in the case where the width of a first Cu wiring is not smaller than about 0.9 ?m and is smaller than about 1.44 ?m, and the width of a second Cu wiring and the diameter of a plug are about 0.18 ?m, there are arranged two or more plugs which connect the first wirings and the second Cu wirings electrically with each other.

Abstract: There is provided a technique for improving the flatness at the surface of members embedded in a plurality of recesses without resulting in an increase in the time required for the manufacturing processes. According to this technique, the dummy patterns can be placed up to the area near the boundary BL between the element forming region DA and dummy region FA by placing the first dummy pattern DP1 of relatively wider area and the second dummy pattern DP2 of relatively small area in the dummy region FA. Thereby, the flatness of the surface of the silicon oxide film embedded within the isolation groove can be improved over the entire part of the dummy region FA. Moreover, an increase of the mask data can be controlled when the first dummy patterns DP1 occupy a relatively wide region among the dummy region FA.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising an insulating substrate having first and second surfaces and a plurality of metal-filled vias extending from the first to the second surface. The first and second surfaces have contact pads, each one comprising a connector stack to at least one of the vias. The stack comprises a seed metal layer in contact with the via metal capable of providing an adhesive and conductive layer for electroplating on its surface, a first electroplated support layer secured to the seed metal layer, a second electroplated support layer, and at least one reflow metal bonding layer on the second support layer. The electrolytic plating process produces support layers substantially pure (at least 99.0%), free of unwanted additives such as phosphorus or boron, and exhibiting closely controlled grain sizes. Reflow metal connectors provide attachment to chip contact pads and external parts.

Abstract: An interconnect for testing a semiconductor component includes a substrate, and interconnect contacts on the substrate configured to electrically engage component contacts on a semiconductor component. Each interconnect contact includes a compliant conductive layer formed as a conductive spring element. In addition, the complaint conductive layer includes a tip for engaging the component contact and a spring segment portion for resiliently supporting the tip. A method for fabricating the interconnect includes the steps of shaping the substrate, forming a conductive layer on a shaped portion of the substrate and removing at least some of the shaped portion. The shaped portion can comprise a raised step or dome, or a shaped recess in the substrate. The conductive layer can comprise a metal, a conductive polymer or a polymer tape can include a penetrating structure or penetrating particles.

Abstract: A structure for improving the electrostatic discharge robustness of an integrated circuit having an electrostatic discharge (ESD) device and a receiver network connected to a pad by interconnects. The interconnect between the pad and the ESD device has a high-k material placed adjacent to at least one surface of the interconnect and extending over the thermal diffusion distance of the interconnect. The high-k material improves the critical current density of the interconnect by increasing the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the interconnect. The high-k material can be placed on the sides, top and/or bottom of the interconnect. In multiple wire interconnects, the high-k material is placed between the wires of the interconnect. A low-k material is placed beyond the high-k material to reduce the capacitance of the interconnect. The combination of low-k and high-k materials provides an interconnect structure with improved ESD robustness and low capacitance that is well suited for an ESD device.

Abstract: This invention relates to a packaging structure and method of an image sensor module. The method comprises: providing a transparent substrate having a first patterned conductive layer; carrying an image sensor integrated circuit chip having a photosensitive active area and at least one passive chip on the transparent substrate, wherein the photosensitive active area faces the transparent substrate; forming an insulating build-up film over the transparent substrate; and forming a plurality of conductive vias in the insulating build-up film wherein the ends of the conductive vias are connected with the passive chip or the first patterned conductive layer of the transparent substrate while the other ends of the conductive vias are exposed on the surface of the insulating build-up film. The packaging method is capable of down-sizing the construction of the image sensor module and simplifying the processing steps.

Abstract: An electrical power distribution apparatus for a bicycle comprises a housing adapted to be mounted to the bicycle, a regulator supported by the housing to receive power from a power supply, and an output disposed on the housing to supply regulated power provided by the regulator to a plurality of electrical components external to the housing.

Abstract: Rapidly responsive energy storage means enable the creation of a multi-port DC bus in a UPS, enabling the multi-port DC bus to couple a plurality of intermittent DC sources and intermittent DC loads. The invention includes renewable energy power systems with a UPS having a multi-port DC bus and a responsive energy storage means electrically coupled to the multi-port DC bus. An embodiment includes a renewable energy power system with a UPS having a multi-port DC bus having at least one coupling in addition to the minimum of three required for a UPS to operate. The additional coupling is adapted to couple either a DC load or a DC source to the multi-port DC bus. A responsive energy storage means is coupled to supply power to the multi-port DC bus and is operable to maintain a substantially constant power level on the multi-port DC bus.

