Abstract: An aluminum alloy-made part for a vehicular lighting fixture cast by the die-casting method and containing at least silicon is heated, whereby the silicon in the surface layer of the aluminum alloy-made part for a vehicular lighting fixture is oxidized to form a silicon oxide layer. By the heating treatment, the aluminum alloy-made part can achieve an antirust effect.

Abstract: An R-T-B based sintered magnet according to the present invention has a composition comprising: 12 at % to 17 at % of a rare-earth element R; 5.0 at % to 8.0 at % of boron B; 0.1 at % to 1.0 at % of Al; 0.02 at % to less than 0.2 at % of Mn; and a transition metal T as the balance. The rare-earth element R is at least one element selected from the rare-earth elements, including Y (yttrium), and includes at least one of Nd and Pr. The transition element T includes Fe as its main element.

Abstract: A heat resistant super alloy suffices the following conditions: carbon 0.01-0.2 percent in weight chromium 8-10 percent in weight aluminum 4-6 percent in weight titanium 2-4 percent in weight molybdenum 1.5-2.8 percent in weight tungsten 10-13.5 percent in weight niobium 1.5-2.5 percent in weight boron 0 < B ? 0.04 percent in weight zircon 0 < Zr ? 0.15 percent in weight the contents of hafnium and lanthanum together amounts to 0 < Hf + La ? 1.5 percent in weight, optionally traces of tantalum, the remainder being nickel. Such an alloy is preferably used for turbine wheels and particularly for turbochargers.

Abstract: Coating steel strips comprising, in % by weight, C: ?1.6%, Mn: 6-30%, Al: ?10%, Ni: ?10%, Cr: ?10%, Si: ?8%, Cu: ?3%, Nb: ?0.6%, Ti: ?0.3%, V: ?0.3%, P: ?0.1%, B: ?0.01%, the rest being iron and unavoidable impurities, and a method of forming steel strips are described. Up to now, such steel strips were not adequately coatable, with a metal coating ensuring outstanding corrosion-resistance and good welding properties. This is ensured by applying an aluminium layer to the steel strip before final annealing and applying the metal coating to said aluminium layer after final annealing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a spring steel wire which has a tempered martensitic structure brought about by quenching-tempering. The present spring steel wire has a 40% or higher reduction of area and a 1,000 MPa or higher shear yield stress after subjected to heat treatment for at least hours at a temperature ranging from 420° C. to 480° C. The present steel wire preferably constitutes, based on mass %, C: 0.50-0.75%, Si: 1.80-2.70%, Mn: 0.1-0.7%, Cr: 0.70-1.50%, Co: 0.02-1.00%, and remnants consisting of Fe and impurities, or constitutes, based on mass %, C: 0.50-0.75%, Si: 1.80-2.70%, Mn: over 0.7-1.50%, Cr: 0.70-1.50%, and remnants consisting of Fe and impurities.

Abstract: Gas generant compositions contain the mono-ammonium salt of bis (1(2)H-tetrazol-5-yl)-amine, an oxidizer such as phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, and a first additive selected from fumed oxides such as fumed silica. Gas generators 10 and gas generating systems 200 incorporating the compositions are also contemplated.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire has a ground contacting tread. The tread is located between a pair of opposing tire shoulders. The tire shoulders have circumferentially spaced sets of raised ribs. Each set of raised ribs has two to ten ribs, each rib extending in the radial direction relative to the center of rotation of the tire.

Abstract: The tire has a ground contacting tread portion, the tread comprising at least one straight circumferentially extending groove. The groove defines one lateral side and a lateral boundary of a plurality of tread elements. At least one tread element has a chamfer within the tread element and inward of the lateral boundary of the tread element. The chamfer extends in the circumferential direction of the tire and has an inclined radially outer surface. The chamfer has at least one traction element in the radially outer surface, the indentation extending radially inward of the radially outer surface of the chamfer.

