Abstract: Various types of edge seals for protecting electro-optic displays against environmental contaminants are described. In one type of seal, the electro-optic layer is sandwiched between a backplane and a protective sheet and a sealing material extends between the backplane and the protective sheet. In other seals, the protective sheet is secured to the backplane or to a second protective sheet adjacent the backplane. The electro-optic layer can also be sealed between two layers of adhesive or between one layer of adhesive and the backplane. Other seals make use of flexible tapes extending around the periphery of the display.

Abstract: Toner particles and a dry-powder electrophoretic display employing such particles are disclosed herein. The toner particles adapted for a dry-powder electrophoretic display comprise emulsion/aggregation particles having a negative charge. At least a portion of the toner particles include a surface coating, comprising a methacrylate polymer, disposed on the surface of the toner particles to impart a positive charge to a set of toner particles. The emulsion/aggregation toner particles have a particle size generally less than about 10 micrometers that allows for improved image quality as compared to conventional toners utilized in dry-powder electrophoretic displays.

Abstract: A system and method are used to form an unpolarized light beam from a polarized light beam. A system comprises a source of radiation and a unpolarizing system. The source of radiation produces a linear polarized beam. The unpolarizing system has first and second optical paths and splits the linear polarized beam. A first portion of the split beam travels along the first optical path having a first path length. A second portion of the split beam travels along the second optical path having a second, different path length. The first and second portions of the split beam are combined to form the unpolarized beam.

Abstract: A subwavelength aperture includes a plurality of ridges that project from an aperture sidewall into the aperture opening. The ridges may be closely spaced such that the hot spots associated with the ridges are likewise closely spaced and create an elongated hot spot. The subwavelength aperture of the present invention may be adapted for use in a magnetic head of a hard disk drive for improved thermally assisted recording (TAR) of magnetic data bits. Such a magnetic head may include an optical resonant cavity that is fabricated within the magnetic head structure.

Abstract: A delay-line demodulator for demodulating a differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) signal is provided. The demodulator includes two Mach-Zehnder interferometers individually comprising two waveguides having different lengths therebetween and through which a light signal branched from the DQPSK signal propagates, respectively. A phase of the light signal propagating at one of the waveguides is delayed as compared to a phase of the light signal propagating at another one of the waveguides, wherein a divergence amount of polarization is adjusted by driving sets of heaters that are facing each other and sandwiching a half wavelength plate therebetween.

Abstract: A photon pair generating device capable of further increasing generation efficiency of a correlation photon pair is provided, the photon pair generating device generating the correlation photon pair by a hyper-parametric scattering. A quantum well is provided in a resonator. An incident light radiated from a light source to the resonator resonates therein and becomes a particular resonator mode. The generation efficiency of the correlation photon pair by the hyper-parametric scattering in the quantum well is enhanced by disposing the quantum well in a position where electric field strength of the light becomes higher by this resonator mode.

Abstract: A wavelength converting apparatus that improves output performance of laser light subjected to wavelength conversion while improving the efficiency of laser light wavelength conversion. Wavelength converting apparatus (100) has: nonlinear optical crystal (110) converting wavelength of laser light propagating inside wavelength converting apparatus (100); right angle prism (130) deflecting laser light emanating from nonlinear optical crystal (110) and causing the laser light to be incident on nonlinear optical crystal (110) again, and to propagate in parallel and in opposite directions at a predetermined distance with respect to laser light before emanation from nonlinear optical crystal (110); and first dichroic mirror (120) separating laser light subjected to wavelength conversion inside nonlinear optical crystal (110) from the laser light before incidence on nonlinear optical crystal (110) for a second time.

Abstract: A surgical microscope (1) includes a viewing unit (3) for viewing an object (5) and an image projection module (7) for inputting image data (9) into the viewing unit (3). The image projection module (7, 107, 207, 307) includes a plano-convex lens and a plano-concave lens. The image projection module (7, 107, 207, 307) includes an image display unit (11, 111, 211, 311).

Abstract: This invention comprises a method, a software, and a microscope system for monitoring and controlling information loss. The observation of information that is not present and the comparison of ideal loss to actual loss generates an explanatory component by means of a rule set. The user is instructed by the microscope system in an appropriate manner, for example by means of a display, to undertake actions that remove the defects.

