Abstract: In a method of calculating circulation dynamics of a living body, a resistance component corresponding to a shape of a blood vessel in the living body is derived using previously obtained values of viscosity, pressure and flow rate of blood flowing in the blood vessel. Information corresponding to the viscosity of the blood is calculated using the derived resistance component.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus and device for the monitoring, diagnosis and evaluation of the state of a dynamic system is disclosed. This method and system provides the processing means for receiving sensed and/or simulated data, converting such data into a displayable object format and displaying such objects in a manner such that the interrelationships between the respective variables can be correlated and identified by a user. This invention provides for the rapid cognitive grasp of the overall state of a critical function with respect to a dynamic system. The system provides for displayed objects, which change in real-time to show the changes of the functions of the system. It is a highly flexible system which works with a wide variety of applications, including biological systems, environmental systems, engineering systems, economic systems, mechanical systems, chemical systems and the like.

Abstract: Implantable medical device systems and methods for measuring a body parameter utilizing an implantable functional pressure sensor and a fixed reference sensor, wherein the reference sensor compensates for drift of all other components in the measurement system other than the functional sensor. The reference sensor provides a basis for comparison to determine if and to what extent the electronic components, for example, have drifted over time, and thus provides a basis for correcting functional measurements and improving long term measurement accuracy.

Abstract: An autonomic nervous activity monitor capable of predicting occurrence of abnormal reaction depending on autonomic nervous activity and used for medical practice and the like is provided. A blood component collecting apparatus 100 carries out frequency analysis to a pattern of heartbeat which is acquired by an ECG 300 from a donor, and calculates a high frequency component value [msec2] defined as an indicator for parasympathetic activity and a ratio value of a low frequency component to the high frequency component defined as an indicator for sympathetic activity to detect a change in these values on a time-series base. When a judgment circuit 204 predicts that abnormal reaction may occur to a donor after blood collection operation is started, a controller 200 controls a pump 9 to decrease a blood drawing or blood returning speed, or, to stop blood drawing or blood returning operation.

Abstract: Subject matter includes methods and devices for detecting and quantifying apnea. One exemplary implementation includes deriving a ventilation related parameter in real-time from a patient, deriving apneic intervals based on the parameter, distributing the apneic intervals as counts on a histogram, and calculating a single data point, such as a centroid, for clustered counts on the histogram. Centroids can be calculated at regular intervals and stored for lengthy periods, such as months, because they occupy very little storage space. A position of a centroid on the histogram can indicate an aspect of the patient's health and changes in the centroid positions over time can be used to detect trend changes in the patient's condition.

Abstract: The invention provides a breath testing device which includes a visual indicating agent which changes color in the presence of an odor associated with bad breath, such as sulfur and ammonia odors. An example of the visual indicating agent is 4,4?-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydrol (Michler's hydrol or BDMB) and related dyes having a similar chemical structure. The indicating agent is applied to a substrate which is then inserted into a tube or straw, or which covers one end of a straw. When a user with bad breath blows into the tube or straw, the indicating agent will change color. The breath testing devices provide a quick and affordable means for a user to test their breath, and they may be packaged in discreet, pocket-sized dispensers which can be carried in a pocket or purse.

Abstract: The device consists of a shaft with a detachable brush head. The brush head is a new design incorporating the utility of an expandable self adjusting area that yields a complete sample of the endocervix and exocervix regardless of varying individual anatomy. The brush head has protrusions disposed at strategic positions with flat surface collection areas. A ledge with protrusions samples the exocervical area and a middle portion samples the endocervical area. The middle portion automatically elongates from approximately 2 cm to 5.5 cm as to adjust to individual anatomies as the brush head is inserted into the cervical canal. The brush head is matched to a special collection container that permits the brush head to be detached and deposited into the container without the handling of the brush/head area. The special conical insert within the container automatically orients brush head for passage through horizontal slot at bottom of insert without operator's need to manually align.

Abstract: A fish killing and fish tissue sanitizing apparatus includes a tank, a water feed pipe extending to the tank, and an electromechanical transducer in pressure-wave transmitting relationship to the tank for generating ultrasonic pressure waves in water contained in the tank. An electrical signal generator is operatively connected to the transducer for energizing same with an alternating electrical signal. A sensor is in operative contact with water contained in the tank for detecting transient and inertial cavitation occurring within the water in the tank.

