Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of anhydrosugar alcohols. The process involves heating a sugar alcohol or a monoanhydrosugar alcohol starting material in the presence of an acid catalyst and under pressure. Optionally the resulting product is purified. Very high purities are achieved, without necessitating the use of organic solvents in the process.

Abstract: The present invention discloses crystalline particles of escitalopram oxalate which either have a broad particle size distribution or comprise at least 0.01% (w/w) of Z-4-(4-dimethylamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-but-1-enyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-benzonitrile, said particles being suitable for use in direct compression. Furthermore, the invention discloses a novel pharmaceutical unit dosage form containing such crystalline particles of escitalopram oxalate as well as methods for manufacture of such crystalline particles of escitalopram oxalate Finally, the invention provides a method for reduction of the amount of hydroxyl containing impurities in a solution of citalopram or escitalopram.

Abstract: Crystalline particles of escitalopram oxalate with a particle size of at least 40 ?m is disclosed. Method for the manufacture of said crystalline particles and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said crystalline particles are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for preparing optically active 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran compounds which comprises subjecting a 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran compound represented by the general formula or a salt thereof to optical resolution with an optically active acid compound: [wherein R1 and R2 are each hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group; R3 is an optionally substituted aromatic group; and C is a benzene ring which may further have a substituent in addition to the amino group]. The process enables industrially advantageous production of intermediates for the synthesis of optically active 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran compounds useful as preventive and/or therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases and so on.

Abstract: There are provided novel thermally stable surfactants for use with fillers in the preparation of polymer composites and nanocomposites. Typically, surfactants of the invention are urethanes, ureas or esters of thiocarbamic acid having a hydrocarbyl group of from 10 to 50 carbons and optionally including an ionizable or charged group (e.g., carboxyl group or quaternary amine). Thus, there are provided surfactants having Formula I: wherein the variables are as defined herein. Further provided are methods of making thermally stable surfactants and compositions, including composites and nanocomposites, using fillers coated with the surfactants.

Abstract: A continuous method and apparatus for making biodiesel fuel from glycerides such as vegetable oil employs a two-stage reactor provided with recycle. Yields of 95% and greater are readily achieved in a continuous mode of operation.

Abstract: A process that employs a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a zinc aluminate mixed oxide and having the following formula: ZnAl2O4, xZnO, yAl2O3 in which x and y each represent a number in the range 0 to 2, and in which the zinc aluminate is more particularly of the spinel type, makes it possible, by means of C1 to C5 monoalcohols, to: transesterify vegetable or animal oils having a natural free acidity, such as unrefined degummed rapeseed, soya, sunflower oils or exotic oils of the African oil, palm nut oil or coconut oil type, which are naturally rich in fatty acids; and simultaneously esterify their free acidity; so as to use phospholipid free and/or degummed unrefined acid oil with an acid number in the range 0.5 to 20, for example 1 to 15 and preferably 2 to 12, to produce esters, for example methyl esters, for use as fuels.

Abstract: A process to prepare substituted aryl pnictogen derivatives comprising contacting a fluoropolyether or fluoroalkyl primary bromide or iodide, with a pnictogen derivative such as triaryl phosphine, triaryl arsine, or triaryl stibine or triaryl phosphine oxide, triaryl arsine oxide or triaryl stibine oxide, to produce the corresponding fluoropolyether- or fluoroalkyl- substituted aryl phosphine oxide, aryl arsine oxide or aryl stibine oxide; and optionally, contacting the oxide product with a reducing agent to form the corresponding substituted aryl phosphine, arsine or stibine.

Abstract: Organohalosilanes are prepared by charging a reactor with a contact mass of metallic silicon and a catalyst and feeding an organohalide-containing gas to the reactor. Tin or a tin compound is used as the catalyst. Then organohalosilanes can be produced quite efficiently at a high reaction rate while maintaining a low T/D ratio and minimizing the deposition of by-products and carbon.

Abstract: The novel process for preparing dialkyl dicarbonates by reacting the corresponding alkyl haloformates with alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and/or carbonates in the presence of water-immiscible organic solvents and in the presence of a catalyst is characterized in that the catalyst used is at least one tertiary alkylamine of the formula (I) NR1R2R3,??(I) where the substituents are each as defined in the description.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing aliphatic oligocarbonate diols by transesterifying dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with aliphatic diols.

Abstract: The invention relates to synthesis methods for the preparation of statin derivatives, which methods proceed by way of a key intermediate of formula I wherein X is halogen, acyloxy, activated hydrocarbyloxy, activated hydrocarbylthio or N(CH3)OCH3, Ra is a hydroxy-protecting group, and Rb is a carboxy-protecting group, and, as well as to the compound of formula I, to further intermediates and methods for their preparation by Friedel-Crafts acylation.

