Abstract: A pet toy, including a housing, and a vibration device coupled to an interior of the housing. The vibration device is configured to cause the housing to vibrate at a frequency that stimulates a pet, but is substantially inaudible to a human.

Abstract: Systems and methods for controlling animal noise, for example, by preventing and/or deterring the barking of dogs, are described herein. A water source is provided in communication with an animal enclosure, such that the water source is configured to provide water to the interior of the enclosure. An audio sensor is disposed proximate to and/or within the enclosure, in communication with the water source. Responsive to detection of animal noise within the enclosure, the audio sensor causes transmission of a signal to cause the water source to provide water into the enclosure, thereby deterring the animal noise. The systems and methods can utilize one or more selected sensitivity/volume thresholds, and can also include a timing mechanism for regulating the length of time that the water is provided.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for restraining an animal involves urging a spool containing a flexible tension link connectable to the animal, to retract the flexible tension link into a housing to which the spool is mounted. Movement of the spool in a direction associated with retraction of the flexible tension link disengages a brake urged into braking engagement with the spool, and causes the brake to engage with a lock operably configured to lock the brake in an disengaged position. The flexible tension link is permitted to be dispensed from the spool while the brake is in the disengaged position. A spool-operated actuator is operably configured to release the lock to permit the brake to engage the spool to stop dispensing the flexible tension link when a selected one of a plurality of discrete pre-determined lengths of flexible tension link has been dispensed from the spool.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an efficient heat generation device where fuel is burnt in a pressure gain combustion process. The heat generating system has an inner combustion chamber that is housed in heat exchangers. The combustion chamber walls, in one form, include fluid conduits. While different fluids could be utilized, water is most common and the term water herein is intended to define water and all functional equivalents. The water conduits (tubes) may be multi-pass longitudinal, parallel to the combustor axis or they may be winded around the combustion chamber in a spiral fashion. The combustion products exiting the combustion chamber enter the outer liner where water tube bundles extract the heat of the combustion. One embodiment also utilizes an air preheating stage. Heated water and steam generated in the heat exchanger stages wrapped around the combustor enters the final heating stage where it passes through the flame accelerators in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler comprising a reaction chamber. A bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) is contained within an enclosure within the lower portion of the reaction chamber and contains an in-bed heat exchanger (IBHX) that occupies part of the reaction chamber floor. At least one non-mechanical valve, which includes an opening between the CFB and BFB and independently controlled fluidizing means located both upstream and downstream of the opening, is used to control the heat transfer to the IBHX by controlling the solids discharge from the BFB to the CFB. The elevation of the bottom of the opening is at or above the elevation of the fluidizing means. A flow control barrier may be located downstream of the opening.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler includes a reaction chamber, where a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) is contained within an enclosure within the lower portion of the reaction chamber and contains an in-bed heat exchanger (IBHX) that occupies part of the reaction chamber floor. A plurality of in-bed secondary air nozzles comprise a plurality of tubes which are grouped together and run across the width of the BFB between the BFB enclosure wall and an outside wall of the CFB. The nozzles are positioned to prevent the deflection of solids falling onto the BFB from the CFB by the secondary air jets while avoiding a complicated structure that would interfere with gas and/or solids movement in the furnace. The nozzles' exit openings are flush, or almost flush, with the BFB enclosure wall.

Abstract: An oxyfuel combustion boiler plant comprising: a boiler having an air separation unit for manufacturing oxygen by separating nitrogen from air, a burner for burning the oxygen supplied from the air separation unit and pulverized coal, and a primary system pipe for supplying the pulverized coal to the burner, exhaust gas recirculation system pipe for supplying combustion exhaust gas discharged from the boiler to the primary system pipe, a carbon dioxide capture unit for capturing carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas discharged from the boiler, the oxyfuel combustion boiler plant is further comprising: an oxygen buffer tank disposed on a downstream side of the air separation unit; an oxygen supply pipe for supplying oxygen to the primary system pipe of the burner from the oxygen buffer tank; and a nitrogen supply pipe for supplying a part of nitrogen generated from the air separation unit or an air supply pipe for supplying air from outside which is connected to the oxygen supply pipe on a downstream side of th

Abstract: A fire tube condensing boiler for generating hot water, comprising a thermostatic device between an outlet connector and a portion of space for containing the water, which is adapted to let the water flow out when it reaches a preset temperature value, and further comprising an external bypass line connected at its ends to the outlet connector downstream of the thermostatic device and to the portion of space in a position that is interposed between an inlet connector and a perforated diaphragm that is arranged below a furnace and is spaced from it.

