Abstract: Methods and apparatus for higher-order correction of bandgap voltage references are disclosed. An example bandgap voltage reference circuit disclosed herein comprises a bandgap voltage generation circuit comprising a first resistor, the bandgap voltage generation circuit configured to generate a proportional-to-absolute-temperature current to drive the first resistor to produce a first voltage, the first voltage contributing to an output bandgap voltage, and a first correction circuit electrically coupled to the first resistor and configured to provide a first correction current, the first correction circuit comprising a first nonlinear device configured to generate the first correction current only within a first temperature range, the first correction current decreasing with increasing temperature, the first correction current to drive the first resistor to increase the first voltage only within the first temperature range.

Abstract: The traveling wave excitation system phase shifter chassis method and device of the invention is compact, inexpensive, and versatile when compared to customary methods for generating traveling wave excitation signals that would require using an equivalent number of commercial function generators. The method and device of the invention produces up to 56 simultaneous sine waves that are phase shifted with respect to one another.

Abstract: Techniques pertaining to device and method for controlling an analog signal are disclosed. Using a single connection (e.g., a connector or a pin) without an external resistive element (e.g., a resistor), an analog output is digitally controlled and produced. In one embodiment, a precisely controlled current is generated from coded data. A control unit is designed to control a working mode based on an input signal from the connection. The working mode includes a default mode, a programmable mode, a testing mode and a shutdown mode. Under the programmable mode, a user determines a signal coupled in from the connection as desired, and a code unit codes the signal in accordance with a predefined protocol. The code unit then sends the coded data to a decode unit. The decode unit is designed to generate or control the current by the decoded data.

Abstract: In order to extend the measurement range of a current sensor, a current divider is formed by a first conductor formed in a current sensor that is mounted on a printed circuit board and a second conductor on the printed circuit board that electrically shorts at least one input terminal of the current sensor to at least one output terminal of the current sensor. The input terminal of the current sensor supplies the current to be measured to the first conductor and the output terminal supplies the measured current back to the printed circuit board.

Abstract: An apparatus for supporting a load includes pneumatic units and couplers coupled to opposite sides of the load. The couplers move the load parallel to a first axis responsive to actuation of the pneumatic units. At least one of the couplers rotate the load about a second axis orthogonal to the first axis. The load is compliant along the first axis and about the second axis At least one of the pneumatic units provides compliance along the first axis and about the second axis.

Abstract: A connecting device for an electronic testing system of an electronic device includes a base, a sliding track, a holder, a plurality of connectors, and a driver. The sliding track is positioned on the base. The holder is slidably fixed to the sliding track. The plurality of connectors are fixed in the holder and the electronic device is connected to the electronic testing system. The driver is located on the base and moves the holder along the sliding track, connecting or disconnecting the plurality of connectors to the connection port of the electronic device.

Abstract: An exemplary method for testing rotating speed of a fan, includes the following steps: coupling a fan and a resistor in series to a power supply; coupling an oscilloscope in parallel with the resistor; plotting voltage across the resistor on a screen of the oscilloscope, and obtaining the period of the voltage according to the image; and obtaining the rotating speed of the fan.

Abstract: To hold a pulsar ring (1) of a magnetic rotary encoder well concentrically by a pressure inserting jig (4) when the pulsar ring is installed on a rotary body (3), the pulsar ring (1) comprises a metallic annular holder (10) and a pulsar main body (20) of a magnetic rubber material, the holder (10) comprises a disk portion (11) where the pulsar body (20) is bonded, a mounting tube portion (12) having a diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the disk portion (11) and being fixed to the rotary body (3), a fold-back portion (15) folded inward, and an intermediate portion (13) extending therefrom toward the mounting tube portion (12) so as to be separated from the disk portion (11), and the outer circumference of the fold-back portion (15) or a guide portion (22) mounted thereon is fitted to a circumferential wall portion (42) of the jig (4).

Abstract: An encoder for use with a machine includes at least one moveable member. The encoder also includes at least one sensor configured to activate via magnetic flux and is configured to dissipate electrical signals with a power amplitude less than approximately one microwatt.

