Abstract: A retroreflective sheeting (10) comprising a cube layer (20) having a front light-receiving surface (30) and a rear retroreflecting surface (32), and a metallic layer (22) covering the rear retroreflecting surface (32). The rear surface (32) comprises an array of retroreflective elements (34) and diffusing patches (36) within such array (without retroreflective elements (34)). The metallic layer (22) covers the retroreflective elements (34) and the diffusing patches (36), whereby diffusing patches (36) scatter incoming light increasing daytime brightness to a desired level.

Abstract: The present invention provides a labeling method for a blu-ray disc, which includes following steps: an initial radius is selected on a blank area of the blu-ray disc, and a pattern is determined; an initial physical sector number is calculated using the initial radius, and the pattern is transformed into a description data; according to the initial physical sector number and a size of the description data, a sequential recorded region of the blu-ray disc is divided into at least two sequential recorded regions, and information of the at least two sequential recorded regions are updated in a table of content, wherein an initial position of one of the sequential recorded regions is the initial physical sector number, and a length of the one of the sequential recorded regions is the size of the description data; the description data is written from the initial physical sector number.

Abstract: Mesh may be stretched between rollers of a roller frame using a tool to grip a locking strip slot in the roller at about the middle of the roller and turning the roller using the tool. A rectangular frame may support the roller frame in a planer configuration during stretching. A jack coupled to the rectangular frame may be used to apply rotational force to the tool for rotating the roller. A triangular locking strip may be stitched to the mesh for insertion into the locking strip slot from the top instead of the end of the slot.

Abstract: The present invention provides device and method for forming a thin film pattern which can maintain an extent of wetting of a printing liquid at a proper state without time dependence. The device for forming a thin film includes a printing liquid supply unit for supplying printing liquid, a cliché having a depressed pattern and a relieved pattern for patterning the printing liquid, a printing roller for having the printing liquid supplied from the printing liquid supply unit thereto coated thereon and being rolled on the cliché and the substrate, and a solvent supply unit for supplying a solvent to the printing liquid before the printing liquid coated on the printing roller is brought into contact with the cliché.

Abstract: The invention describes an inking system of a printing press comprising an impression cylinder for guiding the printing substrate, and at least one ink-transfer roller comprising a cylinder mandrel, on which at least one cylinder sleeve is concentrically displaceable, and bearing blocks, in which the ends of the ink-transfer roller are mounted and which are displaceable independently of each other in the radial direction of the impression cylinder. The ink-transfer roller can be set against the impression cylinder or any other ink-transfer roller, a bearing block being detachable from one end of the ink-transfer roller and displaceable relative to the ink-transfer roller so that the at least one cylinder sleeve can be removed by way of this end. A stop device is provided, with which the cylinder sleeve can be brought into contact, components of the stop device being movable in the axial direction of the print roller.

Abstract: A printing sleeve mandrel assembly for use in a rotary printing press is disclosed. The printing sleeve mandrel assembly includes a mandrel having an outer circumference and a plurality of printing sleeves each operable to be removeably disposed along the outer circumference of the mandrel. Each of the plurality of printing sleeves includes a first end and a second end wherein at least one of the first end and the second end includes an engagement mechanism, each engagement mechanism for removeably coupling with the engagement mechanism of an adjacent printing sleeve so that each of the plurality of printing sleeves are operable to rotate in conjunction with the other printing sleeves.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device with colored pattern which is made by a plateless transfer printing technology. The device includes a body, an adhesive layer, a white ink layer and a pattern layer. The adhesive layer is formed on the body. The white ink layer is formed on the adhesive layer. The pattern layer is on the white ink layer. In particular, the pattern layer is customized to be a color ink layer which is printed with colored picture, character, symbol or number. In the manufacturing method of the device, a plateless transfer printing film is prepared to cover the body. Next, the film is transferred to the surface of the body, especially by a roller-embossing process. A blowing-embossing process is then applied to the plateless transfer printing film. Therefore, a fast and uniform transfer printing is achieved.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a double-sided imprint apparatus capable of simultaneously imprinting both surfaces of a transfer printing target such as a doughnut-shaped, circular disc substrate. The double-sided imprint apparatus includes: an upper surface stamper device that is supported by an elevation mechanism; a lower surface stamper device that is fastened to a transport table mounted on a guide rail; and a transfer printing target separator, in which the transport table moves back and forth along the guide rail with the aid of a transport drive mechanism, thereby allowing the lower surface stamper device and the transfer printing target separator to alternately move to a position facing the upper surface stamper device, which is positioned at the center of the upper surface stamper device.

