Abstract: There are many inventions described and illustrated herein. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a compensated microelectromechanical oscillator, having a microelectromechanical resonator that generates an output signal and frequency adjustment circuitry, coupled to the microelectromechanical resonator to receive the output signal of the microelectromechanical resonator and, in response to a set of values, to generate an output signal having second frequency. In one embodiment, the values may be determined using the frequency of the output signal of the microelectromechanical resonator, which depends on the operating temperature of the microelectromechanical resonator and/or manufacturing variations of the microelectromechanical resonator. In one embodiment, the frequency adjustment circuitry may include frequency multiplier circuitry, for example, PLLs, DLLs, digital/frequency synthesizers and/or FLLs, as well as any combinations and permutations thereof.

Abstract: A single-point modulator (1) has a PLL circuit (2) and a programmable frequency divider (7) whose control connection is connected to a circuit branch for injecting a digital modulation signal (15) which is arranged in the feedback path of the PLL circuit (2). The circuit branch contains a sigma-delta modulator (9) which, in turn, has a digital filter (24) having a transfer function H(z). The noise transfer function NTF(z) of the sigma-delta modulator (9) is given by the function NTF(z)=1?H(z).

Abstract: A nonreciprocal circuit device includes a ferrite to which a direct magnetic field is applied using permanent magnets, central electrodes arranged on the ferrite, and a circuit substrate. The first central electrode is made of conductive films, and the second central electrode is made of conductive films. Some of the conductive films of the second central electrode are arranged on the first main surface of the ferrite, and a conductive film of the first central electrode is arranged on the conductive films through an insulating film. Furthermore, another one of the conductive films of the first central electrode is arranged on the second main surface, and the remainder of the conductive films of the second central electrode are arranged through an insulating film on the conductive film.

Abstract: A re-balancing device (1) comprising a line (12). Said line comprises a first pole (3) of a first conductor (2) and a first pole (6) a second conductor (5) on a first side (8), in addition to a second pole (7) of a first conductor (2) and a second pole (7) of a second conductor (5) on a second side. The second side (9) of the line (12) is connected to a network consisting of impedances and a symmetrical connection (Out), with a first end (10) and a second end (11). The first pole (3) of the first conductor (2) is directly guided to a reference potential (GR) and the two first poles (3,6) form an unsymmetrical connection (In). The second pole (4) of the first conductor (2) is connected to the first end (10) of the symmetrical connection (Out) and connected to the reference potential (GR) via the third impedance (x3).

Abstract: A wide bandwidth high-power T network tuner obtains its wide bandwidth operation by connecting a fixed capacitor between the input and ground, with the tuner using large, series connected variable capacitors for high power so as to solve the minimum capacitance problem on the higher frequencies, with the input and output matching capacitors being independent one from the other.

Abstract: In a variable attenuator attenuating a signal inputted to an input terminal from a plurality of transmission lines connected in series between the input terminal and an output terminal and outputting the signal from the output terminal, first and second resistance elements to improve an input/output characteristic are connected in parallel respectively to the transmission line connected to the input terminal and the transmission line connected to the output terminal, so that reflection in input/output is sustained by the first and second resistance elements, to obtain a good input/output characteristic, and so that an impedance in a signal line is increased at a time of maximum attenuation without being suppressed by the first and second resistance elements, to obtain a large attenuation amount.

Abstract: A line filter has a filter unit, which has an input and an output and also a current-compensated choke and a capacitance network. The choke has several phase windings on a common core. Each phase winding is connected in series with a phase conductor. The capacitance network has capacitors, which are each connected between a phase conductor and a neutral conductor. Another choke is provided in series to the neutral conductor, which is wound separately from the core.

Abstract: A polyphase line filter includes a first filter branch between a first filter input and a first filter output, the first filter branch comprising a series connection of at least two inductances wound onto different legs of a multi-leg filter core, and a second filter branch between a second filter input and a second filter output, the second filter branch comprising a series connection of at least two inductances wound onto the different legs of the multi-leg filter core. An inventive polyphase line filter has a smaller setup volume, a smaller power dissipation and is less expensive than conventional polyphase line filters. In connection with electronical appliances having internal B2 or B6 rectifier circuits and subsequent smoothing by capacitors, the inventive polyphase line filter provides for a smoothed direct current downstream of the rectifier and for a strongly reduced ripple current in the smoothing capacitors of a consumer.