Abstract: A rotation sensor includes a magnetic sensor array including magnetic sensor elements in line, a rotatable magnet confronting the magnetic sensor array, a signal readout circuit to read out a signal from the magnetic sensor array, a repeating section to cause the signal readout circuit to repeat reading out the signal from the magnetic sensor array several number of times, and to calculate a summation or an average of several readout signals, and an angle calculating circuit to detect an angle of rotation of the magnet from the summation or the average of the signals calculated by the repeating section.

Abstract: A system for use when measuring a magnetostriction value of a magnetoresistive element according to one embodiment includes a mechanism for applying a first magnetic field about parallel to a substrate having one or more magnetoresistive elements, and for applying a second magnetic field about perpendicular to the substrate and about parallel to magnetoresistive layers of the elements; and a mechanism for applying a mechanical stress to the substrate during application of the magnetic fields.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method for the nondestructive testing of pipes made of ferromagnetic steel by means of a stray flux, in which the pipe, which is moving in the longitudinal direction and alternatively additionally rotating, is magnetized by a constant field, and the generated magnetic flux is transmitted into the pipe in a contactless manner, and the flaws that are located in the near-surface area of the outer or inner surface of the pipe bring about magnetic stray fluxes, which emerge from the pipe surface and are detected by means of sensors. The amplitudes, preferably of the horizontal field component of the magnetic stray flux, which vary in the vertical direction, are detected, on the one hand, at a near-surface distance from the pipe outer surface, and, on the other hand, at a distance lying further remotely therefrom, and the detected signals are related to one another.

Abstract: The method and apparatus in one embodiment may have: a gyro housing containing a bias field; a bias field that generates a stable axial magnetic field; Xenon or other gas contained within at least a portion of the axial magnetic field, Xenon or other gas nuclear spins precessing at a constant angular rate with respect to the gyro housing in response to the axial magnetic field; wherein reversing a polarity of the bias field reverses a polarity of the magnetic field and a polarity of the precession of the Xenon or other gas nuclear spin, and wherein a reversing of the polarity of the gyro scalefactor thereby results without reversing a polarity of the gyro bias.

Abstract: In a measurement sequence and apparatus for three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, in which an acquisition of measurement data ensues by scanning multiple lines in k-space; and the number of k-space lines is apportioned among a number of partial acquisitions so that scanning of associated k-space lines occurs in each partial acquisition, the k-space lines are associated with the partial acquisitions such that the association corresponds to the following association rule: (a) evaluation of each k-space line with a distance measure that characterizes the distance of the respective k-space line relative to the k-space center, (b) arrangement of the k-space lines to be scanned in an order dependent on the distance measure, (c) grouping of the k-space lines arranged in order into a number of groups with a number of successive k-space lines being combined into a group, and (d) association of the k-space lines with the partial acquisitions by, for each group, the k-space lines combined into this group are app

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for analyzing polysaccharides. In particular, compositional and sequence information about the polysaccharides are derived. Some methods use NMR in conjunction with another experimental method, such as, capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis.

Abstract: A detection unit is disclosed for arrangement in the main magnet of an MR device, which has both an RF transceiver system and a PET detector. In at least one embodiment the RF transceiver system is divided into two parts and the two parts are arranged upstream and downstream of the PET detector in the longitudinal direction of the patient tunnel. The RF transceiver system and PET detector are applied to the same image volume. In at least one other embodiment, an MR device is equipped with the detection unit, and in at least one other embodiment, a method operates the detection unit.

Abstract: A radio frequency coil includes a non-cylindrical conformal surface (62, 76) that substantially conforms with a magnetic resonance subject. A plurality of conductor loops (60, 71, 72, 73, 74) are disposed in or on the non-cylindrical conformal surface. The plurality of conductor loops are configured to produce a substantially uniform Bi field in the magnetic resonance subject responsive to energizing at a Bi frequency. Optionally, a plurality of load-compensating conductor loops (90) are disposed in or on a compensatory non-cylindrical conformal surface (62) that substantially conforms with a magnetic resonance subject. The plurality of load-compensating conductor loops are configured to produce a non-uniform Bi field that compensates for a loading Bi non-uniformity caused by the magnetic resonance subject. Moreover, the coil may comprise switching means for switching the coil between a first mode of operation (e.g. a volume transmit mode) and a second mode of operation (e.g. a phased array reception mode).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an integrated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) RF apparatus and method of constructing the same. One Embodiment of the present invention provides an MRI apparatus comprising an examination region, a patient support, at least one vacuum thermal isolation housing, a main magnet system for generating a main magnetic field in the examination region, and a cryogenic system. The vacuum thermal isolation housing comprises a hermetically sealed high vacuum jacket that encloses a low vacuum space hosting at least one superconductor RF coil and a heat sink assembly therein. The RF coil is in thermal contact with the heat sink assembly that is coupled to the cryogenic system through a heat pipe to achieve and maintain a desired low temperature at the superconductor RF coil.