Abstract: Provided is an anti-slipping device for dual tires including: a plurality of spike members 100 which comprises an insertion plate 110 bent in a trapezoidal shape to be inserted between the dual tires, and close-contact plates 120 integrally extending from opposite sides of the insertion plate 110 to closely contact each surface of the dual tires; a belt 200 connecting the insertion plates 110 of the plurality of spike members 100 to each other; and a fastener 300 coupled to opposite ends of the belt 200 to adjust tension of the belt, wherein the fastener 300 includes first and second connection rings 330a and 330b each inserted into insertion space parts 201a and 210b formed at both ends of the belt 200, and a belt fastener 340 detachably coupled to the first and second connection rings 330a and 330b to adjust tension of the belt 200, thereby stably providing running performance and braking power to minimize a risk of a slipping accident.

Abstract: A heavy duty pneumatic tire, which allows the inside narrow-width belt layers to have a wide width as desired, and which suppresses the amount of strain generated at side edge portions of the belt layer to be sufficiently small thereby effectively preventing the separation of the belt layer, therefore the belt, in which two inside narrow-width belt layers 1B, 2B and two outside wide-width belt layers 3B, 4B, which have a larger width than the narrow-width belt layers, are sequentially disposed in the outer periphery side of the crown area of the radial carcass 5, wherein a portion of the wide-width belt layer 3B adjacent to the outer periphery side of the two narrow-width belt layers 1B, 2B, corresponding to side-edge vicinity of the narrow-width belt layer 2B of the outer periphery side is formed to be convex in radially outward direction.

Abstract: A tire (18) includes a pair of beads (24), a carcass (26), a belt (28), and a band (30). The carcass (26) includes a carcass ply (44) having a carcass cord. The carcass cord is constituted by a rayon fiber or an aramid fiber. The belt 28 includes belt plies (46) and (48) having belt cords. The belt cord is constituted by an aramid fiber. The belt cord has a fineness which is equal to or greater than 1400 dtex and is equal to or smaller than 1600 dtex. The belt cord has a density which is equal to or higher than 20 ends/5 cm and is equal to or lower than 30 ends/5 cm. The band (30) includes a band ply (50) having a band cord. The band cord is wound spirally in a substantially circumferential direction.

Abstract: A carcass reinforcement for a tire which is intended to bear heavy loads, comprising a composite fabric which comprises a rubber composition of reduced hysteresis and metal cables reinforcing the composition. The elastomeric matrix thereof comprises natural rubber or a synthetic polyisoprene in a majority proportion, and a reinforcing filler comprising a carbon black which meets all of the following conditions: (i) 45?CTAB specific surface area in m2/g (in accordance with Standard ASTM D3765-80)?70, (ii) 45?BET specific surface area in m2/g (in accordance with Standard ASTM D4820-93)?70, (iii) 45?iodine adsorption index IA in mg/g (in accordance with Standard ASTM D1510-81)?70, (iv) ratio (BET surface area/index IA)?1.07, (v) 115?DBP structure value in ml/100 g (in accordance with Standard ASTM D2414-93)?170, (vi) 85 nm?Stokes diameter dst in nm?145, where dst is the diameter of aggregates corresponding to the maximum frequency of the Stokes diameters in a distribution of aggregates, and (vii) D50/dst?0.

Abstract: A tubing system (or construction) comprising an inner wall composed of a thermo-conductive adhesive composition, wherein the thermo-conductive adhesive composition comprises a thermo-conductor admixed with an adhesive, and the thermo-conductor is at least about 45% of the weight of the thermo-conductive adhesive composition; and an expanded polymeric outer jacket surrounding and in contact with the inner wall, wherein the expanded polymeric outer jacket recovers (i.e., shrinks) at a predetermined temperature, e.g., when heat is applied.

Abstract: A device for personalizing a predetermined object is provided. Such device includes a covering member having pre-selected indicia thereon for at least one of encircling and covering a predetermined portion of such predetermined object. Such covering member is manufactured from a predetermined material, and has a predetermined size and a predetermined shape. Such device also includes a securing mechanism for securing such covering member at least one of to and around such predetermined portion of such predetermined object.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a can body (2) which is characterized in that a film piece (3c) is cut from a film web (3b), said film piece (3c) is wound up on a winding spindle (7) from its front edge to its rear edge and is maintained on the winding spindle (7) so that it somewhat overlaps. The film piece (3c) is transferred from the winding spindle (7) to a concave inner surface (11a) and the film areas of the front edge and the rear edge resting against each other are sealed with each other on the concave inner surface (11a) in the area of overlapping (14). According to the invention, a closed film piece (3d) can be transferred without complication onto a can body (2), thereby conferring on the can body (2) the function of the stable structure and on the film piece (3d) the function of the decor or the inner barrier in such a manner that both functions can be optimized in a substantially independent manner.