Abstract: Process for observing at least one sample region with a light raster microscope by a relative movement between the illumination light and sample via a first scanner along at least one scanning axis essentially perpendicular to the illumination axis wherein several illuminated sample points lie on a line and are detected simultaneously with a spatially resolving detector. At an angle to the plane of the relative movement, a second scanner is moved and an image acquisition takes place by coupling the movement of the first and second scanners and a three-dimensional sampling movement being done by the illumination of the sample. The second scanner is coupled to the movement of the first scanner such that straight and/or curved lines and/or plane and/or curved surfaces are scanned which are extended along at least one scanning direction of the first scanner as well as along the scanning direction of the second scanner.

Abstract: An optical apparatus minimizes autofluorescence and stray light as well as leakage of excitation light and efficiently utilizes illuminating light from a fluorescence illumination optical system to allow observation of a bright fluorescence image. An observation apparatus has an objective, an observation optical system unit including a variable magnification optical system, and an imaging optical system unit including an imaging lens and an eyepiece. A fluorescence illumination apparatus, which is provided separately, is removably attached to the observation apparatus. The fluorescence illumination apparatus has a light source, a collector lens unit, and a reflecting member placed between the objective and the observation optical system unit at a position displaced from the optical axis of the objective to make light from the light source incident on the objective. An excitation filter is provided between the light source and the reflecting member.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for a stereomicroscope, having an illumination apparatus (20) whose light lies in a regulatable spectral region. This illumination apparatus can be freely supplemented by at least one further illumination apparatus (30) whose light lies in likewise regulatable spectral regions identical to or different therefrom.

Abstract: A box-type microscope apparatus includes a stage, a microscope, and a housing, which has a fixed housing and a moving housing provided to be openable, closable, and movable with respect to the fixed housing. The box-type microscope apparatus further includes a specimen vessel positioning device for fixing the specimen vessel placed on the stage at a constant position. of the stage and a positioning release device for actuating the specimen vessel positioning means when the moving housing is moved toward a position of a closed state to release a positioning of the specimen vessel performed by the specimen vessel positioning device with respect to the stage when the moving housing is opened.

Abstract: A reflective screen includes a light reflecting layer, and a light diffusing layer provided on the light reflecting layer. The light diffusing layer has the diffusion property that in one (A axis) of two perpendicular axial directions on a light diffusion plane, a luminance distribution curve versus incidence angle is asymmetric with respect to the zero-incidence-angle axis, and the side on which the incidence angle (half-luminance incidence angle) with half of a peak luminance on the A axis in the normal direction to the screen plane is small faces in a direction in which external light has the highest strength.

Abstract: There is described a method for providing auto-stereo three-dimensional views from a plurality of points of view, the method comprising: providing an image on a substrate made of a medium of sufficient transparency to allow light therethrough, the image being made up of a plurality of cells; placing a barrier screen in front of the image to provide a parallax effect, the barrier screen consisting of an optical arrangement providing staggered apertures through which light can pass, each of the apertures defining a window onto one of the plurality of cells and configured such that a view of a neighboring cell is obstructed from all of the points of view; and illuminating the image using a light source.

Abstract: A promotional or novelty piece wherein a printed planar surface is provided with a translucent lenticular surface, placed in registration with a second planar surface with predetermined indicia applied so as to underlie and register with said translucent surface. The angle of the viewer's eye with said translucent surface allows said underlying indicia and secondary interlaced indicia having been applied to the underside of said lenticular lens, to be selectively and individually observed.

Abstract: A device, system and method integrating forward and panoramic fields is disclosed, comprising: a primary reflector, comprising a convex surface in relation to the forward field, reflective on at least part of the convex surface; a secondary reflector, forward of the primary reflector relative to the forward field, reflective on at least part a surface thereof facing rearward toward the primary reflector; a primary reflector hole in the primary reflector, substantially centered about an optical axis of the apparatus; and a secondary reflector hole in the secondary reflector, substantially centered about the optical axis.

Abstract: Systems and methods according to one or more embodiments are disclosed to provide a dynamic variable shape optical element for wavefront correction. In an embodiment, a variable shape optical element assembly includes an optical element having a front surface and a back surface with specified curvature characteristics. The variable shape optical element assembly also includes back knife edges having a designated shape disposed on the back surface of the optical element and front knife edges having a designated shape disposed on the front surface of the optical element. The variable shape optical element assembly further includes a mechanical arrangement adapted to apply a dynamic mechanical force to create the specified curvature characteristics.