Abstract: A mechanical resonator is constructed such that it has a vibration body that performs a mechanical resonant vibration and also has an electrode located in the vicinity of the vibration body and such that it is shaped into the surface shape of the electrode when deformed during a resonance mode of the vibration body, whereby the electrostatic capacitance change per unit vibration displacement amount can be enlarged. In this way, a mechanical resonator can be realized which performs an effective electricity-to-machine or machine-to-electricity conversion. Moreover, this mechanical resonator can be used to realize a small-sized, high-performance filter circuit or switch circuit in a high-density integrated electrical circuit.

Abstract: A surface acoustic wave apparatus comprises a piezoelectric substrate 17 on the bottom face of which IDT electrodes 3 and 4 and an annular ground electrode 6 which encloses the IDT electrodes 3 and 4 and is connected to the IDT electrode 3, and a base substrate on the top face of which an annular ground conductor 7 is formed and which has an internal ground conductor layer 10a and a bottom face ground conductor layer 11a connected to the annular ground conductor 7 and an internal ground conductor layer 10b and a bottom face ground conductor layer 11b connected to the IDT electrode 4. A first ground conductor composed of the internal ground conductor layer 10a and the bottom face ground conductor layer 11a is electrically separated from a second ground conductor composed of the internal ground conductor layer 10b and the bottom face ground conductor layer 11b. The apparatus has an excellent out-of-band attenuation characteristic.

Abstract: A SAW ladder filter includes grating pads extending from opposing bus bars and interdigital transducer electrodes extending from the grating pads for defining an acoustic aperture. The metalization ratio for the grating pads is greater than that for the interdigital transducer electrodes. Reflector electrodes are disposed on opposing longitudinal sides of the interdigital transducer electrodes. Operation of the filter results in a velocity of the SAW along the grating pads slower than a SAW velocity along the plurality of interdigital transducer electrodes, thus producing a wave guiding effect for optimizing SAW propagation within the acoustic aperture. The grating pads may be longitudinally offset from cooperating interdigital transducer electrodes using minor bus bars.

Abstract: Disclosed is a surface acoustic wave resonator which comprises, on a piezoelectric substrate 19, an IDT electrode 1 including bus bar electrodes 12a, reflector electrodes 2 disposed to be adjacent to both sides of the IDT electrode 1 in a main propagation direction F of surface acoustic waves at the IDT electrode 1, and auxiliary reflector electrodes 3 that are disposed at four positions external to the reflector electrodes 2 on virtual straight lines extending from the bus bar electrodes 12a of the IDT electrode 1 in an inclined manner so that the periodic direction G of periodically arranged electrodes 14b is oriented toward the IDT electrode 1.

Abstract: A filter module suitable for the filtering of electromagnetic waves includes a dielectric cylindrical resonator and one or more lines that supply or draw off electromagnetic waves to or from the dielectric resonator. The lines terminate in a contacting structure. The resonator has a variable separation from the lines, whereby the separations may be conceived in both the negative as well as alternatively in the positive longitudinal direction (z-axis) of the resonator. The transmitted signal power may be significantly increased in an advantageous manner relative to conventional coupling structures by means of the above. The above is particularly suitable for application in oscillator circuits with operating frequencies above 18 GHz, such as typically find increasing application in environment systems of a motor vehicle such as Lane Departure Warning (LDW), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) or Rear View Detection.

Abstract: A device comprises a microwave resonator having at least one cavity having a predefined resonant frequency. The device also comprises a temperature compensation system that is made from a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is very low compared to that of the material from which the cavity is made and includes a structure for counteracting the effects of temperature variations on the resonator so that the resonant frequency of the cavity remains within a predetermined range. The device further comprises a temperature compensation adjustment device adapted to modify the volume of the cavity to adjust the value of the resonant frequency to a predefined value.

Abstract: This disclosure concerns systems and devices configured to implement impedance matching schemes in a high speed data transmission environment. In one example, an electrical connection system is provided that includes a circuit board upon which are disposed a one or more signal contact pads, each of which is configured to communicate with a complementary element of an external electrical device such that a respective shunt capacitance is defined. One or more of the signal contact pads define at least one open portion through which communication signals cannot pass. The open portions of the one or more signal contact pads are configured to reduce a shunt capacitance that is defined at the coupling of each signal contact pad and corresponding connector. As well, one or more signal lines are likewise disposed on the circuit board such that each signal line is connected to a respective one of the signal contact pads. The circuit board finally includes one or more ground contact pads and power contact pads.