Abstract: A method relaxing a strained thin film, secured via a first main face of an initial support, the second main face of the thin film being a contact face. The method supplies an intermediate support including a polymer layer having a main free contact face, the polymer's thermal expansion coefficient being greater than that of the thin film, adhesively brings into contact the contact face of the strained thin film with the contact face of the polymer layer, eliminates the initial support, realizing relaxation of the thin film through formation of wrinkles and revealing the first main face of the thin film, increases the polymer layer temperature to stretch the relaxed thin film and eliminate the wrinkles, secures the first main face of the thin film with one face of a receiving substrate, and eliminates the intermediate support to obtain a relaxed thin film integral with the receiving substrate.

Abstract: For transferring a coating in the form of a desired image coating from a backing film to a printed sheet, an adhesive layer in the form of the desired image is applied to the printed sheet. The transfer foil comprising the image-type coating is rolled over the printed sheet using contact pressure in a coating unit (2), in such a way that the coating adheres to the adhesive sections, thus forming an image. To improve the flexibility of this application in a printing press, either the coating unit or the adhesive application unit (1) and the coating unit (2) are located in one or more coating modules of a printing press, thus producing a simple, compact film transfer module (F).

Abstract: An adhesive tape adhering device includes a table unit, a wafer bearing unit, an adhesive tape pull-tight unit, an adhesive tape clipping unit, and a rolling unit. The wafer bearing unit movably disposes on the table unit upwardly and downwardly for bearing a wafer. The adhesive tape pull-tight unit has a bundle of adhesive tape, and the adhesive tape pull-tight unit disposes on the table unit and next to one side of the wafer bearing unit. The adhesive tape clipping unit disposes on the table unit and next to the other side of the wafer bearing unit for tightly clipping an end side of a tape of the bundle of adhesive tape.

Abstract: Preform for the blow-molding of a container comprising a neck section (10), an adjoining wall section (20) having a substantially cylindrical shape, with in between a neck ring (12) as a transition region, and further a bottom section (30) which forms the base of the preform, which is composed of a multilayer structure consisting in two surface layers, the one of which (1) is directed outwardly respective the preform and wherein the other (3) is directed inwardly with respect thereto, with in between an intermediate layer (2) which forms a core layer, wherein both surface layers (1, 3) are composed of a primary material and wherein said intermediate layer (2) is composed of a secondary material, remarkable in that the center surface of said intermediate layer (2) is directed outwardly, toward the outer surface, with respect to the center surface of said wall section (20) and in that said primary and secondary materials respectively are mutually different.

Abstract: A method for creating a passive shim location in a gradient coil assembly of a magnetic resonance imaging system includes placing at least one tool in a volume between an inner gradient coil assembly and an outer gradient coil assembly. The tool includes an inner core and an outer sleeve. The inner core is removably housed in the outer sleeve. The volume is then filled with a bonding material. Once the bonding material has cured, the inner core is removed from the outer sleeve. The outer sleeve may also be removed from the volume.

Abstract: A floor covering comprising polyvinyl butyral is provided.

Abstract: A decal organization tool for products needing large numbers of decals utilizes a single large sheet on which all product decals for a specific product or product model are carried. The invention includes a means by which the previously unavoidable irregular margins surrounding the decals are effectively hidden from the eye and allows large sheet printing of decals with an aesthetically satisfactory overall appearance. An irregularly zone is added to the edge of each decal, and along with an ultraviolet responsive additive placed in the decal adhesive, allows the decal to form an indelible footprint on the product to which it is applied. The footprint, invisible to the eye, becomes visible under ultraviolet light, allowing identification of a specific decal and proof of its application to a product, even when the decal is no longer on the product.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing a wood product exhibiting enhanced resistance to checking. The process comprises selecting a wood component, heating the surface of the wood component, and applying a radiation-curable composition to the surface.