Abstract: A controller (28) for a doubly fed induction generator (12,20) adjusts control signals to a rotor side converter (24) and line side converter (22) to adjust rotor current when a voltage transient on a utility grid (10) occurs, so that the doubly fed induction generator can ride through the transient. The controller can also turn off the transistors of the rotor side converter (24) to reduce rotor current and/or activate a crowbar (42) to reduce the voltage of the DC link (26) connecting the converters (22, 24) when significant voltage transients occur on the grid (10). This permits continued operation of the DFIG system without disconnecting from the grid.

Abstract: A distributed generator system is provided having an alignment hub to assist in the alignment and securement of an engine and a generator of the system. The system comprises a distributed generator system having an engine and a single bearing generator, and an alignment hub for defining an alignment position between the engine and the generator and maintaining the alignment within a predetermined tolerance.

Abstract: Wave power plant consisting of frame carrying at least two paddles unit, capable of moving successively in series, when driven by progressive waves and returning by the gravitation power and the backward wave's force. The plant has an appropriate means with at least one crankshaft mechanism for transferring the successive motion of paddle units in two ways into electric energy. Each of the paddles units have a rod, to be submerged into the sea and which is secured on the frame with possibility for pivoting with respect thereof, the lower extremity of the rod is terminated by a paddle plate and the paddles units are arranged around the frame in series. The energy consumed successfully by each paddle unit is equal to the energy of the paddle's movement forward from the forward wave's force plus the energy of the paddle's movement backward from the backward wave's force and the paddle's gravity. The plant's energy is consumed, in at least one hydraulic engine, which rotate generators.

Abstract: A system and method for providing power to vehicle accessories having operational power requirements in excess of 1 kilowatt. The system is employed in conjunction with a vehicle comprising a main power unit and an electric motor, the main power unit providing more than 42 volts of power to a DC power bus from which the electric motor draws power to propel the vehicle. The system comprises a vibration dampening mounting structure affixed to the vehicle. A vehicle accessory requiring operational power in excess of 1 kilowatt and an electric accessory motor are affixed to the mounting structure. The electric accessory motor is mechanically coupled to the vehicle accessory. The electric accessory motor draws electric power from the DC power bus to provide operational power to the vehicle accessory. The vehicle accessory can be a scroll type air compressor.

Abstract: A controller is disclosed for determining that the currents from the two AC power sources are correctly phased. Required circuitry can be disposed within a housing from which extend power cables having single phase 240V AC, 50A male connector plugs connected at remote ends. Prongs in each of plugs can be arranged so that the plugs are connectable to a 240V, single phase AC source. A power cable, having a connector at a remote end, can also extend from the housing. The power cable connector can be connected to an AC power supply. The power cable connector supply a power transformer with single phase AC power at 240V and 100A. The circuitry can assure that the phases and voltages of the two AC sources driving the connectors are properly connected to the connectors to enable the cable to supply the power cable connector with single phase AC.

Abstract: A system is provided with the ability to automatically shut off a backup power source from further sourcing power for the system, when AC is absent, after the backup power source has sourced power for the system for a period of time.

Abstract: An uninterrupted power supply (“UPS”) system is disclosed which uses a battery communication system to communicate to a UPS processor information concerning the status of a battery pack in an array of parallel coupled battery packs. The battery packs provide back-up power for the UPS system. Information about the battery packs is collected by a monitor associated with each of the battery packs. The monitors measure battery pack voltage, currents and temperature and compile information about the battery pack from the measured values. Each monitor prepares a data word representing information about its battery pack. The data. words are transmitted to the UPS in response to commands issued by the UPS processor to the monitors.

Abstract: A dual-input power converter comprises two power stages using a common low-side element, a first input for coupling a first input voltage to the first power stage, a second input for coupling a second input voltage to the second power stage, and a controller for driving the first and second power stages to convert the first or second input voltage to an output voltage.