Abstract: A variable-focus lens that includes a wall made of an insulating material, a drop of an insulating liquid arranged on an area of a first surface of the wall, a conductive liquid covering the first surface and the drop, and an electrode arranged on a second surface of said wall. The insulating and conductive liquids are non-miscible, having different optical indexes and substantially the same density. The drop of the variable-focus lens is centered in a truncated cone centered on an axis perpendicular to the first surface, the bottom of which is pierced with a centered hole, and the insulating material wall is transparent and covers the hole.

Abstract: A zoom lens including a broad picture angle of 60 to 100 degrees as a photographic picture angle of the wide-angle end state, and having a magnification ratio of about three to six times, small front gem diameter, excellent compactness and high image formation performance, which is used in a video camera or a digital still camera, and an image pick-up apparatus using such a zoom lens. A zoom lens (20), consisting of plural groups and serving to change group spacing or spacings to thereby perform a magnification changing or adjusting operation, comprises a first lens group GR1 having positive refractive power, a second lens group GR2 having negative refractive power and a third lens group GR3 having positive refractive power which are arranged in order from the object side, and a last group GRR arranged at the side closest to the image surface and having negative refractive power, wherein the first lens group GR1 is constituted by single positive lens G1, and satisfies the following conditional formulas. 0.

Abstract: A zoom lens suitable for imaging an object on a photosensitive device is provided. The zoom lens includes a first lens group, a second lens group, a third lens group and a fourth lens group, which are arranged in series. The fourth lens group is disposed near the photosensitive device. The second lens group and the third lens group are suitable for moving between the first lens group and the fourth lens group. The first lens group, the second lens group, the third lens group and the fourth lens group include at least a glass lens and a plurality of plastic lenses. The number of the plastic lenses is more than the number of glass lenses. Thus, overall cost of producing the zoom lens is lower.

Abstract: A lens barrel includes a focus cam ring that holds a focus lens group and moves in the optical axis direction of the focus lens group while rotating along a cam groove in response to a focusing operation, and a fixed tube having a fitting raised portion that can pivot the focus cam ring in the rotational direction thereof and movably supports the focus cam ring in the optical axis direction. The focus cam ring has a position restrictor that can engage the fitting raised portion, and the position restrictor includes a rotational-direction restrictor that restricts the position of the focus cam ring in the rotational direction and an optical axis-direction restrictor that restricts the position of the focus cam ring in the optical axis direction.

Abstract: A security camera has an adjustable turret that holds a lens assembly which can be aimed in various directions. The camera also has a compact housing which, in combination with the adjustable directionality of the turret, enables universal mounting to various structures and positions in an aircraft cabin. The camera operates in light and dark conditions, as the lens assembly is configured to focus visible and infrared light wavelengths onto a fixed focal plane. In an embodiment, the camera includes an infrared illumination source to illuminate a field of view during dark conditions. The lens assembly includes a rigid barrel with a pinhole aperture through which light enters a series of lens elements. An optical sensor is mounted to an opposite end of the barrel at the fixed focal plane to generate an electronic image signal, and the sensor is rotatably adjustable to yield a correct image orientation depending on the turret position.

Abstract: An optical module includes a point light source device and an optical lens. The point light source device generates light. The optical lens includes an inner curved surface and an outer curved surface. The inner curved surface has a first roughly ellipsoidal shape having a first major axis and a first minor axis that is substantially perpendicular to the first major axis. The outer curved surface has a second roughly ellipsoidal shape having a second major axis that is substantially perpendicular to the first axis and the second minor axis that is substantially perpendicular to the second major axis. The light generated by the point light source device enters the optical lens through the inner curved surface and exits from the optical lens through the outer curved surface. Therefore, the number of optical modules used in a display device may be reduced to lower manufacturing cost thereof.

Abstract: Laser light is emitted from a laser oscillator, and the laser light is made to enter a beam expander optical system including a concave lens through a correction lens. The laser oscillator, the correction lens and the concave lens are disposed so that, when an emission point of the laser oscillator is a first conjugate point, a point at which an image at the first conjugate point is formed through the correction lens is a second conjugate point, a distance between the correction lens and the second conjugate point is b, a focal length of the concave lens is f, and a distance between the correction lens and the concave lens is X, the X satisfies b?3|f|?X?b+|f|.