Abstract: In one aspect, an electromechanical switching device is illustrated. The electromechanical switching device includes a relay with at least one first conductive portion, at least one second conductive portion, and at least one actuation component that moves the at least one first conductive portion and the at least one second conductive portion into and out of conductive contact. The at least one first conductive portion includes a conductive stationary end coupled to a substrate and a conductive free-floating end. The at least one actuation component includes an actuation stationary end coupled to the substrate and an actuation free-floating end. The actuation free floating end, when the at least one actuation component is not energized, curls, which curls the conductive free floating end into or out of conductive contact with the at least one second conductive portion.

Abstract: Tape-shaped superconducting wires, and a superconducting coil formed from said wires, wherein a plurality of electrically separated superconducting film parts, each having a rectangular cross section and arranged in parallel, form parallel conductors, providing superconducting wires capable of containing losses incurred in the presence of alternating current (A/C). A superconducting coil is made by winding the superconducting wires, wherein the coil structure contains at least a part wherein perpendicular interlinkage magnetic fluxes acting among conductor elements of the parallel conductors by the distribution of magnetic fields generated by the superconducting coils cancel mutually in order to contain circulating current within the wires and to make shunt current uniform, thereby providing a low-loss A/C superconducting coil.

Abstract: The present invention is a system and method for utilizing magnetic energy. The basic principles of the present invention may be implemented in a variety of systems and methods. A magnet may be rotated or an electromagnet may be controlled in order to control a magnetic field generated by a set of magnets. As a result, numerous, substantial benefits may be achieved by providing at least one set of multiple magnets. For example, the present invention may be used in systems and methods to perform a variety of functions including, but not limited to: (1) to control, manipulate, hold, and/or release a load; (2) to open and/or close a pathway; (3) to open and/or close a circuit; (4) to apply a magnetic field to a load and/or to remove a magnetic field from a load; (5) to intermittently apply and remove a magnetic field; (6) to increase the magnetic field that may be applied to a load; (7) to induce a load into motion; (8) to create energy; and (9) to improve the energy efficiency of a device or system.

Abstract: This invention describes a means by which lasers and laser beam controllers mounted on moving vehicles or other unstable platforms can be isolated from vibrations. By magnetically levitating the entire laser or just the beam controller hardware, targeting efficiency can be vastly improved. Superconducting levitation and control coils can be used to reduce added power losses. Cryogenic power conversion systems can be employed to drive the levitation system. The laser could also be cryogenically cooled, depending on the type of laser employed.

Abstract: A thin-film type common-mode choke coil includes a laminated structure having a magnetic substrate; and electrically insulating layers and conductor layers laminated on the magnetic substrate in a direction of thickness, wherein said conductor layers form at least two coil conductors; at least two of the conductor layers are provided as spiral conductor patterns; and the spiral conductor patterns satisfy the expression: 5 ?m?W1?36 ?m in which W1 is the conductor width of each of the spiral conductor patters. The spiral conductor patterns may also satisfy the expression: 100 ?m2?T*W1 in which T is the conductor thickness of each of said spiral conductor patterns or satisfy the expression: W2<T×2 in which W2 is the space between said spiral conductor patterns, and T is the conductor thickness of each of said spiral conductor patterns.

Abstract: A multilayer coil component is constructed such that inductance can be finely adjusted and the coupling between two helical coils can be strengthened without increasing the types of patterns of coil conductors. Coil conductors of a first coil unit are connected to each other in series via via-hole conductors so as to form a first helical coil. Coil conductors of a second coil unit are connected to each other in series via via-hole conductors so as to form a second helical coil. The first and second helical coils are coaxially positioned, have different numbers of turns, and are electrically connected to each other in parallel. The sum of turns of the coil conductors facing each other at a portion where the first coil unit and the second coil unit are adjacent to each other is larger than the sum of turns of the coil conductors positioned on both outer sides in the coil axis direction of the first and second helical coils.

Abstract: The invention provides a connection grid, comprising at least a pair of arms for fixing a fuse to the grid via its longitudinal ends. Each of the arms comprises a concave portion forming a cradle for receiving one of the longitudinal ends of the fuse. A method for producing this grid and a device for implementing this method are also provided.