Abstract: An electrical load status detection and control device includes a first power supply circuit loop with a first switch, a second power supply circuit loop with a second switch, a no-load status detection unit connected with the second power supply circuit loop for detecting the current passing through the second power supply circuit loop and thereby generating a current detection signal. A micro-controller connected with a reference current value database, the no-load status detection unit, the first switch and the second switch, which receives the current detection signal from the no-load status detection unit. The micro-controller generates a switching signal to actuate the first switch and the second switch to thereby open the first power supply circuit loop and the second power supply circuit loop when detecting the current passing through the second power supply circuit loop out of the reference current value range of the reference current value database.

Abstract: Provided is a digital circuit (30) that comprises: a switching circuit (31) having first transistors (32, 33) supplied with power supply potentials (VDD, VSS): correcting circuits (34, 36) connected between an input terminal (IN) inputted with an input signal and control terminals (gates) of the first transistors: capacitors (C2, C3) connected between the control terminals and the input terminal: diode-connected second transistors (35, 37) that are provided between nodes (N5, N6) between the capacitors and the control terminals and the power supply potentials and have the substantially same threshold voltage as the first transistors; and switches (SW2, SW3) connected in series with the second transistors.

Abstract: A safety relay system includes one or more additional input units each for sending safety input from a safety component, a master unit for receiving the safety input from the additional input unit and providing safety output to operate a safety relay based on the safety input, a safety information line for transferring safety information between the units, a non-safety information line for transferring non-safety information separate from the safety input, the non-safety information being information concerning an operation state of each safety component or each unit, and a non-safety information output section for outputting the non-safety information transferred on the non-safety information line.

Abstract: A motor includes a plurality of linearly activated pistons, positioned radially around an axis, which are selectively and sequentially biased against on offset element to produce rotation of a rotatable element about the axis. The motor further includes an power source, which may be electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic and a structure for supporting the pistons, the offset element and the rotational element, and providing direction of a desired motion.

Abstract: An electromagnetic engine has inner and outer rotors having magnets of opposite polarity mounted thereon. Output is taken from the inner rotor, which is free to unidirectionally rotate. The outer rotor is caused to oscillate, the force of magnetic repulsion between the magnetic fields of the inner and outer rotors driving rotation of the inner rotor. The outer rotor may be held stationary by solenoids and holding gears when the inner and outer magnetic fields are closely adjacent in order to maximize the force of repulsion. The timing of the oscillation and pausing of the outer rotor may be controlled by EPROM circuitry and a timing sensor mounted on the output shaft or gear. Alternatively output is taken from the outer rotor, which is free to unidirectionally rotate while inner rotor is caused to oscillate, the magnetic forces between the inner and outer rotors driving rotation of the outer rotor.

Abstract: A reluctance motor having a movable part that does not need a fixed mounting shaft in the motor's stationary part. In one embodiment, a motor of the invention has a stationary part that defines a cylindrical cavity into which a rotor is inserted, with an interior wall of the cavity covered by nonmagnetic lining. The stationary part has a plurality of stator poles, each defined by an electric coil having a magnetic core. The rotor has a spacer and a plurality of bearings, with each bearing at least partially confined between the spacer and the lining. The rotor is adapted to spin within the cavity in response to the excitation of one or more of the stator poles such that the bearings roll between the lining and the spacer. The motor can be implemented as a MEMS device, with the motor's stator being a substantially monolithic structure formed using a single substrate, which structure has a size on the order of 1 mm.

Abstract: High-power electric machines must be intensively cooled. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure a high level of immunity to impurities. For this purpose, the rotor and stator sheet packs (41, 42, 61, 62) are embodied in two parts, thereby making it possible to carry out a two-sided ventilation, said parts being maintained separately in the middle by a ring (5, 7). Said ring (5, 7) is provided with ribs (51, 52, 71, 72) in such a way that radial flow channels are formed between partial sheet stacks and ensure corresponding flow rate. In another embodiment, monoblock sheet stacks are provided with cooling channel extensions on either side of the sheet stack. Said cooling extensions alternate on the axial cooling channels in the peripheral direction and transport heated coolant outwards in respectively opposite directions.

Abstract: A generator-motor includes an alternator, electrode plates, a substrate, MOS transistors, and an MOS driver. Electrode plates are arranged on an end surface of the alternator so as to substantially form a U-shape to surround a rotation shaft of the alternator. MOS transistors are arranged on the electrode plate, while MOS transistors are arranged on the electrode plates respectively. The MOS driver is provided on the substrate arranged in a substantially U-shaped notch, and controls turn-on/off of the MOS transistors.