Abstract: An adapter of the invention for fitting an NMR sample tube having an outside diameter into an NMR spectrometer sample tube holder designed for a larger outside diameter sample tube includes a one-piece elongate cylinder having an upper portion and a lower portion. The lower portion has an outside diameter sized to fit within a preselected size NMR spectrometer sample tube holder. The cylinder has a hollow bore axially extending through the upper portion and the lower portion, the hollow bore having a preselected inside diameter sized to accept an NMR sample tube smaller than the preselected size NMR spectrometer sample tube holder.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging system is provided with one or more electrical accessory devices, for example, catheters (10) or RF surface coils (6), which are intended for use during the examination of an object, as well as with a connection lead (13) which is arranged so as to extend through an examination zone (1) of the magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, which zone can be exposed to an RF field, and to connect the accessory device to a connection unit (12). In order to avoid heating of the connection lead (13) due to common mode currents induced in the connection lead by the RF field, which currents could lead to injury of a patient or damage of the accessory device or the connection unit (12), the connection lead (13) comprises at least two lead segment (131, 132, . . .

Abstract: In a system in which a transmitter is moved through the ground in a region, the system including a locator for tracking the position of and/or guiding the transmitter as the transmitter moves through the ground, a locating signal is transmitted from the transmitter that is selectively operable at a current one of at least two frequencies for use in tracking the transmitter by receiving the locating signal at the frequency using the locator. A selected one of the frequencies of the locating signal is indicated to the locator using a frequency code that is produced by a locating signal frequency control arrangement which forms part of the transmitter, which frequency code can individually identify each of the frequencies. An associated transmitter is also described.

Abstract: A sea electrical survey method for hydrocarbon deposits, situated under seabed not exceeding 10 meters of depth, is disclosed, comprising: providing a plurality of multi-channel bottom systems with receiving lines having at least three electrodes and capable to register electromagnetic signals, excitation devices generating a series of computer-controlled alternating-sign pulses, a horizontally positioned dipole, synchronizing the excitation devices and bottom systems, submerging the systems upon the seabed along a predetermined direction, aligning the receiving lines, moving the dipole within the survey zone, excitation of the pulses, registering signals, measuring the potentials difference and the spatial derivatives of the signals during the pulses and the pauses, recording data, analyzing the data with accounting the fields behavior in time and in space simultaneously, determining the environment resistivity and environment polarizability based on a predetermined mathematical model, and compiling the depo

Abstract: A cable for connecting to an electronic battery tester, includes a first end configured to couple to a databus of a vehicle and a second end configured to couple to the electronic battery tester. An electrical connection extends between the first end and the second end and is configured to couple the electronic battery tester to the databus of the vehicle.

Abstract: An apparatus estimates charge/discharge electricity amount without being affected by current measurement error. Under specific selection conditions, a no-load voltage calculation part uses pairs of data consisting of current data I(n) and voltage data V(n) corresponding to the current data to calculate a no-load voltage Vsep as the voltage intercept at a current of zero in a straight-line approximation obtained by statistical processing such as regression analysis using a least squares method. If specific current conditions exist for a certain amount of time, an open circuit voltage calculation part calculates the terminal voltage of the secondary battery as the open circuit voltage Voc.