Abstract: A control method for an electro-mechanical camshaft phase shifting devices in general, and a control method for an electro-mechanic camshaft phase shifting device with a self-locking mechanism in particular. The control method takes advantage of a cam shaft reaction torque in conjunction with a frictional self-locking feature of an electro-mechanical camshaft phase shifting device to simplify the control structure and to reduce the actuating torque required for the associated electric machine, consequently reducing the size of electric machine.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include an engine structure, a camshaft, a timing wheel and a camshaft position sensor. The camshaft may be rotationally supported within the engine structure and may have a non-magnetic journal rotationally fixed thereto. The timing wheel may be rotationally fixed to the camshaft proximate the non-magnetic journal. The camshaft position sensor may be coupled to the engine structure and configured to determine the rotational position of the camshaft based on a magnetic impulse from the timing wheel.

Abstract: A valve opening/closing timing control device includes: a driving side rotational member synchronously rotatable with a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine; a driven side rotational member arranged coaxially with the driving side rotational member and synchronously rotatable with a camshaft that opens and closes any one of intake and exhaust valves of the internal combustion engine; a phase converting mechanism displacing a relative phase between the driving side rotational member and the driven side rotational member to an advanced angle phase side or a retarded angle phase side by distributing an operating fluid to each of two kinds of pressure chambers, the volume of which is complementarily varied by a movable partition; and a biasing member biasing the relative phase toward a predetermined phase suitable for a start-up of the internal combustion engine except for a most advanced angle phase and a most retarded angle phase.

Abstract: A valve opening/closing timing control device includes: a driving side rotational member; a driven side rotational member; a retarded angle chamber and an advanced angle chamber; a lock mechanism; and a spiral spring providing a biasing force in a predetermined phase direction in a retarded angle region of a relative rotational phase of the driven side rotational member to the driving side rotational member from a most retarded angle phase to a predetermined phase, and not providing the biasing force to a most advanced angle phase from the predetermined phase.

Abstract: An engine system and corresponding control method are described. As one example, the control method includes: combusting fuel from a first fuel tank during a first engine operating condition; combusting fuel from a second fuel tank during a second engine operating condition; transferring fuel from the first fuel tank to the second fuel tank when a fuel level of the second fuel tank falls below a predetermined level; delivering air to the engine from an air compressor; and adjusting the compressor based on a combustion characteristic of fuel from the second tank.

Abstract: A high-voltage generator device, including an inductive-capacitive resonator capable of producing a high voltage, a mechanism generating a high-frequency control pulse train, a voltage source, a capacitor, and a voltage generator including a switching transistor, the control electrode of which is connected to the output of the mechanism generating the high-frequency control pulse train, the source of the switching transistor being connect to ground, and the drain of the switching transistor being capable of delivering a voltage pulse train to the inductive-capacitive resonator in response to the control pulse train received on the control electrode of the switching transistor. The drain of the switching transistor is connected to the inductive-capacitive resonator via an isolating transformer, the isolating transformer being connected in parallel with a capacitor, the isolating transformer also being connected to the voltage source.

Abstract: A remote starting system for an engine of a vehicle includes a remote start handheld unit. A remote start controller may be positioned at the vehicle for starting the engine based upon the remote start handheld unit and causing the engine to run for a run time period before shutting off the vehicle engine. The remote start controller is resettable based upon the remote start handheld unit to cause the engine to run for an additional run time period while the engine is still running and before shutting off the engine. The remote start handheld unit includes an audible indicator for providing an audible indication to a user prior to expiration of the run time period to permit a user to use the remote start handheld unit to reset the run time period while the engine is still running and before shutting off the engine.

Abstract: The present application relates to a drive and balance mass. In one example, an engine includes, a camshaft, a balance shaft disposed within an interior of the camshaft, and a first gear, intermediate the balance shaft and the camshaft and driving the balance shaft to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to a crankshaft of the engine in a direction opposite of the crankshaft. In another example, a balance mass and drive for an engine includes, a planetary gear set including a sun gear, a ring gear and a plurality of pinions mounted on a carrier, an input coupled to an input gear of the planetary gear set, a balance mass coupled to an output gear of the planetary gear set, the output gear configured to drive the balance mass to rotate about a first axis substantially parallel to the crankshaft in a direction opposite of the crankshaft.