Abstract: An exercising apparatus includes a base, two supporting brackets, a driving assembly, a pedal assembly and a case. The supporting brackets are mounted on the base. The driving assembly includes a motor, an eccentric wheel and a lifting bracket. The motor has a motor shaft. The eccentric wheel is mounted eccentrically on the motor shaft. The lifting bracket has a wheel slot and two pivoting brackets. The wheel slot is defined through the lifting bracket and engages the eccentric wheel. The pivoting brackets are formed near two ends of the lifting bracket. The pedal assembly includes two pedals and two pedal pads. The pedals are mounted respectively and pivotally on the supporting brackets and the pivoting brackets of the lifting bracket. The pedal pads are mounted respectively on the pedals. The case is mounted on the base and has two openings corresponding to the pedal pads.

Abstract: Provided is a wearable joint driving device in which a plurality of frame members are attached to a wearing body so as to be in contact with the outer surface of the wearing body. Between the frame members, there is mounted a fluid pressure type actuator. The fluid pressure type actuator has an expansion/contraction member and a net-like covering member covering the outer periphery of the expansion/contraction member. The fluid pressure type actuator undergoes a reduction in length through expansion of the expansion/contraction member to thereby generate a driving force. The frame members have a predetermined level of rigidity.

Abstract: A joint orthosis with a first joint part (4), a first splint (5) connected to the first joint part (4), a second joint part (1), a second splint (2) connected to the second joint part (1), and a pivot hinge part (3) for articulated connection of the second splint (2) and of the first splint (5), said splints (2, 5) extending into the pivot hinge part (3) from opposite directions and laterally offset relative to one another, being arranged with their ends next to one another in the pivot hinge part (3), and being able to pivot to a small extent relative to one another, can be configured with a lower overall height by virtue of the fact that the pivot hinge part (3) has two chambers (8, 10) which are arranged substantially parallel and are laterally offset relative to one another and which are open in opposite directions, and into which the ends of the splints (2, 5) extend, and by virtue of the fact that the second splint (2) is mounted in the end area of its chamber (10) so as to be able to pivot about a pivo

Abstract: A system for delivering ultrasound energy to a treatment section in a vessel is disclosed. The system includes a sheath with a utility lumen and an energy delivery section at least partially constructed from a material which transmits ultrasound energy. The system also includes a drug delivery member having a plurality of drug delivery ports which are positioned adjacent the energy delivery section. The system further includes an elongated body including at least one ultrasound element and configured to be movably positioned within the utility lumen to transmit the ultrasound energy from the ultrasound element through the energy delivery section.

Abstract: A breast pump comprises a body member (2) including a breast engaging portion (4) shaped to engage a region of a user's breast, a container (32) attached to the body member (2), valve means (28) between the body member (2) and the container (32), and, within the body member (2), a sleeve (12) sealing the interior of the body member (2) from the atmosphere, the sleeve (12) being selectively movable from a rest condition to a displaced condition by actuating means (14) operatively connected to the sleeve (12), movement of the sleeve (12) from the rest condition to the displaced condition creating an increasing volume of reduced pressure within the body member (2) whereby firstly the valve means (28) is closed to prevent evacuation of the container (32), and whereby milk is expressed by the user into the body member (2), and return movement of the sleeve (12) from the displaced condition to the extended condition releasing the reduced pressure allowing the valve to open, the expressed milk flowing through the va

Abstract: An elastically distensible folding member is disclosed. The folding member can be formed with a wall that is substantially shaped as a tube when the folding member is in a relaxed (i.e. unstressed) state. The tubular shaped folding member defines a tube axis and can have an axially aligned slit that extends through the wall. The folding member can be used to cover an incising element that is attached to the balloon and positioned in the lumen of the tubular folding member. During balloon inflation, the folding member can be deformed to expose the tip of the incising element to allow for a tissue incision.

Abstract: A trocar assembly for use in surgery in a patient, comprising an elongated outer tubular member having a first or proximal end and a second or distal end. The proximal end has a housing enclosing a fluid pressure chamber therein. The distal end of the outer tubular member has a gaseous fluid discharge arrangement therethrough, through which a medical instrument is disposed for surgical manipulation of the patient.