Abstract: A transparent conductive multi-layer structure having a smooth base material 1, a transparent conductive layer 2 formed on the smooth base material 1 by coating, an auxiliary electrode layer 3 formed in a pattern on the transparent conductive layer 2, and a transparent substrate 5 joined to the transparent conductive layer 2 and auxiliary electrode layer 3 through an adhesive layer 4. On a smooth peeled-off surface of the transparent conductive layer 2 from which the smooth base material 1 has been peeled off, various devices are formed to set up devices such as a dye-sensitized solar cell and an organic electroluminescent device.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a method for making appropriate for trimming a glass comprising a hydrophobic and/or oil-repellent surface coating. According to the invention, it is characterized in that at the surface of said glass a temporary protective layer is coated, imparting to the glass a surface energy at least equal to 15 mJ/m2.

Abstract: Process for temporary fixing of a polymeric layer material on rough surfaces, wherein the polymer layer material encompasses at least one viscoelastic layer, wherein the process involves laying the layer material on the rough surface, introducing energy in order to lower the viscosity of the at least one viscoelastic layer, in such a way that flow onto the rough surface takes place, and the layer is crosslinked in such a way as to produce a layer which has at least some elastomeric character and which at least to some extent wets the rough surface.

Abstract: Pressure-sensitive adhesive for single- or double-sidedly tacky pressure-sensitive adhesive strips redetachable without residue or destruction both by extensive stretching substantially in the bond plane and by peeling, the pressure-sensitive adhesive being composed at least of (1) a vinylaromatic block copolymer, (2) a solid tackifying resin having a softening temperature by the ring-and-ball method of more than 30° C. and (3) a resin which is liquid at room temperature (23° C.), the fraction of liquid resin accounting for at least 40% by weight, based on the total amount of resin. Strips formed from the adhesive and the use of the strips to form redetachable bonds are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a gas diffusion electrode assembly, and in an electrolyzer using the same, a bonding piece having on at least one surface a perfluorosulfonic acid layer, a perfluorosulfonyl fluoride layer or an alkyl ester of perfluorocarboxylic acid layer is positioned at its perfluoro compound layer surface with respect to the gas diffusion electrode assembly. Adjacent gas diffusion electrodes are heat fusion bonded together, or heat fusion bonding is carried out using the bonding piece in a frame form. Adjacent gas diffusion electrodes are sealed up by heat fusion bonding, using a material that is similar to the material that forms the gas diffusion electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to water-redispersible polymer powder compositions obtainable by means of free-radical-initiated polymerization in aqueous medium of one or more monomers from the group consisting of vinyl esters of unbranched or branched alkylcarboxylic acids having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, methacrylic esters and acrylic esters of alcohols having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, vinylaromatics, olefins, dienes and vinyl halides and subsequent drying of the polymer dispersion obtained, characterized in that one or more silanes of the general formula (RO)3-nR1nSiR2X (1) are added before or during the polymerization or before drying of the polymer dispersion, and also their use in tile adhesives.

Abstract: The plasma processing apparatus includes a plasma chamber, a first electrode, a second electrode, and a plasma containment device. The plasma containment device has a plurality of slots and is electrically coupled to the first electrode. The containment device is configured to confine plasma within an inter-electrode volume while facilitating maximum process gas flow. When plasma is generated by applying electric fields to process gas within the inter-electrode volume, the containment device electrically confines the plasma to the inter-electrode volume without significantly restricting the flow of gas from the inter-electrode volume.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for gluing fibers or chips, in particular, wood fibers or wood chips by atomizing the glue and subsequently applying the atomized glue to the fibers or chips.

Abstract: A bonding apparatus is provided comprising a bonding stage for holding a bonding tool, an air distribution system mounted to the bonding stage and an air inlet attached to the air distribution system. The air distribution system is connected to the air inlet for receiving air from the air inlet, and is operative to pass the air over multiple surfaces of the bonding stage for the purpose of temperature control.

Abstract: This invention comprises a machine for the selection and labelling of test tubes for analysis laboratories and the like. Said machine is designed to provide the doctor taking the blood sample with test tubes already selected and labelled, according to the request by the patient from whom the sample is taken. This invention comprises an automated, computerised machine, comprising loading means for test tubes, means for the selection and transport of the test tubes, means for printing labels and sticking them onto the body of the test tubes, means for depositing the labelled test tubes, electronic control and management means, data entry and video communication means, and independent power means.