Abstract: A piston for an internal combustion engine including a piston crown having an upper surface and a lower surface; a piston skirt; and a generally cup-shaped undercrown formed on the lower surface of the piston crown and integral with the top portions of opposing side walls of the piston skirt, at least a portion of the surface of the undercrown being rough, defining at least one region of increased surface area, wherein the distance between an uppermost and lowermost points of the surface of the undercrown in the at least one region of increased surface area is in the range of approximately 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm.

Abstract: There is provided, in one aspect of the present description, an oil pan structure attached to a lower portion of an engine for a vehicle. In one example, the oil pan structure comprises has an approximately rectangular bottom wall which accumulates oil continually, a long side wall, and a short side wall, the approximately rectangular bottom wall being surrounded by the long side wall and the short side wall. Further, the bottom wall has a deep bottom section provided approximately in a center of the bottom wall and in a portion where the oil is pumped up, a shallow bottom section which has a depth that is shallower than that of the deep bottom section, and a connecting wall section extending vertically and connecting the deep bottom section with the shallow bottom section, the shallow bottom section being provided on both sides of the deep bottom section.

Abstract: A cylinder head cover structure of a vehicle which can shorten a longitudinal length of a vehicle while avoiding the restriction on the layout of an engine. A motorcycle includes a vehicle body frame, an engine which is mounted on the vehicle body frame in a suspended manner and includes a cylinder head cover and a radiator which is arranged in front of the engine and behind a front wheel. A recessed portion which is recessed toward a rear side of the vehicle is formed in the cylinder head cover so as to allow a lower portion of the radiator to enter the recessed portion.

Abstract: An integrally cast four-stroke engine mono-block (10) includes integrally cast cylinder block (20), cylinder head (40), and portion of a crankcase (30) including crankcase 10 outboard and inboard walls (89, 90). At least parts of outer and inner bearing bosses (21a, 21b) are integrally cast with the cylinder block (20) with the inner bearing boss (21b) integrally cast in the inboard wall (90). At least one cored out longitudinally extending open valve 15 train chamber (88) is disposed between the outboard wall (89) and the cast cylinder block (20).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a device which provides a safety measure to vehicles by utilizing the dead man (tether) switch, or other electrical connection, in combination with a valve and actuator, to keep oil from leaking out of the lubrication system of the vehicle in a rollover situation.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes: an engine body including: a crankcase for rotatably supporting a crankshaft; and a crankcase cover fastened to the crankcase by a plurality of bolts so as to cover one side of the crankcase; and a stay supporting an oil level gauge guide, the stay being mounted on the engine body, the stay having an opening receiving and supporting a tube or wire.

Abstract: In a method for starting a self-igniting internal combustion engine at low temperatures, a first fuel amount is injected into the combustion chamber during a compression stroke of the internal combustion engine by a fuel pre-injection, so as to form a partially homogenous pre-mixture in the combustion chamber; a main fuel amount is then injected into the combustion chamber during a main injection and the fuel/air mixture is combusted by self-ignition, the injection start of the pre-injection being selected such that the partially homogenous pre-mixture can be ignited after a very short ignition delay, and an injection start of the main injection is selected such that the main fuel amount is injected into the combustion chamber either during a combustion phase or directly after a combustion phase of the ignited pre-injection mixture

Abstract: An engine brake unit, may include a rocker shaft having an oil passage to open or close an exhaust valve when an engine braking is in operation, an exhaust rocker arm rotatable about the rocker shaft inserted into the exhaust rocker arm, wherein the exhaust rocker arm includes a supply oil passage communicating with the oil passage and the outside, and a recess connected to the supply oil passage and having an open lower portion, an actuator disposed in the recess of the exhaust rocker arm, wherein the actuator includes a piston that selectively moves downwards through the open lower portion of the recess by oil supplied from the supply oil passage to press the exhaust rocker arm while oil pressure in the oil passage has a predetermined pressure or more, and an oil control valve connected to the oil passage of the rocker shaft and controlling the oil pressure.

Abstract: A variable valve actuation (VVA) system comprises a spark control module and a phaser control module. The spark control module maintains a spark timing of a cylinder at a maximum braking torque (MBT) spark timing during engine idling. The phaser control module, during the engine idling, adjusts an intake valve timing of the cylinder away from a predetermined intake valve timing. The predetermined intake valve timing corresponds to a maximum air per cylinder (APC) for the cylinder at a current engine speed. The adjustment of the intake valve timing produces an APC that is less than the maximum APC.