Abstract: A Safety Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) winged safety needle device provides a safety feature including a protective shield with handling wings, which when placed in cooperating relationship, allows accommodation of a blood collection needle and a hub. The Safety AVF provides a reliable and user friendly first releasable locking mechanism in an insertion position and a second unreleaseable locking mechanism in a protected position. The Safety AVF also allows for rotation of the needle after cannulation in order to maximize blood or fluid flow to or from a vessel.

Abstract: A clip (100) for releasably retaining a conduit (140) including a first base portion (102), a second base portion (104), and a hinge (106) connecting the first base portion to the second base portion. A generally arcuate first connector portion (110) has a first connected end (112) extending from the first base portion and a first free end (114). The first free end includes a first tabbed extension (116) and a first locking portion (118) adjacent to the first tabbed extension. A generally arcuate second connector portion (120) has a second connected end (122) extending from the second base portion and a second free end (124). The second free end includes a second tabbed extension (126) and a second locking portion (128) adjacent to the second tabbed extension. The first connector portion (110) and the second connector portion (120) are juxtaposed from each other across the hinge(106).

Abstract: A medical needle shield apparatus is provided that includes a needle hub having a needle cannula extending therefrom. At least one shield is extensible from a retracted position to an extended position to enclose a distal end of the needle. The shield includes a binding member disposed within the shield and defines binding surfaces that form an aperture configured for slidable receipt of the inner needle. The binding member includes at least one drag inducing member that engages the inner needle during slidable receipt to create a drag force. The drag force facilitates rotation of the binding member such that the binding surfaces engage the inner needle to prevent slidable movement. The shield and/or hub includes a retention element engageable between the shield and hub and a sheath retention element. The hub includes a magnifier for viewing fluid flashback.

Abstract: This invention relates to flexible medical device. The flexible medical device may comprise interlocking portions formed of a continuous channel. When formed of a continuous channel, the medical device comprises interconnected interlocking portions, rather than independent interlocking portions. The flexible medical device may also be designed so that different portions of the device have different flexibility characteristics.

Abstract: An external surface of a catheter body includes a pressure responsive slit formed in an indentation wherein a wall thickness of the catheter body within the indentation is less than a wall thickness of a major portion of the catheter body. Material exits a lumen of the catheter body, via the pressure responsive slit, when a pressure inside the lumen exceeds an external pressure.

Abstract: A medical system that allows a mentor to teach a pupil how to use a robotically controlled medical instrument. The system may include a first handle that can be controlled by a mentor to move the medical instrument. The system may further have a second handle that can be moved by a pupil to control the same instrument. Deviations between movement of the handles by the mentor and the pupil can be provided as force feedback to the pupil and mentor handles. The force feedback pushes the pupil's hand to correspond with the mentor's handle movement. The force feedback will also push the mentor's hand to provide information to the mentor on pupil's movements. The mentor is thus able to guide the pupil's hands through force feedback of the pupil handles to teach the pupil how to use the system.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for developing prescriptions for and/or treating presbyopia may use a combination of an alteration to the refractive tissues of the eye with changes in the response of the visual system. The visual system response may include using residual accommodation in a manner similar to that employed by latent hyperopes, a trained response of the pupil, trained psychophysics, or the like. Associated refractive prescriptions may be tailored to take advantage of the subsequent visual system response so as to mitigate presbyopia.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the presence of skin is disclosed, one configuration of which uses multiple light emitting diodes, each of a unique wavelength band, and a broad-band photodetector to measure the remission of light at multiple wavelengths from a material being analyzed. Characteristics of the spectral remission of the material are used to discriminate human skin from materials that are not human skin. Further, an aesthetic medical device utilizing such a sensor in which the device is inhibited from operation if skin has not been detected. The incorporation of a skin sensor improves the safety of devices that emit radiation that otherwise would pose a hazard if not directed onto skin.