Abstract: A brushless permanent magnet motor has a rotor constructed of spaced ferromagnetic backirons and a circumferential array of alternating polarity magnetic poles that drive magnetic flux back and forth across an armature air gap between the backirons. A stator includes an air core armature in the air gap with three-phase windings. An inverter includes a pulse-modulated semiconductor H-bridge that switches and regulates power to the three-phase windings to drive the rotor. Harmonic losses in the motor caused by ripple currents generated by the higher pulse switching frequency in electronic variable speed drives, due to the inherently lower inductance of air core motors, are substantially reduced by adding serial inductance between the motor and drive. The H-bridge is serially electrically connected to the three-phase armature windings through three inductors that employ a low cost powder core.

Abstract: A BLDC motor assembly and method for manufacturing same is disclosed. The motor has a housing, a shaft supported for rotation within the housing, a stator disposed within the housing for generating an electro-magnetic field, a rotor operatively coupled to the shaft and disposed for powered rotation within the stator in response to the electro-magnetic field, at least one temperature sensitive electronic device (TSED) disposed within the housing and electrically connected to the stator for controlling or measuring an aspect of the electro-magnetic field, and a fuel resistant and electrically insulated polymeric material encapsulating the TSED so that the TSED is protected from adverse temperature and chemical agents without the need for a separate internal container or a pre-potting operating. The TSED, which may be carried on a printed circuit board within the housing, is thus overmolded with polymeric material so that the polymeric material fills, or substantially fills, a space within the housing.

Abstract: There is provided a fan unit in which when the fan unit is conveyed, existence of a plurality of lead wires will not become an obstacle to the conveyance. Four lead wire engaging sections 27, 29, 31, and 33 are provided along the contour of an outer wall section 25 of a fan casing 15 as the fan casing 15 is viewed from a predetermined position in a forward direction. Then, the lead wire engaging sections 27, 29, 31 and 33 are configured to engage a part of lead wires 24 so as to prevent the lead wires 24 from coming out of the fan casing 15 one or more during the conveyance.

Abstract: A dynamo electric machine for an aircraft gas turbine engine includes a housing supporting a stator of the dynamo electric machine, a rotor assembly rotatably mounted in the housing and including an elongate hollow rotor shaft, a main shaft for connection at one end to the associated gas turbine engine assembly, said main shaft extending coaxially within said hollow rotor shaft, and a sleeve-like member of electrically insulating material between said rotor shaft and said main shaft, said sleeve-like member providing an electrically insulating driving connection between said main shaft and said rotor shaft whereby said main shaft and said rotor shaft rotate together.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: A rotating electric machine is comprised of a stator having a stator core and a stator coil wound around the stator core, the stator core having at least two tip portions, and a rotor having a rotor core and a plurality of permanent magnets provided in the rotor core, the rotor being rotatable relative to the stator. A direction of flux of the permanent magnets is perpendicular to a direction of an array of the stator, and the tip portions of the stator core sandwich the rotor and are disposed to be nearer to the rotor than the stator coil.

Abstract: The system of the present invention includes an actuator having at least two electrodes, an elastomeric dielectric film disposed between the two electrodes, and a frame attached to the elastomeric dielectric film. The frame provides a linear actuation force characteristic over a displacement range. The displacement range is preferably the stroke of the actuator. The displacement range can be about 5 mm and greater. Further, the frame can include a plurality of configurations, for example, at least a rigid members coupled to a flexible member wherein the frame provides an elastic restoring force. In preferred embodiments, the rigid member can be, but is not limited to, curved beams, parallel beams, rods and plates. In a preferred embodiment the actuator can further include a passive element disposed between two flexible members such as, for example, links to tune a stiffness characteristic of the actuator. The passive element can be a bi-stable element.

Abstract: The present invention relates to animated devices that include one or more electroactive polymer transducers. When actuated by electrical energy, an electroactive polymer produces mechanical deflection in one or more directions. This deflection may be used to produce motion of a feature included in an animated device. Electroactive polymer transducers offer customizable shapes and deflections. Combining different ways to configure and constrain a polymer, different ways to arrange active areas on a single polymer, different animated device designs, and different polymer orientations, permits a broad range of animated devices that use an electroactive polymer transducer to produce motion. These animated devices find use in a wide range of animated device applications.