Abstract: A shipping and packing tape type dispenser having a generally vertical handle and a dispenser body rotationally mounting a roll of tape for one-handed application to packages, boxes and the like. The dispenser has an improved tape guiding and applying path, an improved spool and anti-reverse and rotation-tensioning features, and a complementary storage bracket for quickly securing the dispenser on a wall or under a shelf or cabinet in one of three modes: a one-handed dispensing mode, a quick storage mode, and a more-secure quick storage mode, depending on which way and at what angle the dispenser is inserted in the bracket. The dispenser also has storage provision in the handle for shipping accessories such as pens and box-cutters and replacement cutting blades, and further includes a retractable tape measure and/or a retractable weigh scale, both easily accessible near the handle region.

Abstract: A cylinder for stamping planar substrates, such as sheets of paper comprises at least a pit with clamping means for holding a stamping medium on said cylinder, said medium comprising at least a row of stamps distributed along the medium. The medium is formed by a stamping plate or by stamping strips and said cylinder further comprises at least a supporting piece forming a bridge over said pit.

Abstract: A kit for attaching a decorative shutter cover to an associated window shutter is disclosed. The kit comprises a shutter cover which covers a portion or a substantial portion of the window shutter. The kit may further include an attachment member that attaches to the top of the window shutter. The top of the shutter cover and the attachment member can connect to each other. The kit may further comprise a securing member for securing the bottom of the shutter cover to the window shutter. The shutter cover may include a graphic display thereon, such as decorative or artistic representations. Additional interchangeable shutter covers may also be provided with the same or different graphic displays depicted thereon.

Abstract: A daylight shielding device comprising: a plurality of slats for shielding daylight from a room; a housing for attachment to a window sill or the like, and controls for controlling the position and orientation of the slats, and an illumination device for illuminating said slats. According to the invention, the illumination device and the slats are configured so as to reflect light from said illumination device via said slats into the room. In this way, the slats can be actively used as an indirect illumination source.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for shielding the interior of an aircraft cockpit. The system utilizes a number of individual shades that can be deployed over the various windshields that make up the canopy of an aircraft cockpit. Each shade has both a substantially flat, deployed configuration and a folded, stowed configuration. In the deployed configuration, the edges of the shade can be secured within the edges surrounding an associated canopy windshield. In this manner the shade is retained adjacent the windshield and is used to reflect sunlight and otherwise protect the internal components of the cockpit from direct sunlight. The shade can be deployed over a windshield in any orientation due to a resilient wire loop that is positioned within a peripheral edge of the shade. In the stowed configuration, the shade is folded over onto itself for storage and transport. The various details of the present invention, and the manner in which they inter-relate, and are described in greater detail hereinafter.

Abstract: A window covering has a plurality of shade elements, each having a first longitudinal edge and a second longitudinal edge. The shade elements are positioned sequentially below a headrail, and each shade element is made of a window covering material that can be rolled about the first longitudinal edge. A first rail or panel of fabric or film extends from the headrail past the first longitudinal edge of each shade element and is connected to lowermost shade element or the bottomrail. A second rail or panel of fabric or film extends from the headrail and is attached to the second longitudinal edge of each shade element. Rungs extend between the first rail or panel and the second rail or panel such that there is one rung below and corresponding to each shade element. The first longitudinal edge of each shade element rests upon a corresponding rung when the window covering is in a closed position. A control mechanism is connected to at least one of the first rail or panel and the second rail or panel.

Abstract: A door controller (10) including an integrated electric motor, said door controller including an integrated stator (14) provided with at least one coil (16) placed about the circumference of said stator, said stator fixed to allow only a substantially small degree of rotation of said stator, in use said stator and a rotatable ring gear (18) adapted to be in electromagnetic interaction with each other so as to rotatably drive said ring gear, rotation of said ring gear effecting movement of said door.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for introducing liquors into a batch digester to produce enhanced or plug-flow of the liquors through the bed of cellulosic material. Wash out liquor can be introduced into the digester during the discharging of delignified cellulosic material in a manner to add wash out liquor into the digester in order to maintain consistency of the delignified cellulosic material and to prevent formation of a vortex of delignified cellulosic material during discharge.