Abstract: A key fob for housing at least one electrical component for wireless communication with a vehicular system includes a main body having at least one actuator button. The actuator button is operable to control an electrical component for wireless communication with a vehicular system. The main body includes a first detent mechanism. The key fob further includes a cap moveably connected to the main body. The cap is moveable between a closed position and an open position such that in the closed position the cap at least partially covers the actuator button and such that in the open position the cap at least partially exposes the actuator button. The cap includes a second detent mechanism. The second detent mechanism is operable to cooperate with the first detent mechanism to lock the cap relative to the main body in one of the closed position and the open position.

Abstract: A system for displaying an information package which achieves improved accuracy in the delivery of an advertising campaign. The system includes a remotely readable identification tag for holding an identifier, an interrogator for selectively remotely interrogating the tag to read the identifier, a processor responsive to the identifier read from the tag for obtaining, from a database, segment information that is associated with the identifier, and also responsive to the obtained segment information for designating the information package, and an information display unit for displaying the information package is also provided.

Abstract: Systems and methods for distributing management information in a computing system over existing power are disclosed. Embodiments of these systems and methods may eliminate the need for a separate physical network to distribute management information in the computer system and the commensurate physical hardware need to implement these networks. More particularly, embodiments may provide a management system which may place a management communication on a physical transport medium. This management communication may then be placed on the power lines used to power the various components of the computing system and distributed to the various components along these power lines, where it may be received by its intended recipient and acted upon if necessary.

Abstract: A remote control apparatus controls operation of a vehicular alarm apparatus. The remote control apparatus has a transmission section that transmits to the vehicular alarm apparatus (a) a first alarm instruction for causing the vehicular alarm apparatus to perform a first alarm operation and (b) a second alarm instruction for causing the vehicular alarm apparatus to perform a second alarm operation, which is different from the first alarm operation.

Abstract: A system for monitoring conditions within a tire includes a sensor assemblies (14). The sensor assemblies (14) emit a transmission (26) containing information indicative of conditions within a tire to a receiver (16). The transmission (26) from the sensor assemblies (14) includes an amplitude shift key wake up portion and various data packet portions. The data packet portions are separated by a variable interval to prevent collisions of transmissions at the receiver.

Abstract: An access control mechanism such as a movable barrier operator (70) has a first time window unit (72) that is responsive to one or more triggers (71) (such as a delayed-closure button). An event detector (73) then monitors for one or more events of interest during a corresponding first time window. For example, the event detector can monitor for evidence that a vehicle is moving towards a garage exit or has effected an exit from the garage. A second time window unit (74) responsive at least to the event detector and optionally as well to the first time window unit then responds with a second time window. Upon conclusion of the second time window, a movable barrier closer (75) initiates movement of the corresponding movable barrier towards a closed position (or other position of interest).

Abstract: Data signals are communicated between a power line and a computer, wherein the power line provides power to the computer via a distribution transformer and the computer is in communication with a wireless communication path. A first data signal is communicated with the power line. A conversion is made between the first data signal and a second data signal capable of being communicated wirelessly. The second data signal is wirelessly communicated with the wireless communication path.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for reducing inbound interference in a broadband powerline communication system. Data modulated on first and second carrier frequencies is received via respective first and second lines of the powerline system. A characteristic of at least one of the carrier signals (e.g., phase or amplitude) is adjusted at the receiver in order to reduce the effects of inbound interference on the transmission system. The adjustment parameters may be determined by adjusting the parameters, during a period of no data transmission, until the output of a differential receiver is zero.

Abstract: A device to carry out a bioelectrical interaction with an individual by means of electrodes 29, 29a whereby an on-demand verification of the integrity of the electrical contact of the electrodes is implemented. The device 20 comprises a control unit 22 arranged to determine an occurrence of the predefined event related to a quality of a measured signal. In case the predetermined event is detected, the control unit 22 actuates the testing means 24. The testing means is arranged to generate the test signals, I1, 12 and to apply them via a coupling circuit 23, 23a to the electrodes. In case it is desired that cumulative information about the contact integrity is obtained, is it sufficient to apply a single test signal per electrode. In case it is required to determine which of the electrodes has lost its contact, a sequence of test signals is generated by the sequencer 24b.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling an electronic device is described. The method includes programming a device controller with a location and/or time to define a geo-temporal zone according to the location and/or a window of time, and to select a device function that zone. A device state, which includes the current time and the device position, is then monitored. Upon determining that the device state corresponds with the defined geo-temporal zone, the device is controlled to execute the selected function. The function can relate to selectively enabling or disabling some or all of the device capabilities, power management, and others.