Abstract: Methods and compounds for production of cyclopropyl-fused pyrrolidine-based inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multistage process for continuous and phosgene-free preparation of cycloaliphatic diisocyanates.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for producing phosphonic compounds and compounds thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optimized system for more efficiently and economically producing terephthalic acid. The system includes an optimized post-digestion cooling stage that provides a TPA product having enhanced purity, while minimizing costs associated with removing impurities from recycled solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to substituted aryl oximes and methods of using them.

Abstract: Provides are crystalline forms of nateglinide, labeled Forms A, C, D, F, G, I, J, K, L, M, N, 0, P, Q, T, U, V, Y, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? and ?, processes for their preparation and processes for preparation of other crystalline forms of nateglinide. Also provided are their pharmaceutical formulations and methods of administration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to amorphous and polymorphic forms of sodium 4-[(4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]butanoate and their use for facilitating the delivery of active agents, such as insulin, to a target.

Abstract: A subject for the invention is to obtain trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (t-CHDA) in a high concentration by efficiently isomerizing cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (c-CHDA) by a simple method. The invention provides: (1) a process for producing t-CHDA which comprises heating crude CHDA to 180° C. or higher in an inert atmosphere and causing the t-CHDA formed by isomerization to precipitate in the molten c-CHDA while holding the crude CHDA at a temperature in the range of not lower than 180° C.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing 4-hydroxyisoleucine diastereoisomers and enantiomers and derivatives thereof of general formula (I), characterized in that it consists in reducing an isoxazole derivative of formula (II) in conditions directly resulting in the derivatives of formula (I), or in obtaining at least a lactone of structure (III) in racemic form(s), or a enantiomerically enriched mixture, followed by opening, in basic conditions, in an aprotic or protic solvent, the desired lactone(s) and, optionally, separating the desired form. The invention is useful for preparing in particular (2S, 3R, 4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing formic acid by thermally decomposing ammonium formates of tertiary amines A, wherein the tertiary amine A on which the ammonium formate is based has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from 105 to 175° C.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to certain hydroxamate derivatives that are useful in the treatment of hepatitis C. These compounds are also inhibitors of histone deacetylase and are therefore useful in the treatment of diseases associated with histone deacetylase activity. Pharmaceutical compositions and processes for preparing these compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: Fungicidal compounds of the general formula (1): wherein X, Y and Z are independently H, halogen, C1-4 alkyl, halo(C1-4)alkyl, C2-4alkenyl, halo(C2-4)alkenyl, C24 alkynyl, halo(C2-4)alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, halo(C1-4)alkoxy, —S(O)n(C1-4)alkyl where n is 0, 1 or 2 and the alkyl group is optionally substituted with fluoro, —OS02(C1-4)alkyl where the alkyl group is optionally substituted with fluoro, cyano, nitro, C,1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, —CONR?R?, —COR?, —NR?COR? or —NR?COOR?? where R? and R? are independently H or C1-4, alkyl and R?? is C1-4 alkyl, provided that at least one of X and Z is other than H; R1 is C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl or C2-4 alkynyl in which the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are optionally substituted on their terminal carbon atom with one, two or three halogen atoms, with a cyano group, with a C1-4 alkylcarbonyl group, with a C1-4 alkoxycarbonyl group or with a hydroxy group; R2 is H, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxymethyl or benzyloxymethyl in which the phenyl ring of the benzyl moiety is optionally sub

Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of tolterodine, i.e. (R)—N, N-diisopropyl-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-phenylpropanamine, in the racemic form, as well as intermediates useful for its preparation.

Abstract: A process by which a hydroformylation reaction can be efficiently conducted without lowering the yield of an aldehyde in the reaction is provided. A process for producing an aldehyde which includes subjecting an olefin to a hydroformylation reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, characterized in that the olefin is fed as a gas to a reactor. In feeding the olefin as a gas to the reactor, it is preferred to gasify the olefin with the heat of the hydroformylation reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the preparation of glycolaldehyde in which formaldehyde is contacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a rhodium catalyst and a solvent containing at least one N,N-dihexylbutyramide. The glycolaldehyde product is recovered by extraction with water. The process provides high selectivity to glycolaldehyde and efficient separation of hydroformylation products from the solvent and rhodium catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of catalyzed isomerization of HFC-1234ze to make HFC-1234yf. The process comprises contacting HFC-1234ze with a suitable catalyst in a reactor to obtain a product mixture comprising HFC-1234yf.

Abstract: Process for reduction of bromine index in aromatics, comprising the steps of feeding an aromatics feed stream which contains olefin impurities to a distillation column; withdrawing an overhead stream from the distillation column; subjecting at least a portion of the overhead stream to a treatment for the alkylation or polymerization of olefin in a clay treater to provide a purified overhead stream which is then injected to the aromatics feed stream.