Abstract: A SAW device comprises a single crystal piezo-electric strate (made, for example, of LiTaO3 or LiNbO3), and an interdigital transducer (IDT) formed of a material mainly containing Al and disposed on the piezo-electric substrate. The piezo-electric strate contains an additive (for example, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ti), and an orientation rotated by an angle in a range of 42° to 48° (more preferably 46°±0.3°) from a Y-axis toward a Z-axis about an X-axis. The IDT presents a normalized thickness h/? (h: thickness of electrode, and ?: spacing between digits of the IDT) of 7% to 11%. A more appropriate substrate cut angle can be shown for the SAW device which employs a piezo-electric substrate containing an additive, to improve the electric characteristics thereof.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method for a SAW apparatus a first insulating layer is formed on the entire surface of a piezoelectric LiTaO3 substrate. By using a resist pattern used for forming an IDT electrode, the first insulating layer in which the IDT electrode is to be formed is removed. An electrode film made of a metal having a density higher than Al or an alloy primarily including such a metal is disposed in the area in which the first insulating layer is removed so as to form the IDT electrode. The resist pattern remaining on the first insulating layer is removed. A second insulating layer is formed to cover the first insulating layer and the IDT electrode.

Abstract: A sonic or ultrasonic transducer, which is embodied as a radial oscillator. So that the sonic or ultrasonic transducer can be used at high temperatures, a matching layer is located between the radial oscillator and the atmosphere into which the ultrasonic signals are transmitted The matching layer is made from a material that has a dimensional stability up to a temperature which lies above the temperature at the installation location of the sonic or ultrasonic transducer. Furthermore, the matching layer is selected such that its material-specific coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than that of the materials of a piezoelectric unit and a coupling ring, and that the modulus of elasticity of the material of the matching layer is at least one order of magnitude smaller than that of the piezoelectric unit and/or the coupling ring.

Abstract: A hollow laminated piezoelectric element having excellent durability and reliability and capable of obtaining a high output, and a method of manufacturing the hollow laminated piezoelectric element are provided. A hollow laminated piezoelectric element 1 comprises a ceramic laminate 10 that is formed by having alternately laminated piezoelectric layers 11 made of a piezoelectric material and internal electrode layers 21 and 22 having conductivity and by having a center through hole 14 formed to pass through the ceramic laminate 10 along a lamination direction. The ceramic laminate 10 has an internally terminated structure in the inside periphery having at least a portion of inside peripheral ends of the internal electrode layers 21 and 22 terminated within the ceramic laminate 10 so that at least a portion of the inside peripheral ends of the internal electrode layers 21 and 22 is not exposed to the inside peripheral surface 104 of the ceramic laminate 10.

Abstract: An electrical energy-generating heat sink system provides a convenient and economical method for continuously recharging an energy storage device in electronic devices.

Abstract: A load-bearing structural member has a continuous structural material with piezoelectric material particles mixed in throughout. The structural material may be any of a variety of suitable materials, such as polymer materials, composite materials, ceramic materials, or concrete. The piezoelectric material particles may be used for evaluating the soundness of the structural member, such as in quality control or structural health monitoring processes. The structural member may include one or more conductive pickups used for receiving signals from the structural member. The signals may be induced by introducing ultrasonic signals or vibrational resonance signals into the structural member. The response from such induced signals may be used for quality control purposes or structural health monitoring.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a liquid jet head having increased the durability and reliability thereof by preventing delamination of a vibration plate is provided. At least the following two steps are included: a vibration plate forming step which includes at least a step of forming a zirconium layer on one side of a passage-forming substrate by sputtering so that a degrees of orientation to a (002) plane of the surface becomes equal to 80% or more, as well as forming an insulation film made of zirconium oxide and constituting a part of the vibration plate by subjecting the zirconium layer to thermal oxidation; and a piezoelectric element forming step of forming piezoelectric elements on the vibration plate.

Abstract: A piezoelectric transformer with a base body is specified that has an input part and an output part, wherein at least three groups of internal electrodes are contained in at least one of these parts. The internal electrodes of each group are interconnected in an electrically conductive way. In this way, the internal electrodes of one group are electrically isolated from the internal electrodes of the other groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to gated nanorod field emission devices, wherein such devices have relatively small emitter tip-to-gate distances, thereby providing a relatively high emitter tip density and low turn on voltage. Such methods employ a combination of traditional device processing techniques (lithography, etching, etc.) with electrochemical deposition of nanorods. These methods are relatively simple, cost-effective, and efficient; and they provide field emission devices that are suitable for use in x-ray imaging applications, lighting applications, flat panel field emission display (FED) applications, etc.