Abstract: A cemented lens comprises first, second and third optical elements respectively formed by different solid materials, the third and first optical elements being cemented to each other, and the first and the second optical elements being cemented to each other, wherein both an incident surface and an exit surface of the first and second optical elements are refracting surfaces, and the following conditional expressions are satisfied: |??gF1|>0.0272 |??gF2|>0.0272 ??gF1×??gF2<0 ?1×?<0 where ??gF1 and ??gF2 are respectively anomalous dispersion characteristics of the materials for the first and the second optical elements with respect to a g line and an F line, and ?1 and ?2 are respectively refracting powers of the first and second optical elements when both the incident surface and the exit surface of the first and the second optical element are surfaces in contact with air.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing enhanced peripheral vision to a wearer of a helmet in accordance with the present invention includes at least one lens member adapted to be received at a predetermined location in the helmet. The lens member is operable to direct light from a side portion of the helmet to a location adjacent the eyes of a wearer of the helmet.

Abstract: A magnetically activated switch assembly is provided. The magnetically activated switch assembly includes a magnet and a magnetic circuit. The magnetic circuit includes a magnetically activated switch, a first set of flux conductors, and a second set of flux conductors. The first set of flux conductors has first flux conductor flanges adapted to conduct flux from ends of the magnet. The second set of flux conductors is slidingly positioned relative to the first set of flux conductors and is adapted to conduct flux from the first set of flux conductors to the magnetically activated switch. The first set of flux conductors are adapted to rotate clockwise or counter-clockwise and to tilt up or down. The first magnetic circuit is adapted to conduct flux to activate the magnetically activated switch only when the first flux conductor flanges are rotationally aligned with ends of the magnet and tilted to an operational position.

Abstract: An immersion lithography objective has a housing in which at least one first optical element is arranged, a second optical element, which follows the first optical element in the direction of the optical axis of the objective, an immersion medium that adjoins the second optical element being located downstream of the latter in the direction of the optical axis, and a retaining structure for the second optical element. The retaining structure has a greater stiffness in the direction of the optical axis than in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis.

Abstract: A lens driving apparatus 1 of the present invention includes a substantially cylindrical yoke 3; a base 5 to which the yoke 3 is attached; a carrier 7 having a lens; a coil 10; and a magnet 13, wherein the carrier 7 is moved in a direction of an optical axis of a lens by electromagnetic force generated by passing current through the coil 10, the base 5 is substantially square-shaped as viewed from a plane, the yoke 3 is placed at an inner position of the base 5, the yoke 3 has an outer peripheral wall 3a and an annular inner peripheral wall 3b to be spaced to each other, each magnet is placed between the outer peripheral wall and the inner peripheral wall and at a position corresponding to a base corner portion of the base 5, and a space between the outer peripheral wall 3a and the inner peripheral wall 3b positioned at a base side portion 3e is made narrower than a space between the outer peripheral wall 3a and the inner peripheral wall 3b positioned at the base corner portion.

Abstract: A disk drive is disclosed including a disk having a plurality of tracks, and a head actuated over the disk. A refresh monitor is maintained for refreshing data stored on the disk. A need for a refresh operation is detected when the refresh monitor exceeds a first threshold, wherein the refresh operation is deferred based on an environmental condition.

Abstract: For performing a retry in a data storage device, a spin jitter value corresponding to a desired sector of a disc is determined. A read timing is adjusted according to the spin jitter value of the desired sector. A retry of a data read is performed for the desired sector with the adjusted read timing. Thus, the present invention accounts for eccentricity of the disc as indicated by the spin jitter value during retry of the data read operation.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus, medium, and method controlling a flying height of a magnetic head of a disk drive so that a clearance between a disk and the magnetic head in a data write mode can be similar, e.g., substantially the same, as that of the magnetic head in a data read mode. The apparatus may includes a disk storing information, a magnetic head including a magnetic read element detecting a magnetic field on the disk, a magnetic write element magnetizing a portion of the disk, a structure generating an air bearing between a surface of the disk and the magnetic read element and magnetic write element, and a heater heating the structure that generates the air bearing, and a current supply circuit supplying current to the heater so that a clearance between the disk and the magnetic head in a write mode can be similar, e.g., substantially the same, as that of the magnetic head in a read mode.