Abstract: A method of ablating tissue in the heart to treat atrial fibrillation introduces into a selected atrium an energy emitting element. The method exposes the element to a region of the atrial wall and applies ablating energy to the element to thermally destroy tissue. The method forms a convoluted lesion pattern comprising elongated straight lesions and elongated curvilinear lesions. The lesion pattern directs electrical impulses within the atrial myocardium along a path that activates the atrial myocardium while interrupting reentry circuits that, if not interrupted, would cause fibrillation. The method emulates the surgical maze procedure, but lends itself to catheter-based procedures that do not require open heart surgical techniques. A composite structure for performing the method is formed using a template that displays in planar view a desired lesion pattern for the tissue. An array of spaced apart element is laid on the template.

Abstract: An implant serving for surrounding e.g. an intestine on hypodermal implantation in an animal or a human body. The implant includes an outer ring, an inner ring arranged in the outer ring about a joint axis, and a number of anchoring links extending between the outer ring and the inner ring. The inner ring, outer ring and two successive connecting links define an opening in which an anchoring means is secured. The free end of the anchoring means is anchored in fascia. The preferred application for the implant is prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of a hernia, especially a hernia originating from an enterostomy.

Abstract: A medical closure screen device for a separation of first and second tissue portions is provided, which includes a mesh screen comprising tubular vertical risers, vertical strands with barbed filaments, and horizontal spacers connecting the risers and strands in a grid-like configuration. An optional perimeter member partly surrounds the screen and can comprise a perimeter tube fluidically coupled with the vertical risers to form a tubing assembly. Various input/output devices can optionally be connected to the perimeter tube ends for irrigating and/or draining the separation according to methodologies of the present invention. Separation closure, irrigation and drainage methodologies are disclosed utilizing various combinations of closure screens, tubing, sutures, fluid transfer elements and gradient force sources. The use of mechanical forces associated with barbed strands for repositionably securing separated tissues together is disclosed.

Abstract: A flexible medical closure screen for closing a separation of first and second tissue portions is provided, which includes a mesh screen comprising tubular vertical risers, vertical strands with barbed filaments, and horizontal spacers connecting the risers and strands in a grid-like configuration. An optional perimeter member partly surrounds the screen and can comprise a perimeter tube fluidically coupled with the vertical risers to form a tubing assembly. Various input/output devices can optionally be connected to the perimeter tube ends for irrigating and/or draining the separation according to methodologies of the present invention. Separation closure, irrigation and drainage methodologies are disclosed utilizing various combinations of closure screens, tubing, sutures, fluid transfer elements and gradient force sources. The use of mechanical forces associated with barbed strands for repositionably securing separated tissues together is disclosed.

Abstract: Tissue is treated by irradiating it with a sequence of optical pulses that are directed in sequence to various sites on the tissue. During the irradiation sequence, one or more tissue properties are measured at a site(s) that has already been irradiated. These measurements are used to adjust the parameters of subsequent optical pulses in the sequence.

Abstract: A stent graft (1) including a tubular wall (3) with at least one fenestration (40) including a peripheral (37) reinforcement around at least part of the fenestration. There can also be a tubular extension (15). The side arm includes a stent (19) and a cover (17) and extends from and is in fluid communication with the fenestration and the stent graft. The stent may be a self expanding stent. The ring and/or tubular extension provides better support and sealing for an extension arm. The fenestration (40) can be circular or if towards the ends of the stent graft may be in the form of a U-shape (50) with an open end.

Abstract: An intravascular stent includes an eluting sheath fabricated from a mesh for controlled release of therapeutic drugs and for delivery of the therapeutic drugs in localized drug therapy in a blood vessel. The eluting sheath is attached to at least a portion of an outside surface area of the stent structure and is fabricated from a mesh designed to neck down in response to a radially outward directed force resulting in the uniform expansion of the stent. The eluting sheath can be loaded with at least one therapeutic drug for the release thereof at a treatment site to facilitate repair of a damaged vessel. The stent has a high degree of flexibility in the longitudinal direction, yet has adequate vessel wall coverage and radial strength sufficient to hold open an artery or other body lumen.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bioactive, small-diameter (typically less than 6 mm in internal diameter) vascular graft prosthesis, and is a textile conduit preferably manufactured using a novel electrospinning perfusion methodology. One preferred embodiment is a nanofibrous biocomposite textile conduit which comprises a prepared liquid admixture of polyester (Dacron), a biodurable implantable synthetic polymer, and Type IV collagen, an extracellular matrix protein. This prepared admixture and blending of diverse fibrous matter is utilized in a novel electrospinning perfusion process to form a small-diameter (less than 6 mm) fabricated textile conduit, a discrete article of manufacture, which then serves as an antecedent tangible workpiece for a subsequently-made prosthetic vascular graft construct.