Abstract: A battery management system and a driving method thereof. The battery management system manages a plurality of battery cells, and a plurality of cell relays respectively coupled to the plurality of cells. The battery management system includes a voltage detecting unit and an MCU. The voltage detecting unit receives a first voltage corresponding to an input voltage transmitted through a 3-contact relay coupled to a first cell corresponding to the turn-on first cell relay when the first cell relay is turned on, and generating a second voltage corresponding to the first voltage. The MCU calculates an effective gain in correspondence with a ratio of the second voltage to the input voltage and controls a connection of the 3-contact relay.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for determining a distance of a phase-to-earth fault on a three-phase electric line (30), the apparatus (40) being configured to determine a first estimate value for a distance between the measuring point (40) and a point of fault (F) on the basis of a first equation based on a fault loop model of the electric line, in which model the load of the electric line is located between the measuring point and the point of fault; determine a second estimate value for the distance on the basis of a second equation based on a fault loop model of the electric line, in which model the point of fault is located between the measuring point and load of the electric line; and select, according to predetermined criteria, one of the determined two estimate values as the distance between the measuring point and the point of fault.

Abstract: A method of inspecting an electronic circuit that includes a first integrated circuit and a second integrated circuit formed on a circuit board. The first integrated circuit has a first power source, and an input circuit that has a test signal output section and the second integrated circuit has a second power source and an output circuit that has a signal input section. The method includes steps of: turning on the first and second power sources at prescribed voltage levels; changing voltage level of the first power source; applying a test signal to the signal input section of the second integrated circuit; detecting an output signal of the signal output section of the first integrated circuit; and examining whether there is a sufficient margin in the electronic circuit by comparing the test signal and the output signal.

Abstract: An arc detection system includes a radio frequency (RF) signal probe that senses a RF signal at an input of a RF plasma chamber and that generates a signal based on at least one of the voltage, current, and power of the RF signal. A signal analyzer receives the signal, monitors the signal for frequency components that have a frequency greater than or equal to a fundamental frequency of the RF signal, and generates an output signal based on the frequency components. The output signal indicates that an arc is occurring in the RF plasma chamber.

Abstract: A method for testing a variable capacitance measurement system including a fixed voltage source, a variable capacitance sensor, and a circuit to process information output by this sensor. The method connects an electrically controllable electronic simulation device to replace the variable capacitance sensor, models the electrophysical behaviour of the sensor, and tests the system.

Abstract: A test setup is provided to test differential signals outputs from the I/O block (IOB) pairs in an integrated circuit (IC). The test setup allows elimination of the external 100 Ohm resistors provided across the differential outputs on a device under test (DUT) test board containing the IC by taking advantage of a 100 Ohm resistor built into the IC between a portion of the IOB pairs. An IOB pair being tested may have its differential output terminal pair shorted to the differential output terminal pair of the IOBs having the internal 100 Ohm resistor.

Abstract: The present document describes a system for offline testing of an installed wiring harness, comprising: at least a first and a second testing module, having: a communication module for receiving test specifications and for sending test measurements; testing equipment for generating the test measurements from the test specifications; each of the first and second testing modules being adapted for connection at a connection point in the wiring harness; a central network management module, having: a communication module for providing the test specifications to the testing modules and for receiving the test measurements; and a test management module for controlling the testing modules.

Abstract: In a measurement instrument for measuring pollutants in a liquid, such as oil in water, the measurement instrument includes a main unit disposed in a first housing and a sensor unit disposed in a second housing. The housing, manufactured from an electrically insulating material, and an associated electric connection, are sealed against the passage of gas and liquid. The sensor unit has connections which are connected to a conduit system in which flows the liquid which is to be inspection measured. Sensors are further disposed in the sensor unit for emitting a measurement signal. The sensor unit and its electronics lack galvanic connection with electrically conductive components in the main unit, transfer of measurement signals between both of the units taking place by optical energy transfer, capacitative or inductive transfer.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for probing electrical circuits without loading the circuits are described herein. One embodiment of an electrical probe includes a coaxial cable having an inner conductor and an outer conductor, an extension portion of the inner conductor extending beyond the outer conductor at a probe end of the cable. The electrical probe includes a conductive whisker having a first portion separated from and extending a distance along the extension portion such that the first portion and the extension portion form a first capacitor and a second portion having a probe tip for receiving an input test signal from a circuit node under test.