Abstract: A recording head comprises a first tape-head contact area including a first write element and a first read element, which itself may include an MR sensor element. The first read element is laterally offset as to the first write element, and no portion of the first read element lies in a region laterally overlapped by the first write element. A second tape-head contact area includes a second write element and a second read element, which also may include an MR sensor element. The second read element is laterally offset as to the second write element, and no portion of the second read element lies in a region laterally overlapped by the second write element. The first read and write elements of the first tape-head contact area are aligned with the second write and read elements of the second tape-head contact area so that an end portion of the second write element lies in a region that laterally overlaps only an end portion of the first write element.

Abstract: A magnetic storage media includes a magnetic first-pole polarity initialized servo track segment and a magnetic second-pole polarity differential timing based servo pattern recorded on the magnetic first-pole polarity initialized servo track segment. The magnetic second-pole polarity differential timing based servo pattern represents magnetic encoded servo position information for facilitating a determination of a servo position error signal exclusive of noise.

Abstract: A magnetic storage media includes a magnetic first-pole polarity initialized servo track segment and a magnetic second-pole polarity differential timing based servo pattern recorded on the magnetic first-pole polarity initialized servo track segment. The magnetic second-pole polarity differential timing based servo pattern represents magnetic encoded servo position information for facilitating a determination of a servo position error signal exclusive of noise.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a tape read/write head supported by a lever is biased in a first position, using magnetic attraction between a magnet supported by the lever, and a return path structure of magnetically permeable material. In the illustrated embodiment, the magnet centers itself, in the absence of a coil generated magnetic field, in the middle of a gap of the magnetic return path structure. In one aspect, the mass of the read/write head and one side of the lever may be balanced by the mass of the magnet and the other side of the lever. The lever and hence the tape read/write head carried by the lever, may be pivoted by conducting current through a coil to generate a magnetic field which is conducted by the return path structure to interact with the magnetic field of the magnet. As a consequence, the lever pivots on a pivot axis as a function of the magnitude and direction of the current through the coil.

Abstract: A double notched magnetic structure for use in a magnetic head for avoiding stray field writing. The structure could be a magnetic shield, magnetic pole of a write head or some other magnetic structure used in a magnetic head of a magnetic recording system, and has notches formed at both the front end (adjacent to the ABS) and at the back end (away from the ABS). The notches at the front end form a forward protruding portions that performs the necessary function of the structure, such as magnetic shielding, and has laterally extending recessed portions (recessed by the front notches) that move the flux focal points of the structure away from the ABS to avoid stray field writing. The back notches form a backward extending portion that affects the geometry of the structure to prevent the focusing of magnetic flux caused by stray magnetic fields having a component perpendicular to the ABS.

Abstract: A write element for use in perpendicular magnetic recording. The write element including a write pole and a self aligned wrap around shield that can have a trailing shield gap thickness that is different from its side shield gap thickness. The materials making up the trailing shield gap and the side shield gaps can be different materials or can be the same material deposited in two different steps. The side or wrap around portions of the trailing shield can extend down to the level of the leading edge of the write pole or can terminate at some point between the levels of the leading and trailing edge to form a partial wrap around trailing shield.

Abstract: A thin-film magnetic head that has an improved protrusion efficiency under the condition of not only assuring the reliability of the-heating operation, but also stabilizing the read output is provided. The head comprises: a magnetic head element for writing and/or reading data signals; a heating element for generating heat at least during operations of the magnetic head element; and a first heatsink element provided adjacent to the heating element for receiving a part of the heat generated from the heating element, the first heatsink element being a distance from the magnetic head element.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention improve the power consumption and response speed of a heater for the gap flying height (hg) adjustment, to minimize an influence that the heater has on a life of a read element, and to provide a heater having resistance lines reduced in breaking and ensuring higher reliability. In one embodiment, a read/write element is formed near an air bearing surface (ABS) on a slider, and the circumference of the read/write element is filled with alumina. The read/write element includes an upper magnetic pole piece, a lower magnetic pole piece, a coil, and a resist filling around the coil, and a read element (MR) for performing reading, and an upper shield and lower shield for protecting the read element from an external magnetic field. A heater for adjusting the flying height is provided between the slider and the read/write element but near the read/write element.

Abstract: A magnetic head assembly is provided. The magnetic head assembly includes a slider in which a head element is mounted. A flexure supports the slider. The flexure includes a pair of outriggers, a connection portion, and a tongue portion. A flexible wiring substrate is fixedly bonded to the surface of the flexure. An electrode pad of the slider and an electrode pad of the flexible wiring substrate are bonded to each other by solder. A plurality of solder bonded portions are arranged on the connection portion. A deformable portion is formed in the pair of outriggers and located on an extended line on which the solder bonded portions are arranged, so that the free end side of the flexure is deformable.