Abstract: Methods of repairing a joint formed by at least two bone sections are provided wherein a biocompatible osteogenic band fabricated from an osteogenic biological material such as bone, tendon, ligament and collagen is affixed to two or more bone sections.

Abstract: An improvement in a total stabilized knee prosthesis wherein stabilization against uncontrolled relative rotation between a femoral component and a tibial component about a longitudinal axis, during articulation of the knee prosthesis, is attained by the engagement of a femoral stabilizing compartment with a tibial stabilizing post, the improvement including profile contour configurations on inner surface portions of condylar surfaces and on corresponding outer surface portions of tibial articular surfaces, the profile contour configurations being flared outwardly, in directions away from an intermediate sagittal plane, along posterior aspects of the condylar surfaces and the tibial articular surfaces engaged through deep flexion for providing an engagement between the profile contour configurations sufficient to establish a desired level of constraint against relative rotational movement between the femoral component and the tibial component about the longitudinal axis enabling a decrease in the level of con

Abstract: The present invention relates to agents comprising cationic azacyanine dyes of the formula (I) for coloring keratin fibers, such as, for example, wool, silk or furs and in particular human hair (where X1 is N—R1, O or S and X2 is N—R2, O or S), and to a method of coloring hair with varying degrees of damage.

Abstract: A method for dyeing keratin-containing fibers, in particular, human hair comprising the steps of: (A) contacting the hair with a dyeing composition, comprising color-imparting components for a contact time Z1; (B) rinsing the hair a to remove the dying composition; (C) optionally drying the rinsed hair; (D) contacting at least a portion of the hair from step (B) or (C) with a lightening or nuancing agent comprising, in a cosmetic carrier, at least one thickener, hydrogen peroxide and at least one alkalinizing agent for a contact time Z2; and (E) rinsing the hair to remove the adjusting agent; wherein the dyeing composition comprises a color-imparting component comprising, (a) at least two oxidation dye precursors, where at least one oxidation dye precursor must be of the developer type or (b) at least two oxo dye precursors, where at least one oxo dye precursor must be a reactive carbonyl compound.

Abstract: The present application relates to a novel family of double para-phenylenediamines joined by a linker arm substituted with one or more carboxylic radicals and/or derivatives and to the use thereof for the dyeing of keratin fibres. These novel para-phenylenediamines are useful as oxidation bases for the dyeing of keratin fibres.

Abstract: The processes and articles of the present invention use thermally stable and loft retentive polymers in sublimation printed flock fibers, which are particularly attractive for forming molded articles. A preferred polymer is poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate.

Abstract: A solid-state lithium battery including a lithium-containing anode and a phosphorus-containing cathode is disclosed. The cathode may include any of a number of electronically conductive allotropes of phosphorus, referred to as a group as black phosphorus. A solid discharge product of the cell acts as an electrolyte for the cell. The cathode may include an auxiliary electronic conductor phase to improve the conductivity of the cathode, improve the cathode utilization during discharge and reduce the overall cell impedance.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an emulsified fuel in combination with an engine oil that shows a synergistic effect in reducing emissions such as particulate matter, hydrocarbons and/or nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O, collectively NOx) and/or reducing wear from an engine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated alcohol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: A pressure maintaining system for a hydrogen storage system includes a hydrogen supply feed that enables a hydrogen flow from the hydrogen storage system. A liquid phase hydrogen feed enables a liquid phase hydrogen flow to the hydrogen supply feed. A gas phase hydrogen feed enables a gas phase hydrogen flow to the hydrogen supply feed. A check valve enables fluid communication from the hydrogen supply feed to the liquid phase hydrogen feed when a pressure within the hydrogen supply feed is greater than a threshold pressure.

Abstract: A reticle carrier for an Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) reticle may include nested grids of electret fibers to provide active protection from contamination without a power supply. The reticle carrier may include in-line sensors for in-situ monitoring of contamination. Grids of electret fibers may also be used in an EUV pellicle.