Abstract: A method for assembling an electrical connecting apparatus having a support member, a probe board, and spacers arranged between the support member and the probe board. A height of at least either each abutting part of the support member or each abutting part of the probe board facing the abutting part is measured, and a length of each of the plurality of spacers is measured. Based on measurement values obtained by these measurements, a spacer appropriate for maintaining tips of numerous probes provided on the probe board on the same plane is selected for each pair of the both abutting parts.

Abstract: A probe apparatus is provided with a plurality of probe tiles, an interchangeable plate for receiving the probe tiles, a floating plate being disposed between the respective probe tile and a receiving hole on the interchangeable plate, and a control mechanism providing multi-dimensional freedom of motions to control a position of the probe tile relative to the respective receiving hole of the interchangeable plate. A method of controlling the floating plate is also provided by inserting a pair of joysticks into two respective adjustment holes disposed on the floating plate and moving the pair of joysticks to provide translational motions (X-Y) and rotational (theta) motion of the floating plate, and turning the pair of jack screws clockwise and counter-clockwise to provide a translational motion (Z) and two rotational (pitch and roll) motions of the floating plate.

Abstract: One or more micromachined (MEMS) switches switch attenuators, such as resistors, into or out of a signal path, such as of a test instrument. The MEMS switches can be fabricated on the same substrate as the attenuators, or the switches or attenuators can be mounted on the same substrate as the others are fabricated. An instrument probe includes attenuators and MEMS switches that are controlled by the instrument and/or by a control circuit in the probe. Optionally, the probe includes reactive elements, such as capacitors, and MEMS switches to compensate for electrical characteristics of the probe and/or probe lead, and the probe or a test instrument automatically sets the MEMS switches to connect appropriate ones of the reactive elements to a signal path within the probe.

Abstract: An interconnect assembly electrically connecting two circuit members, which include respective arrays of electrical contacts for engagement with the interconnect assembly. The interconnect assembly comprises a plurality of electrical conductors, the plurality of conductors arranged in a spaced arrangement, the spaced arrangement of the conductors substantially corresponding to a spaced arrangement for the respective arrays of electrical contacts to provide contact between the conductors and the contact arrays and a carrier, including a socket and a retainer. The socket includes a plurality of apertures each receiving an upper portion of one of the plurality of conductors and the retainer includes a plurality of apertures each receiving a lower portion of one of the plurality of conductors; and the respective apertures are aligned axially with each other.

Abstract: A probe card assembly has a probe contactor substrate having a plurality of probe contactor tips thereon and a probe card wiring board with an interposer disposed between the two. Support posts contacting the probe contactor substrate are vertically adjustable until secured by a locking mechanism which is coupled to the probe card wiring board. When the posts are secured in a fixed position, the position is one in which the plane of the plurality of probe contactor substrates is substantially parallel to a predetermined reference plane.

Abstract: A device under test pogo pin type contactor features an active head and an electronic component associated with the active head. A tip is spaced from the active head and a biasing device is between the active head and the tip for biasing the active head against a device under test.

Abstract: A device includes an integrated circuit device having a sensor to measure an operating characteristic of the device. The sensor provides information based on the measured operating characteristic to a trigger module. In response to the information indicating the measured operating characteristic meets a threshold associated with a device failure, the trigger module provides an indication to a storage element, which stores information indicating the threshold has been met. In the event of a failure of the integrated circuit device, the storage element can be accessed by a device analyzer to retrieve the stored information to determine the cause of the device failure.

Abstract: Provided is a test apparatus that tests a device under test, including a test head that generates a test signal for testing the device under test; a socket board onto which is mounted the device under test, that transmits signals between the test head and the device under test; a plurality of actuators that are disposed on a lower surface of the socket board to correspond one-to-one with support positions thereof, and that each have a state thereof changed according to a control signal supplied thereto to independently move the corresponding support position in a direction vertical to the lower surface of the socket board; and a connection control section that supplies a first control signal to each actuator to set each actuator to be in the same state, and thereafter supplies commonly to each actuator a second control signal that gradually decreases an apparatus separation distance between the socket board and the test head.