Abstract: Limiting the sulphur level in olefin feedstocks to zeolite-catalysed oligomerization enhances selectivity to trimer and catalyst life and activity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making fulvenes, particularly 6-aryl-6-alkylfulvenes, 6-aryl-6-alkenylfulvenes, and related compounds, by combining alkyl- or alkenyl-arylketones with magnesium cyclopentadienyl reagents in nonprotic, including ethereal, solvents. The use of these compounds in preparing bis(cyclopentadienyl)methanes and related compounds, and ansa-metallocenes, is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic alkylation of an aromatic substrate with an alkylating agent is disclosed that comprises contacting the aromatic substrate and the alkylating agent in sequential alkylation zones to obtain an alkylaromatic. The first catalyst comprises UZM-8 zeolite and the second catalyst comprises beta zeolite. The process is particularly well suited for the alkylation of benzene with propylene to produce cumene.

Abstract: In general, the invention features genetically modified non-human mammals (e.g., bovines and other ungulates), and methods of making these mammals. In particular, the invention features transgenic ungulates having reduced levels of endogenous IgM heavy chain and/or prion protein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to cardiac hypertrophy. More particularly, the present invention defines the molecular events linking calcium stimulation to cardiac hypertrophy. More specifically, the present invention shows that Ca2+ stimulation of the hypertrophic response is mediated through an HDAC 4 and 5 interaction with MEF2, and that phosphorylation of HDACs results in loss of HDAC-mediated repression of MEF2 hypertrophic action. Thus, the present invention provides methods and compositions of treating cardiac hypertrophy, as well as methods and compositions for identifying subjects at risk for cardiac hypertrophy. Further provided are methods for the detection of compounds having therapeutic activity toward cardiac hypertrophy.

Abstract: Nucleic acid sequences and methods are provided for producing plants and seeds having altered tocopherol content and compositions. The methods find particular use in increasing the tocopherol levels in plants, and in providing desirable tocopherol compositions in a host plant cell.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the function, the cDNA sequences, and the expressed amino acid sequences of two genes the expression of which reduced bioactive GA levels and the height of a plant. This information enables creation of dwarf transgenic plants or transgenic plants with a specific dwarf organ.

Abstract: This invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid fragment encoding a RNA-directed RNA polymerase. The invention also relates to the construction of a chimeric gene encoding all or a substantial portion of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase, in sense or antisense orientation, wherein expression of the chimeric gene results in production of altered levels of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase in a transformed host cell.

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of soybean variety S06-CL821457 breeding and development. The present invention particularly relates to the soybean variety S06-CL821457 and its progeny, and methods of making S06-CL821457.

Abstract: According to the invention, there is provided null-LOX-1 barley and plant products produced thereof, such as malt manufactured by using barley kernels defective in synthesis of the fatty acid-converting enzyme lipoxygenase-1. Said enzyme accounts for the principal activity related to conversion of linoleic acid into 9-hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acid, a lipoxygenase pathway metabolite, which—through further enzymatic or spontaneous reactions—may lead to the appearance of trans-2-nonenal. The invention enables brewers to produce a beer devoid of detectable trans-2-nonenal-specific off-flavors, even after prolonged storage of the beverage.

Abstract: Characterizing dielectric surfaces by detecting electron tunneling. An apparatus includes an atomic force probe. A mechanical actuator is connected to the atomic force probe. A mechanical modulator is connected to the mechanical actuator. The mechanical modulator modulates the mechanical actuator and the atomic force probe at the resonant frequency of the atomic force probe. An electrical modulator is connected to the atomic force probe. A feedback sensing circuit is connected to the mechanical modulator to detect movement of the atomic force probe and provide information about the movement of the atomic force probe to the mechanical modulator allowing the mechanical modulator to modulate the atomic force probe at the resonant frequency of the atomic force probe as the resonant frequency of the atomic force probe changes. An FM detector is connected to the feedback circuit detects changes in the resonant frequency of the atomic force probe.

Abstract: A musical instrument, such as an electric or bass guitar, is formed of a lamination of wood layers having differing grain orientations in adjacent layers, the grain orientations defining a crossing angle less than 90°. An instrument formed from such a lamination is strong and resistant to splitting and checking and produces a good musical sound. The wood layers can be molded under pressure to form curves, such as an S-curve in a neck, or deformations, such as rounded edges in a guitar body. The S-curve in the neck allows the neck to be attached to the guitar body without breaking the continuity of the wood fibers, thereby strengthening the neck. In a three-dimensional molding embodiment, a net shape or near net shape part results, which requires little or no further machining after molding.