Abstract: A system for filtering and oxidizing particulate matter produced by a gasoline direct injection engine is disclosed. In one embodiment, engine spark is controlled such that soot held by a particulate filter may be oxidized even during low engine loads.

Abstract: A nested fuel injector that includes an injector housing having a bore longitudinally therethrough, and a pintle assembled to the housing and positioned substantially within the bore. The pintle has a head located at an end of a cylindrical portion, wherein the head is seated in one end of the bore, and the seating of the head defines a variable-area exit orifice. A wave spring is assembled onto the pintle and configured to urge the pintle into the seating position. The bore is configured for the passage of a pressurized flow of fuel. The fuel pressure urges the pintle head away from the exit orifice to permit the pressurized fuel to flow from the bore out through the exit orifice.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of introducing fuel into a diesel engine for combustion within the engine. A combustible gas in liquid form is injected into the engine for combustion therein with diesel fuel so as to maintain a combustible gas concentration derived from the liquid in the range of 0.2%-0.6% of air intake by volume of combustible gas. Suitable gases include LPG or liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, hydrogen, ethane, methane, propane, butane, hexane, heptane, pentane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, ammonia or other combustible gas, or a combination of two or more thereof.

Abstract: The motorcycle includes a power unit having a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, a throttle body mounted to the power unit, a fuel injection system mounted on the throttle body, a fuel tank, the fuel pump unit by which a fuel in the fuel tank is supplied to the fuel injection system, and the fuel filter device. The fuel supply system for the motorcycle includes the fuel filter device disposed so as to overlap with the throttle body when viewed in the vehicle width direction, an upper portion of an outer case of the fuel filter device is supported by an engine hanger boss for fixing the power unit to a body frame of the motorcycle, and a lower portion of the outer case is supported by the crankcase.

Abstract: An engine assembly may include a cylinder head, a cam cover and a fuel rail assembly. The cylinder head may define intake and exhaust ports and the cam cover may be fixed to the cylinder head. The fuel rail assembly may include a fuel rail, a bracket assembly and a fuel injector. The bracket assembly may be fixed to the fuel rail and may include a fastener and an isolation member. The fastener may be engaged with the cam cover and may secure the fuel rail thereto. The isolation member may be located between the fuel rail and the cam cover to isolate vibration therebetween. The fuel injector may be in communication with the fuel rail and may extend into a combustion chamber defined by the cylinder head at a location between the intake and exhaust ports.

Abstract: The motorcycle includes a power unit having a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, the fuel injection system mounted to the power unit, a fuel tank, a fuel pump unit by which fuel in the fuel tank is supplied to the fuel injection system, and the fuel filter device. The fuel supply system for the motorcycle includes the fuel filter device that is cylindrical in shape, the pressure regulator cylindrical in shape is mounted to an outside portion of the fuel filter device, with its cylinder axis inclined against the cylinder axis of the fuel filter device. A fuel pipe extends from an outlet pipe of the pressure regulator to the fuel injection system in a connecting manner.

Abstract: A fuel injector clamp and method of clamping a fuel injector includes clamp members each including a central body with a concaved section and two horizontally offset passageways. Clamp members are oppositely oriented such that the concaved section forms a region adapted to engage a fuel injector. Offset passageways are aligned such that a top passageway of one member is aligned with a bottom passageway of the opposing member. A fastening mechanism is passed through a first pair of aligned passageways to form a hinge, allowing clamp members to pivot about the hinge so a fuel injector can be disposed between the concaved sections. Members are then pivoted towards each other to close the clamp assembly; a second fastening mechanism is passed through a second pair of aligned offset passageways to lock the injector into place.

Abstract: To improve a restart failure during fuel vapor occurrence, in a fuel injection control apparatus for an engine that is not equipped with a battery and starts the engine by a manual operation, the fuel injection control apparatus for an engine includes: an injector that supplies fuel to the engine based on pressure of the fuel supplied by a fuel pump; a power generating section for generating power based on rotation driving of a crank shaft of the engine; a starting device for manually starting the engine; and a control section for starting with power generation voltage by the power generating section and calculating a fuel injection amount based on an operation state of the engine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure fuel pump for a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine, having a pump housing and with at least one pump element of a piston which is driven by a cam which interacts with a roller. The free ends of the roller are bounded by two side run-on surfaces which come into contact with mating surfaces during the operation of the high-pressure fuel pump. In order to provide a high-pressure fuel pump which can be produced cost-effectively and has a long service life, the side run-on surfaces are designed as circular ring disc surfaces and, in a central internal region, are released from contact with the mating surfaces.