Abstract: Disclosed is a picture quality testing apparatus and method of a liquid crystal display which can measure at least any one of gray inversion and color shift. An apparatus for testing the picture quality of a liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal display for displaying a test pattern, an image pickup device for photographing the test pattern of the liquid crystal display, a measurer for measuring the transmittance of the test pattern photographed by the image pickup device, and a rotating means for rotating at least one of the liquid crystal display and the image pickup device while the image pickup device photographs the test pattern.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention provide a configurable integrated circuit (IC) that includes several configurable circuits grouped in several tiles. The configurable IC also includes a configuration network for loading configuration data into the IC, where the configuration data is for configuring several of the configurable circuit. In some embodiments, the configuration network includes several registers at several boundaries between the tiles, where the registers allow multiple configuration data sets to be routed to multiple tiles concurrently. The configuration network in some embodiments includes several address counters at several tiles, where each address counter allows one address to be loaded for a tile and then to be successively incremented based on increment instructions sent over the configuration network. At least, two different addresses specified by an address counter of a particular tile identify two different resources within the particular tile.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a method, system and apparatus are presented that matches the output impedance of a driver to the impedance of a transmission line. A method for matching the impedance between a driver and a transmission line, wherein the transmission line is between the driver and a load can include transmitting a first pulse from the driver to the load through the transmission line, wherein a first reflection from the transmitted first pulse occurs after a first time, measuring a second reflection from the transmitted first pulse after a second time, and adjusting the calibration of the driver in response to the measured second reflection.

Abstract: An improved circuit and method for programmable cascading of impedance matching in a multi-chip configuration are disclosed. Handshaking is implemented in cascaded chips by defining a master-slave configuration, and impedance is evaluated in cascaded chips in a non-overlapping manner. The circuit includes a plurality of chips arranged in a cascading configuration. A cascade output pin of a chip is coupled to a cascade input pin of a cascaded chip to enable handshaking between the plurality of chips. The plurality of chips are coupled to a common precision resistor via a common impedance line to enable each chip to calibrate impedance of the chip. Each of the plurality of chips includes a control circuit. Each control circuit includes a state machine circuit. The control circuit is configured to control a non-overlapping clock cycle of each chip during which the impedance of the chip is evaluated.

Abstract: A system including a preemphasis driver circuit and a method. One embodiment includes an output terminal, a main driver coupled between the input terminal and the output terminal and an auxiliary driver coupled to the output terminal, wherein at least one unclocked delay element is coupled between the input terminal and the auxiliary driver.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method of leakage control for a memory having an array of memory cells arranged into a plurality of sub-arrays is provided wherein each sub-array has a sleep mode of operation controlled by a sleep signal in which stored data is lost, and wherein each sub-array asserts a local clock if the sub-array is addressed. The method includes the act of asserting a sleep signal while addressing a given one of the sub-arrays such that only the given one of the sub-arrays is placed into the sleep mode.

Abstract: Systems, circuits and methods for software programmable logic using Spin Transfer Torque Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) technology are disclosed. Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) storage elements can be formed into input planes and output planes. The input planes and output planes can be coupled together to form complex arrays that allow for the realization of logic functions.

Abstract: A programmable logic structure is disclosed employing input logic routing cell (ILRC) multiplexers and output logic routing cell (OLRC) multiplexers for making local connections between dedicated logic cells. In a simple programmable logic structure, a dedicated logic cell (DLC) is implemented in a programmable logic structure comprising multiple ILRC multiplexers for port A and multiple OLRC multiplexers for port B. In a multi-level programmable logic structure, multiple columns of dedicated logic cells is designed with columns of dedicated local cells adjacent to each other where each DLC column is used to implement a particular logic function. In a first embodiment, local connections can be made between dedicated logic cells, e.g. an OLRC in a first DLC at level L making local point-to-point connections to an ILRC in a second DLC at level L+1.

Abstract: An integrated circuit comprising at least one group comprising having multiple arithmetic/logic units arranged in sub-groups. In the sub-groups at inputs of multiple arithmetic/logic units, in each case a single one of the first selection units is connected on the input side, wherein no other selection unit is connected directly on the input side of this selection unit. The first selection units are coupled to each other such that a horizontal and/or vertical logical interconnection of the arithmetic/logic units within a group, and/or a logical interconnection of arithmetic/logic units to an upstream group can be implemented. Second selection units are in each case connected on the output side of a column of arithmetic/logic units. The second selection units of a group are connected on the output side to one bus each, and a microprocessor is coupled to this bus.