Abstract: Electromagnetic deflection unit for colour cathode-ray tubes, including a pair of frame deflection coils and a pair of line deflection coils, at least one of these two pairs of coils having the shape of a saddle, each saddle-shaped deflection coil having a rear bundle placed on the side facing the electron gun and a front bundle placed on the side facing the screen, two lateral harnesses of conductors connecting the front bundle to the rear bundle, each lateral harness being characterized in that the external edge of the said lateral harness lies in a radial angular position close to 0° at the rear of the coil and in a radial angular position greater than 5° at the front of the coil, so as to minimize the trapezoid differential error between the red and blue beams.

Abstract: An electroluminescent device is provided. The device has a stacked structure in which an electric field enhancing layer is present between a dielectric layer, which contacts an inorganic light-emitting layer, and an electrode. In the device, electrons are additionally supplied by the electric field enhancing layer to increase electroluminescent efficiency, enabling the device to emit light having desired brightness, and lengthening the life span of the device.

Abstract: A display device in which variations in luminance due to variations in characteristics of transistors are reduced, and image quality degradation due to variations in resistance values is prevented. The invention comprises a transistor whose channel portion is formed of an amorphous semiconductor or an organic semiconductor, a connecting wiring connected to a source electrode or a drain electrode of the transistor, a light emitting element having a laminated structure which includes a pixel electrode, an electro luminescent layer, and a counter electrode, an insulating layer surrounding an end portion of the pixel electrode, and an auxiliary wiring formed in the same layer as a gate electrode of the transistor, a connecting wiring, or the pixel electrode. Further, the connecting wiring is connected to the pixel electrode, and the auxiliary wiring is connected to the counter electrode via an opening portion provided in the insulating layer.

Abstract: In particular, one embodiment of the present invention provides an organic electroluminescent display which comprises a light emitting device formed on a lower insulating substrate, and an upper substrate mounted to encapsulate the light emitting device, wherein the upper substrate is provided with a desiccant, the desiccant being formed with at least one hole passing through the desiccant.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a front substrate and a rear substrate facing each other, a plurality of barrier ribs formed between the front substrate and the rear substrate, a discharge generation unit that causes a plasma discharge in a discharge space, and a fluorescent layer that generates visible light due to the discharge. The rear substrate includes at least two rear substrate parts connected to each other.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a first substrate, and a second substrate provided opposing the first substrate and defining a plurality of discharge cells between the first and second substrates. Phosphor layers are respectively formed in the discharge cells. Address electrodes are formed along a first direction on the first substrate, and first and second electrodes are formed adjacent to the first substrate and separated from the address electrodes. The first and second electrodes extend along a second direction that intersects the first direction, and the first and second electrodes are provided corresponding to each of the discharge cells. The first and second electrodes are formed extended in a direction away from the first substrate and toward the second substrate, and opposing each other with a spacing provided therebetween. The first and second electrodes include protrusions that extend toward centers of the discharge cells.

Abstract: Disclosed is a plasma display panel. A plasma display panel according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a front substrate and a rear substrate attached to each other with a predetermined distance therebetween, a plurality of barrier ribs disposed between the front and rear substrates creating a plurality of discharge cells, and a plurality of scan electrodes and a plurality of sustain electrodes which are alternately arranged in each discharge cell. The plasma display panel has the enhanced discharge efficiency and emission efficiency. Further, the plasma display panel can be manufacture at low cost.

Abstract: A UV radiator has an essentially tubular discharge vessel designed to produce dielectric barrier discharges at one end and sealed in a gas-tight manner at both ends, and in each case at least one elongate inner and outer electrode which is oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the discharge vessel. If it is imagined that the tubular part of the discharge vessel is split into two equal halves by an imaginary longitudinal section, the at least one inner electrode is arranged on the inside of the first imaginary tube half, and the at least one outer electrode is arranged on the outside of the second imaginary tube half, and essentially diametrically with respect to one another. As a result, and as a result of the shape and number and arrangement of the outer electrode(s), directional radiation characteristics are achieved.