Abstract: The motorcycle includes a power unit having an output shaft in a crankcase of an internal combustion engine, a fuel injection system mounted to the power unit, the fuel tank, the fuel pump unit by which a fuel in the fuel tank is supplied to the fuel injection system through a fuel passage, the fuel filter device connected to the fuel passage on the downstream side relative to the fuel pump unit, and a shock absorber provided in a vertically oriented state on the front side of a rear wheel. The fuel supply system for the motorcycle includes the fuel pump unit being disposed outside the fuel tank, on the rear side of the output shaft and on the front side of the rear cushion, and the fuel filter device is disposed on the upper side of the crankcase.

Abstract: A fuel heating device comprises a heater housing (7) including a bottom wall (17), an upper inlet opening (13) provided in an upper part of the heater housing and an outlet opening (18) provided in a lower part of the heater housing diametrically opposite to the inlet opening, and a heater member (9) including a heat emitting portion (9h) received in a middle part of a heating chamber (6) defined by the heater housing. As the inlet opening is provided in an upper part of the fuel housing, bubbles that may be created by the vaporization of the fuel heated by the heater member is allowed to rise upward and then escape out of the inlet opening. The bubbles that have returned to the fuel supply passage (4) are cooled by fresh fuel, and condense to liquid state once again. Therefore, the heater housing and fuel supply passage are kept free from the presence of fuel vapor, and the fuel therein can be pressurized by a fuel pump to a proper level at all times.

Abstract: A supercharger cooling system provides a path for coolant from an air/coolant heat exchanger to a supercharger intercooler and loops around a hot outlet end of a screw type supercharger and back to the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be a dedicated air/coolant heat exchanger or be a vehicle radiator. The intercooler is sandwiched between the supercharger and intake manifold and cools the flow of hot compressed air from the supercharger into the intake manifold. The supercharger cooling loop circles the front rotor bearings thereby cooling the bearings and seals, the forward ends of the male and female rotors, and the male and female rotor gears. The cooling loop is preferably located in the outlet end wall between the supercharger rotors and the rotor drive gears to form a barrier to heat. A dedicated pump cycles the coolant flow and restrictions control the flow of coolant to the supercharger.

Abstract: A blow-by gas refluxing device is provided for an engine system including an engine and an intake air passage communicating with the engine for supplying intake air into the engine. The blow-by gas refluxing device includes a plurality of blow-by gas refluxing passages each having an inlet communicating with the engine and an outlet communicating with the intake air passage. The outlets of the blow-by gas passages communicate with the intake air passage at different positions along the length of the intake air passage and each of the blow-by gas passages has a backflow preventing device disposed therein, so that blow-by gas produced in the engine can flow into the intake air passage via at least one of the blow-by gas refluxing passages throughout the entire operational range of the engine.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide a blow-by gas recirculating apparatus for an engine in which the ventilation efficiency of a crankcase can be enhanced.

Abstract: An ignition control circuit and method of operation provides a very simple but highly effective prevention of engine reverse rotation upon starting by prohibiting ignition when a reverse rotation situation arises.

Abstract: A system includes a cylinder equivalence ratio (EQR) module, a location estimation module, a sensor module, and a fuel control module. The cylinder EQR module determines a first EQR corresponding to a first exhaust gas expelled from a first cylinder and determines a second EQR corresponding to a second exhaust gas expelled from a second cylinder. The location estimation module determines when the first and second exhaust gases mix in an exhaust manifold to form a third exhaust gas having a third EQR. The sensor module estimates an EQR of a fourth exhaust gas based on the third EQR. The fourth exhaust gas is located at an oxygen sensor in the exhaust manifold. The fuel control module controls an amount of fuel supplied to an engine based on a difference between the estimated EQR and an EQR corresponding to measurements from the oxygen sensor.