Abstract: A system for tracking a motor vehicle is disclosed, which includes a device that can be magnetically or mechanically affixed to a vehicle. For one example, the device includes a GPS receiver and a data transmitter. When the device is activated and affixed to a vehicle, the GPS receiver provides to the data transmitter latitudinal and longitudinal earth-referenced coordinate data representing the current position of the vehicle. The data transmitter transmits the coordinate data, which is received by a suitable data receiver at a remote distance from the vehicle involved. Thus, the device enables law enforcement personnel to remotely monitor and track the vehicle's movements, without being seen by the suspect driver and encouraging a high speed chase. Also, the device provides a relatively inexpensive vehicle tracking solution for those municipalities that have a “no chase” policy and cannot afford the expense of a helicopter for vehicle pursuits.

Abstract: An article locating system comprises a first unit having a housing and a circuit for generating a coded search signal that is unique to the first unit. The first unit operatively communicates with a second unit attached to the article to be located. The second unit includes a housing and a circuit for receiving the search signal and for generating a found signal. The second unit transmits the found signal to the first unit which then responds by selectively activating an indicator connected to the circuit of the first unit. The indicator preferably includes an array of indicator lights that are programmed to illuminate in a sequence to indicate the proximate position of the second unit relative to the first unit for locating the article. In an alternative embodiment, the second unit includes a record/playback device for recording and playing an audible communication in response to receiving the first signal from the first unit.

Abstract: A shopping cart conveyor that inhibits the loading of a non-compliant shopping cart onto the conveyor. In one aspect, the invention provides a conveyor comprising a track operable to guide the shopping cart between a first location and a second location, a gate assembly including a door movable between a closed position inhibiting entry to the track and an open position allowing entry to the track, a lock for securing the door in the closed position, and a sensor (e.g., an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a radar sensor, an infrared sensor, an RFID reader, a magnetic sensor, and a mechanical sensor) positioned to detect the presence of a shopping cart. In another aspect, the conveyor is configured to move the gate from the closed position to the open position when the sensor detects the presence of a shopping cart. Preferably this is done using a drive mechanism coupled to the gate.

Abstract: An IC tag communication relay device is provided with an antenna section, lead lines and input/output unit. The antenna section is equipped with one or more antennas for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic radiation to and from IC tags. The lead lines are connected to each antenna for transmitting electrical signals corresponding to transmitted and received electromagnetic radiation. The input/output unit is arranged outside of the antenna corresponding to each antenna connected to the lead lines.

Abstract: An identification carrier is disclosed. In one embodiment, the identification data carrier, includes a carrier substrate, having an electronic chip fitted on and/or in the carrier substrate, and having a transmitting/receiving antenna formed on and/or in the carrier substrate and serving for transmitting and for receiving electromagnetic radiation, and having a first capacitance, the chip being capacitively coupled to the transmitting/receiving antenna by means of the first capacitance.

Abstract: Techniques are described for reselling and/or refurbishing data tape media. The techniques may involve determining life information associated with a data tape medium and reselling the data tape medium when a remaining life of the data tape medium is larger than a pre-defined threshold. In this manner, the quality of resold magnetic tape can be improved, and the media can possibly marketed or warranted to the buyer based on the remaining life. In addition, refurbishing techniques are described that include degaussing of servo written data tape media, followed by the creation of new servo patterns on the degaussed media.

Abstract: A method for identifying product placement props in a scene, the method includes: equipping one or more cameras with individual radio frequency identification (RFID) readers for filming or recording a scene for audio/video (A/V) content; placing one or more product placement props each having an RFID tag affixed thereon representing product placements within the scene; wherein the RFID readers interrogate the RFID tags to determine product placement prop related information including: which of the one or more product placement props are in the scene, and the one or more product placement props relative location with respect to the one or more cameras; and one or more recording devices for retaining the A/V content and the product placement prop related information.

Abstract: An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader system has a sensor system associated with its antenna system. The sensor system determines one or more of an orientation, position, velocity, motion and acceleration of antenna elements in said antenna system. The reader system uses the sensor data to control the antenna system based.