Abstract: The method is for the improved oxygen delignification of cellulose pulp with a medium consistency of 8-16%. The fraction of dissolved oxygen can be maintained at a high level throughout the process by the use of high pressure, greater than 15.0 bar, and by repeated agitative mixing while maintaining the high pressure. A fraction just over 20% of the total oxygen added is dissolved in the fluid phase such that the amount of oxygen in the fluid phase is maintained at a high level throughout the complete high-pressure section. This means that the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the fluid phase and that penetrates the cellulose fibers can be maintained at an optimal high level throughout the process for improved delignification of the cellulose.

Abstract: A method of making soft, strong, high bulk tissue is disclosed. The method includes pre-conditioning a wet web by straining the wet web in the cross-machine direction prior to transferring the wet web to a throughdrying fabric. The pre-conditioned web provides improved sheet softness and conforms more readily to the surface contour of the throughdrying fabric, thereby creating greater caliper (bulk) in the resulting dried sheet. The bulk is maintained during a subsequent creping step by maintaining the dried sheet in registration with the throughdrying fabric when the dried sheet is applied to the surface of the creping cylinder.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for manufacturing a hygiene paper product includes: providing a continuous paper web, moving the continuous web in the direction of its longitudinal extension, applying a repetitive creative structure relative to the longitudinal extension of the web as a first pattern to the web with a first roll, applying a repetitive functional structure relative to the longitudinal extension of the web as a second pattern to the web with a second roll, while enabling the first pattern to be in register with the second pattern by concurrently controlling the repetitive surface speed of continuous web and the phasing between the first roll and the second roll.

Abstract: A tissue paper product having at least one ply, wherein only one outer surface of the tissue paper product has an aqueous chemical softening agent applied and substantially affixed thereto is disclosed. The chemical softening agent is applied to a web substrate at a concentration ranging from about 0.45% to about 0.25%. The chemical softening agent provides the tissue paper product with a raw dispensing dust value of less than about 4893.

Abstract: Compositions and methods of producing colored paper products and agents for making such products are disclosed. Surface-modified pigments can be manufactured to provide selected coloring in a paper product. The pigment can include filler particles that are bound to one or more dye components with a coupling agent, such as a silane coupling agent or a polymer such as a polycation. The pigment can also be formulated to produce a paper product with better particulate and/or fines retention, and/or higher strength by including components that can interact favorably with the fibers of a paper material. The surface-modified pigments can also be utilized to make coloring formulations such as inks for printers and other applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to the papermaking art and, in particular, to the manufacture of paper or paperboard substrates, paper-containing articles such as multilayered paper or paperboard or corrugated-based packaging, having a functional layer, as well as methods of making and using the same.

Abstract: A tissue paper product having at least one ply wherein only one outer surface of the tissue paper product has a chemical softening agent applied and substantially affixed thereto is disclosed. The chemical softening agent provides the tissue paper product with a raw dispensing dust value. The raw dispensing dust value is at least about 13.6 percent less than the raw dispensing dust value of a tissue paper product not having the chemical softening agent applied and substantially affixed thereto.

Abstract: A sieve for the wet-end section of a paper machine is described, in which the sieve has been compressed by at least one of increased temperature, pressure and/or moisture. Such a treatment leads to a sieve which has at least one side wherein the thread floats and knuckles are reshaped and the sieve presents at least one substantially flatter surface for the production of paper. This process does not cause any physical damage to the surface of the sieve, as current techniques of abrasively polishing the surface do, and therefore leads to cloths with improved properties and lifetimes.

Abstract: A tissue paper winding and cutting apparatus includes a first winding roll, at least one core support plate, a pinch roller, and at least one arm. A channel is formed between the core support plate and the first winding roll. A tissue paper is attached to a lower half of the first winding roll for winding around a first core. The pinch roller is arranged below the first winding roll to partially project into the channel, and the arm is extended to a lower side of the first winding roll and has a bottom protuberance facing the pinch roller, so that a narrowed passage is formed in the channel. A second core rolling to and hindered by the narrowed passage holds the tissue paper thereto, and the tissue paper is pulled broken by a pulling force from a rolled tissue formed on the first core.