Abstract: The Guitar Lap-Strap is used to support a musical instrument, guitar or other portable musical instrument, while the instrument player is in a sitting or crouched position. The strap is designed to reduce the potential for downward or forward slippage of the instrument. The front playing surface of the guitar or instrument rests against the proximate or rear surface of the soft protrusion of the Guitar Lap-Strap, and requires no conforming to the instrument contour. The strap is adjustable and is secured around the individuals right or left mid-thigh utilizing a snap-lock buckle or other connector. A suede-like or cotton soft material protrusion called a retainer, is bound on the superior or front portion of the lap-trap which aids in preventing the downward or forward slippage of the instrument, and requires no conforming to the instrument contour.

Abstract: A novel musical instrument tone hole forming tool. A body includes a distal end to be inserted transversely into a musical instrument through an opening therein. The distal end of the body includes sockets spaced about its periphery. Bearings are located in the sockets. A shaft is moveable within the body and includes reduced diameter distal portions which receive the bearings in a contracted configuration in order to insert the body into the musical instrument. The shaft drives the bearings outward from the distal end of the body in an expanded configuration to form the tone hole when the body is withdrawn out of the musical instrument.

Abstract: A percussion instrument holder that allows attachment to a user mounted carrier. The holder allows adjustment for positioning about the user, and pivoting of the holder to allow the holder to pivot or rotate up to allow the holder with instruments to fit a narrower space. The holder further allows for pivotal attachment of individual drums to link or pivot allowing the linked drums to articulate. The holder can also consist of members that allow a connected drum to move in horizontal position, angle, or height of the drum.

Abstract: A device for acoustic or electronic drum sets is described comprising at least a first throne section and two extending portions for accommodating drum sets or components thereof placed thereon. A particular embodiment comprises a throne section that defines a built in drum key pocket; two extensions rotatably and extendibly coupled to the throne section that can expand and collapse at least partially to accommodate drum sets or components thereof placed thereon and to facilitate transportation, at least one of the two extensions defining a handle for carrying the device; first and second arm extensions rotatably coupled to each of the two extensions; and plural levelers for leveling the device. The drum device can be configured to receive a single bass drum and single bass drum pedal; configured for use with a single bass drum and double bass drum pedal; or configured for use with a double bass drum and bass drum pedals.

Abstract: A digital media communications and control system includes a plurality of audio devices each of which includes a device interface module for communication of digital media data and control data from at least one of the devices to at least one other of the devices. A universal data link is operatively connected to each of the device interface modules. The device interface modules and universal data links are operative in combination to connect the devices together in the system and provide full duplex communication of the digital media data and control data between the devices.

Abstract: On the basis of performance event information, at least two notes to be sounded in succession or in an overlapping relation to each other are detected, and a tone pitch difference between the detected at least two notes is detected. Tone pitch difference limitation ranges are set in corresponding relation to various rendition styles. Rendition style to be imparted to the notes to be sounded in succession or in an overlapping relation is designated, and a comparison is made between a tone pitch difference limitation range corresponding to the designated rendition style and the detected tone pitch difference, so as determine whether the designated rendition style is applicable or not. In this way, whether the designated rendition style is to be applied or not is automatically controlled in accordance with the tone pitch difference of the at least two notes to be imparted with the rendition style.

Abstract: A microprocessor-controlled data-processing system is used to process key strokes from a musical keyboard and output a series of note events (e.g., via midi) to a tone-producing device. The microprocessor runs software which splits the keyboard into at least two zones: A root-select zone which consists of at least one octave of keys, and a strum-trigger zone. Pre-determined notes lists, or chords, are stored in an array in the system's memory. The array classifies the note lists according to (1) chord root (C, C#, D, etc.), and (2) chord type (e.g., major, minor, etc.). Different keys within the strum-trigger zone are pre-assigned to different chord types. Depression of a strum-trigger key as a root-select key is depressed causes the data-processing system to (1) select one of the note lists, and (2) output an arpeggio of the notes contained within the selected list.

Abstract: In an access controller provided for a musical sound signal generating system, a signal generating section operates when a readout of wave data of one block stored in a working memory is completed in a sound channel, for supplying a next waveform request signal to a CPU, which requests a next block of the wave data for the sound channel. First and second buffer memories are connected between a recording medium and the working memory respectively through first and second buses which are independent from each other. A first transmitting section operates when receiving block specifying information from the CPU, which specifies a block to be read next from the recording medium, for transmitting the wave data of the specified block to either of the first or second buffer memory while reading the specified block of the wave data from the recording medium.

Abstract: A music data modifier receives pieces of original music data from a master hybrid piano, and partially modifies the pieces of original music data to pieces of modified music data for a slave hybrid piano; each piece of original music data contains a series of values of a piece of motion data expressing continuous motion of the associated key, a series of values of a piece of time data expressing each expressing a time to obtain the associated value of the motion data and a piece of identification code expressing the key number assigned to the key; even if the music data modifier changes the piece of identification data from the key number to another key number, the piece of motion data still expresses the continuous motion of the key so that the slave hybrid piano exactly reproduce the key motion.