Abstract: A system for compensating for changes in behavior of an oxygen sensor. In one embodiment, the system includes an oxygen sensor configured to produce an output indicative of an oxygen level in an exhaust stream produced by an internal combustion engine. An electronic control unit receives the output of the oxygen sensor and is configured to cause the internal combustion engine to operate in an overrun mode. The electronic control unit is programmed or otherwise configured to determine whether a change in oxygen level over time is approximately zero. When the change in oxygen level is approximately zero or near zero, the electronic control unit determines a compensation factor for the oxygen sensor.

Abstract: A steady-state (SS) delay module determines a SS delay period for SS operating conditions based on an air per cylinder. A dynamic compensation module determines a predicted delay period based on first and second dynamic compensation variables for dynamic operating conditions, the SS delay period, a previous predicted delay period. The first dynamic compensation variable corresponds to a period between a first time when fuel is provided for a cylinder of an engine and a second time when exhaust gas resulting from combustion of the fuel and air is expelled from the cylinder. The SS and predicted delay periods correspond to a period between the first time and a third time when the exhaust gas reaches an exhaust gas oxygen sensor located upstream of a catalyst. A final equivalence ratio module adjusts fuel provided to the cylinder after the third time based on the predicted delay period.

Abstract: A system for filtering and oxidizing particulate matter produced by a gasoline direct injection engine is disclosed. In one embodiment, engine cylinder air-fuel is adjusted to allow soot to oxidize at an upstream particulate filter while exhaust gases are efficiently processed in a downstream catalyst.

Abstract: An engine control system includes a saturation determination module, an adjustment factor generation module, and a fuel control module. The saturation determination module determines when a first exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor is saturated, wherein the first EGO sensor is located upstream from a catalyst. The adjustment factor generation module generates an adjustment factor for an integral gain of a fuel control module when the first EGO sensor is saturated. The fuel control module adjusts a fuel command for an engine based on differences between expected and measured amounts of oxygen in exhaust gas produced by the engine, a proportional gain, the integral gain, and the integral gain adjustment factor.

Abstract: In some embodiments, an archery bow comprises a riser, a first limb and a second limb. A drawstring extends between the first limb and the second limb, for example extending between rotatable members supported by the limbs. A first cable, such as a power cable, also extends between the first limb and the second limb. A cable guard is attached to the riser, which comprises a body portion and a cable engaging portion. The cable guard biases a portion of the first cable in a direction away from the riser.

Abstract: A ball tossing apparatus includes a support frame and a plurality of launch devices fixed to the support frame and arranged in a two-dimensional array. The launch devices include cylinders having a spring fixed therein, with a ball carrier fixed to the spring. The balls are retained in a loaded position (springs compressed) and then upon activation of the launch devices are launched vertically into the air to the sports player. In another embodiment, the launch devices include a rotating lever which is acted on by a biasing member to launch the ball vertically from the cylinder. A method for launching the balls includes the steps of loading the balls into a two dimensional array, and then launching the balls according to a launch sequence. An electronic control system for use with the ball tossing apparatus includes a launch module for launching the loaded balls in the plurality of launch devices according to a launch sequence.

Abstract: A hopper structure of a paintball marker includes a hopper body, a paintball holder, an upper cover, and first and second connecting elements. The hopper body has opposite first and second pivot portions. The first pivot portion has opposite and mutually communicating first pivot holes. The second pivot portion has opposite and mutually communicating second pivot holes. After a third pivot portion of the paintball holder is received in the first pivot portion, a fourth pivot portion of the upper cover is received in the second pivot portion. Thus, the paintball holder and the upper cover are stacked vertically on the hopper body. The upper cover, the paintball holder, and the hopper body are pivotally connected by the first and second connecting elements such that the assembled hopper structure is conveniently opened and closed and will not fall apart when accidentally dropped to the ground or hit during use.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a weapon that provides a range control (2), by means of which it is possible to set firing velocity, and thus impact velocity, of the ammunition or active bodies (10) to a distance to be discharged in such a way that, in particular, the non-lethal ammunition (10) continues to have a non-lethal effect. To this end, a type of pneumatic weapon (1) is described that, with the use of a shot pressure control, e.g. by means of a proportional pressure regulator (3), and/or additionally in combination with breech technology and valve technology, has a continuously variable range control.

Abstract: Abrasive articles and method of making said articles are provided. The articles include an integral resilient member having a first and a second opposed major surface where the member includes a centrally disposed core that is substantially free of abrasive particles and a peripheral annulus that includes a plurality of abrasive zones that comprise abrasive particles. The particles protrude through at least one major surface of the integral member.