Abstract: Process for the production of a lithographic printing plate, comprising (a) providing a lithographic printing plate precursor comprising (i) a substrate; (ii) a radiation-sensitive coating comprising one or more layers and (iii) optionally an oxygen-impermeable overcoat; (b) image-wise exposing the lithographic printing plate precursor to radiation of a wavelength to which the radiation-sensitive coating is sensitive; (c) optionally subjecting the image-wise exposed precursor to a preheat treatment and/or rinsing with water; (d) removing the non-image areas from the image-wise exposed precursor by means of an alkaline developer solution; (e) optionally subjecting the imaged precursor obtained in step (d) to rinsing with water; (f) treating the imaged lithographic printing plate obtained in step (d) or (e) with a finisher solution; and (g) optionally subjecting the finisher treated plate obtained in step (f) to at least one further process step selected from rinsing with water, drying and baking; characterized

Abstract: An item handling system includes a transport system defining a transport plane, a printer assembly defining a printer plane, and a printer alignment system supporting the printer assembly. The printer alignment system includes a plurality of drive elements configured to move the printer assembly. A method of aligning a printer in the item handling system includes moving the printer assembly to a limit position of the printer alignment system distal from the transport system using the drive elements, moving the printer assembly to a limit position of the printer alignment system proximate to the transport system using the drive elements, and driving each of the drive elements at a respective predetermined level to place the printer plane in a substantially parallel orientation with respect to the transport plane.

Abstract: A method is provided for an electric activation of a plasma jet igniter for firing Electro-Thermal-Chemical (ETC) guns, machine guns and other equivalent ETC barreled weapons, without complete consumption of any of the components necessary for its activation upon activating the igniter. Each activation of the igniter by means of one or several voltage pulses, which from an electric pulse generator (10) are conducted between an anode (4) and a cathode (5), is preceded by heating of the anode (4) to such high temperature that at least parts of the dielectric material (2) arranged in proximity to the anode (4) have begun to vaporize. The method may be implemented using an adapted plasma jet igniter which has an anode that can be heated to a high temperature so that the igniter can be used for firing whole series of rounds or a full magazine of successively fired rounds in rapid order.

Abstract: An electrical delay detonator for use in blasting initiation systems energized by a non-electric impulse signal transmitted through a non-electrical conduit, such as a shock tube, with one end inserted inside a detonator housing having redundant sensors for detecting the presence of a non-electric impulse signal and a computerized control circuit for actuating the firing circuit. An elevated voltage is generated, stored in a capacitor assembly, and discharged when fired to an electrically operable igniter. The igniter, when activated, detonates an explosive mass. A battery is also contained within the detonator housing for powering the control circuit and one sensor, in low consumption mode, for several days. Upon detecting the presence of a signal the rest of the circuits are powered up. Periodic time windows generated by the control assembly provide corresponding enabled time periods for the sensors to become operational.

Abstract: A perforating apparatus according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure comprises a carrier adapted to be deployed in a wellbore; a shaped explosive charge mounted on the carrier, the shaped charge comprising an explosive disposed inside of a case; and a conically shaped liner having an apex and a base disposed with the explosive in the case, the liner comprising an electromagnetically formed portion. The electromagnetically formed portion may comprise a thickness at the apex that is different from a thickness at the base.

Abstract: A projectile has a leading part, a trailing part and a cylindrical interface that interconnects the leading and trailing parts. A non-round aperture having a predetermined longitudinal extent is formed in the trailing end of the leading part and a non-round peg having a predetermined longitudinal extent substantially equal to the predetermined longitudinal extent of the non-round aperture is formed in the leading end of the trailing part. The non-round peg is slideably inserted within the non-round aperture when the leading end of the cylindrical interface abuts the trailing end of the leading part and the trailing end of the cylindrical interface abuts the leading end of the trailing part so that the leading and trailing parts of the projectile rotate conjointly with one another when the projectile is rotating about its axis of rotation.

Abstract: A sabot with exactly two complimentary halves, wherein each half portion comprises teeth configured to interlock with teeth of the other half portion. The sabot may further comprise a semi-circular groove configured in the teeth of each half portion. Also, each half portion may comprise at least one indented conical end. Preferably, on each half portion, the teeth are spaced apart from the at least one indented conical end. Moreover, each half portion may comprise translucent polycarbonate material. Furthermore, each half portion may be adapted to flush mount together to form a substantially cylindrical configuration when the teeth are interlocked. Additionally, the sabot may further comprise a semi-circular groove configured in the teeth of each half portion, wherein the semi-circular groove extends to the at least one indented conical end.

Abstract: A projectile includes a leading part formed by a tip and a tip base that form a first annular shoulder where they meet. A trailing part of the projectile is formed by a base having a frusto-conical trailing end and a cylindrical leading end of truncate extent that forms a tail drive. A second annular shoulder is formed where a cylindrical rod meets the tail drive. A flat trailing end of the tip base and a flat leading end of the cylindrical rod abut one another when the projectile is assembled. A cylindrical interface has a leading extent abutting the first annular shoulder and a trailing end abutting the second annular shoulder. The tail drive and the trailing extent of the cylindrical interface are the only parts of the projectile that engage gun barrel rifling when the projectile is positioned in a gun barrel.