Abstract: A fluid handling device having a support frame and a plurality of filter frames attached thereto. Each of the filter frames has an outer frame member that removably secures a filter; the filters being either a planar filter, pocket filter, or multiple pocket filter. The various filters can be arranged to correlate the change-out schedule of all of the filters across the fluid flow area. The filters with the highest particulate capacity can be arranged to be in the zone of the fluid flow area with the highest particulate concentration. The filters are easily constructed from a single piece of filtration media and collapsible to save space when storing or shipping.

Abstract: A filter includes a filter element formed of filter media, and a plastic framework molded and bonded to and structurally supporting the filter media. One embodiment desirably provides a two-component assembly consisting solely of two components, namely the filter media and the plastic framework molded thereon. In a further embodiment, the plastic framework includes a resilient seal integrally molded therewith and of the same plastic material thereof, eliminating a separate component for the seal. In a further embodiment, a filter combination includes a primary filter element and a secondary filter element. In a further embodiment, a resilient integrally. molded seal is provided.

Abstract: A melt of a hydrogen storage alloy having an arbitrary composition is cooled gradually at a cooling rate of 5° C./min or less and solidified. Alternatively an alloy having an arbitrary composition, after heating to a temperature equal to or more than a melting point thereof, is cooled gradually at a cooling rate of 5° C./min or less and solidified. Thereby a homogeneous alloy reduced in segregation, precipitates, or inclusions is obtained. The homogeneous alloy is excellent in the hydrogen storage amount, in the plateau property and in durability.

Abstract: A method of using an induction furnace to process iron ore into an iron product such as pig iron in which iron ore is the main or exclusive source of iron fed into the induction furnace.

Abstract: The throw-away tip has a shape of substantially flat plate, comprising from 1 to 30% by weight of binder phase comprising at least one kind of Co and Ni, and 70 to 99% by weight of carbonitride phase comprising composite metal carbonitride of Ti and one or more kind other than Ti among metals of groups 4a, 5a and 6a of the Periodic Table, wherein the mean grain size of the carbonitride phase is 1.5 ?m or less, while flexural strength test pieces which are cut out of ten throw-away tips including the side face thereof show flexural strength with a Weibull coefficient of 5 or higher. Throw-away tips having fine carbonitride phase structure and high cutting performance can be made with less variance among individual throw-away tips.

Abstract: Systems and methods for use in processing raw material (e.g., iron bearing material) include a linear furnace apparatus extending along a longitudinal axis between a charging end and a discharging end (e.g., the linear furnace apparatus includes at least a furnace zone positioned along the longitudinal axis). Raw material is provided into one or more separate or separable containers (e.g., trays) at the charging end of the linear furnace apparatus. The separate or separable containers are moved through at least the furnace zone and to the discharging end where the processed material is discharged resulting in one or more empty containers. One or more of the empty containers are returned to the charging end of the linear furnace apparatus to receive further raw material.

Abstract: A gas separation apparatus using electrostatic precipitators and mechanical rappers is enhanced by the addition of an opposite polarity refreshing power supply and a switching arrangement. The switching components selectively disconnect the primary power supply and connect the refreshing power supply to the electrostatic precipitator, causing an electrical impulse in the precipitator sufficient to dislodge precipitate from the collector plates. In one embodiment, an RC filter is further provided to control the impulse and reduce the burden that would otherwise be placed upon the refreshing power supply. In a second embodiment, a pair of SCR strings serve as the switches. Cleaning power is delivered from a capacitor through one of the SCR strings using a resonant circuit, the resonance which causes the SCR string to commutate off after the impulse has been delivered.

Abstract: An air cleaner is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The air cleaner includes a power supply, an electrostatic precipitator cell, and a door. The door closes the electrostatic precipitator cell inside the air cleaner. The air cleaner further includes a door switch that is actuated by the door when the door is substantially closed. The air cleaner further includes a cell presence switch. The electrostatic precipitator cell actuates the cell presence switch when the electrostatic precipitator cell is at least partially inserted into the air cleaner. The cell presence switch and the door switch enable electrical power to be supplied from the power source to one or more air cleaner components when the electrostatic precipitator cell is at least partially inserted into the air cleaner and when the door is substantially closed.