Abstract: A head suspension for a hard disk drive has an arm to be attached to a carriage of the hard disk drive and turned around a spindle, a load beam including a rigid part and a resilient part, to apply load onto a head that is arranged at a tip end thereof to write and read data to and from a disk arranged in the hard disk drive, a base end of the rigid part supported on the arm side through the resilient part, and a flexure having read/write wiring patterns connected to the head, the flexure supporting the head and attached to a disk side face of the rigid part, the resilient part at least separated from the arm side and fixed to an opposite disk side face on the arm side and the flexure fixed to a disk side face on the arm side.

Abstract: Embodiments suppress a fluttering phenomenon of a wiring structure portion for signal transmission between a head and an FPC. In one embodiment, an actuator has a support portion which accommodates a wiring structure portion. The wiring structure portion is provided at a rear end portion thereof with a wide tab, the tab having pads for connection with the FPC. The support portion has a convex wall portion formed so as to overlap a front end portion of the tab. An air current occurs at an end portion of a magnetic disk in the vertical direction. When the head accesses a track present on the inner periphery side of the magnetic disk, the tab approaches the disk end portion. Since the convex wall portion protects the tab against the air current, it is possible to suppress fluttering of the wiring structure portion and improve the head positioning accuracy.

Abstract: The present invention is a dampening device for a flex circuit of a disk drive. The dampening device engages the flex circuit to alter is vibrational effect generated by the moment of the flex circuit that adversely affects post seek oscillations performance of the drive. The dampening device lowers the first resonant frequency of the flex circuit and reduces the magnitude of the post seek off track oscillations.

Abstract: A current perpendicular to plane dual giant magnetoresistive sensor (dual CPP GMR sensor) that prevents spin torque noise while having high dR/R performance. The sensor has a design that maximizes the GMR effect (dR/R) by providing a pinned layer structure that maximizes the positive GMR contribution of the AP2 layer (or magnetic layer closest to the spacer layer) while minimizing the negative GMR contribution of the AP1 layer. The pinned layer structure includes an AP1 layer that includes a thin CoFe layer that is exchange coupled with an IrMn or IrMnCr AFM layer and has two or more Co layers with a spin blocking layer sandwiched between them. The use of the Co layers and the spin blocking layer in the AP1 layer minimizes the negative contribution of the AP1 layer. The AP2 layer has a plurality of CoFe layers with nano-layers such as Cu sandwiched between the CoFe layers.

Abstract: A method of constructing a superconducting coil. The method includes embedding a plurality of heater elements throughout a superconducting coil. The heater elements are positioned according to a predetermined distribution and substantially in thermal contact with the coil for heating the coil in response to a quench condition. Other aspects of the invention involve an active protection circuit and a high temperature superconductor magnet that includes such an active protection circuit for internally dissipating stored magnetic energy in the event of a quench.

Abstract: An alternating current system 10 has a primary circuit 11 which forms a primary winding 18 on a core 16. A secondary winding 24 is connected with a current source 26 or, alternatively, with an impedance 60. The core 16 is threaded by a superconducting coil 20 having a current source 22. In normal use, current in the coil 20 provides a DC bias level of flux in the core 16, and the source 26 is varied to maintain substantially constant flux, thereby minimizing losses in the primary circuit 11. In fault conditions, current in the coil 20 is reduced or removed to increase voltage losses across the coil 18, thereby limiting fault current. The impedance 60 can also be switched into circuit, creating further current limiting by virtue of the transformer effect of the windings 18, 24.

Abstract: A method for designing an ESD protected analog circuit is described. The method includes creating an analog circuit design comprising a plurality of interconnected functional components and circuit-level ESD protection components with predetermined electric properties for achieving a predetermined analog performance during normal operation of the circuit as well as a predetermined ESD robustness during an ESD event on the circuit. At least one ESD event is simulated on the analog circuit design to identify at least one weak spot in the circuit. Component-level ESD protection components are added into the analog circuit design around each identified weak spot to reduce failure of the weak spot during an ESD event.

Abstract: An ESD protection substrate is disclosed. The ESD protection substrate includes a first conductor, a second conductor, a pointed structure, and an ESD protection material. The pointed structure is electrically connected to the first or the second conductor. The ESD protection material is disposed between the first and the second conductors.