Abstract: The invention relates to a safety device system, comprising a wearable alarm device fastenable to the wrist or elsewhere in the body or an instrument measuring physiological signals or a combination thereof, and a data terminal (6) capable of receiving messages and information from a wearable device (1). The wearable device (1) has a measurement-based identification about the device being attached to a wearer, said identification being processed for status data. The data terminal (6) has a user interface for displaying the measured status data graphically.

Abstract: A system and method for facilitating the elimination of bedwetting behavior utilizing a number of RF transceivers which include a base unit, an alarm unit, and a remote keypad unit. The method works through programmed sleep interruption based upon a user's previously established sleep and bedwetting pattern.

Abstract: For a firefighter or for an emergency rescue worker, an earpiece comprising a speaker, a microphone, and a temperature sensor comprises a programmable chip, which is programmed to sound an alarm via the speaker if and only if a temperature sensed by the temperature sensor equals or exceeds a preset temperature. The speaker and the microphone provide for audible communication between a wearer and another.

Abstract: A fluid leak detector is provided for a double carcass hose line segment and includes a sensor housing defined by sidewalls externally mounted to the hose line segment and having an internal housing chamber in communication with the collection space. An optical sensor is mounted through at least one sensor housing sidewall and positions an optical sensing element means within the sensor housing chamber for detecting a presence of fluid in the hose collection space. The optical sensor further includes analysis element means connecting to the optical sensing element means and positioned outside of the sensor housing one, wall, the analysis means generating data indicative of the fluid status within the hose collection space; and transmitter element means connecting to the analysis means for receiving data from the analysis element means and transmitting the data to at least one remote receiver.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for determining an expected life of an electric surge protection component. The system and method monitors preferably each surge that an electric surge protection component experiences. Each surge is measured to determine magnitude and duration, and a cumulative surge measurement history is maintained for each component. Based upon an analysis of the cumulative surge measurement history, an expected life of the component is determined, and an end user is alerted at or preferably near an end of the expected life of the device.

Abstract: A computer-based method for voice alarming in measuring a workpiece is provided. The method includes the steps of: configuring message commands; configuring triggering events that execute the message commands; measuring the workpiece; detecting whether any predetermined event is triggered when the workpiece is being measured; and executing the message commands by invoking speech synthesizers if the corresponding triggering event is detected. A related system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A merchandising tag comprising a housing with a first compartment defined therein and having a door pivotally mounted thereon to selectively allow or prevent access to the first compartment. The first compartment is adapted to receive a price tag therein. The housing is also provided with an attachment mechanism which has at least one portion which extends outwardly away from the housing is adapted to engage the product. The tag includes at least one alarm system disposed within the housing. A locking mechanism is provided for simultaneously locking the moveable door to prevent access to the first compartment; securing the portion of the attachment mechanism to the product so that the housing is not detachable therefrom; and for arming the at least one alarm system. When the locking mechanism is engaged, any attempt to remove the tag from the product, open the door, or remove the product with attached tag from the store will result in a loud-attention getting sound being emitted from the housing.

Abstract: A menu is displayed on an input function installed display device such as a liquid crystal touch panel based on display information, which is generated from menu data obtained from a station, in other words from an operation target device. When a menu to be displayed is generated, such an idea is used that a displayed menu provides information most suitable for an owner by selecting and processing proper data matching personal information registered in advance in a remote controller out of the received menu data. Age, sex, settlement information or the like can be registered as personal information, some TV channels are restricted for an owner of minority, correct owner fees for transportation facilities, theaters and movie houses are displayed where age-dependent fees are adopted, and menus for restaurants are properly displayed where charges are different for different sexes. In addition, settlement can be made concurrently with ordering when settlement information such as in credit cards are stored.

Abstract: The transfer function of the communication channel in a mud pulse telemetry system is determined by sending a known signal through the channel and spectral analysis of the received signal. The known signal may be a chirp signal or a stepped frequency signal. Based on the determined transfer function, operating parameters of the pulser are adjusted.

Abstract: Utility meter modules, antenna modules, pit sets, and pit lid assemblies are described, with regard to automated meter reading (AMR) systems, that prevent metering signal attenuation, pit leakage, and battery drainage, along with other advantages, and which minimize the likelihood of damage and tampering.