Abstract: A cabin for accommodating passengers and/or goods, including an opening and a holder fastened to the cabin for holding a glazing unit in the opening. The cabin includes at least two connection members that each include a first fastening part connected to the glazing unit and a second fastening part connected to the cabin. The glazing unit is secured in the region of the opening when the glazing unit has detached from the holder. The glazing unit can, for example, be pressed out of the holder as a result of persons carried in the cabin violently pushing or striking the inner side of the glazing unit. However, the connection member prevents these persons from falling downwards out of the cabin. The glazing unit is also prevented from falling. As a result, safety of the passengers and/or goods in the cabin is ensured.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are stabilized kaolin slurries comprising a kaolin comprising no more than about 80% by weight of particles having an equivalent spherical diameter of less than 2 microns and at least one stabilizer, wherein the stabilized kaolin slurry has a 28-day pour test result of at least about 80% poured. Also disclosed are methods of making such stabilized kaolin slurries.

Abstract: A silica cement blend having an insulating, fire retarding and high temperature characteristic capable of withstanding temperatures ranging from ambient to greater than 40000 F without degradation of the concrete structure. In addition to its high temperature capabilities the blend can be produced as ultra light weight to heavy weight concrete. The silica based mixture when added to cementitious materials such as Portland cement, Class C Fly Ash, silica fume and other cementitious materials. Presented also are methods for reducing fire damage by coating interior/exterior walls, ceiling, and roofs of a building with a water based latex coating containing a fire retardant material and low heat conductivity silicas. Methods for painting internal/external walls, ceilings, and roof are also presented.

Abstract: Integrated cement production systems and methods implementing the systems are disclosed, where the integrated cement production systems include a burnable fuel supply subsystem, a cement raw material supply subsystem, a kiln subsystem and a cement clinker composition storage subsystem. The burnable fuel supply subsystem is adapted to receive one or a plurality of used and/or unused healthcare materials. The burnable fuel supply subsystem can feed the materials directly into the kiln subsystem, can convert the materials into different form and feed the different form to the kiln subsystem or feed a combination of the materials, different forms and optionally conventional fuels to the kiln subsystem.

Abstract: One embodiment of the folding desk includes a rectangular desktop having a first major side edge, an opposing second major side edge, a first minor side edge, and an opposing second minor side edge. A first desktop support subunit, a second desktop support subunit, and a privacy panel are each pivotally connected to the same major surface of the desktop. The first desktop support subunit pivots on a first pivot axis that is proximate and substantially parallel the first minor side edge. The second desktop support subunit pivots on a second pivot axis that is proximate and substantially parallel the second minor side edge. The privacy panel is pivotally connected to the desktop at a location proximate to the second major side edge. The first pivot axis is a greater distance from the desktop than the second pivot axis, allowing the folding desk to assume a relatively compact folded configuration.

Abstract: An individual working or service table provides comfort to a person sitting in a sofa, an armchair or wheelchair with armrests or even sitting directly on the floor. The table includes a working or service tray intended to be placed horizontally above the thighs of the person in the sitting position, and two armrests provided on both sides of the tray. Two respective side parts extending from the installation side of the person are laterally joined to the tray, and form downward returns, when considering the installation position, adapted to be placed on both sides of the person and arranged to form, at an upper surface, the armrests of the individual table, and, at their base, a stable support on the surface of the seat of the sofa or the like, on the armrests of the armchair or wheelchair or on the floor according to where the person is sitting, the person's waist being enclosed by the tray part and by the side parts of the individual table.

Abstract: A desktop insert to be installed at an opening formed in a desktop and in which can be stored stationery supplies, electronic devices or hanging files so as to provide for a better use and organization of desktop space. The desktop insert includes a removable storage tray that is suspended below the desktop for receipt of the stationery supplies or electronic devices. Wire routing openings are provided through the desktop insert to enable an electronic device in the storage tray to be connected to a computer seated on the desktop or to a source of power. When the storage tray is removed, one or more hanging files can be suspended from the desktop insert so as to lie below the desktop for receipt of a corresponding number of paper files, or the like.

Abstract: A fold-up platform, which can function as a tray table, is mounted to the back of the front seat in any transportation vehicle and is self-suspending. The portable unit is suspended by first being attached to each support post of the front seat head rest and then hooked to the bottom of the seat frame at a point above the seat adjustment tracts on both the left and the right side with hooks attached to straps which are then pulled snug on the back of a seat by using tension devices on the straps. The mounting straps are reinforced with a mounting skeleton frame along the straps with fabric stitched to the frame and straps to keep the structure from twisting. The tray platform is made in two pieces so that it can be folded and then rotated into its storage position when not in use. The platform tray is made in two pieces by using a stiff flat material that is then covered with a soft padding material and enclosed in fabric.

Abstract: A transportable load carrying platform comprising a base to support a load during transportation. One or a plurality of support frames are positioned towards one or two ends of base and are configured to pivot between three positions. In a first position, the end frames extends upwardly from the base, in a second position the end frames extend outwardly and downwardly from the base and in a third position the end frames are substantially flat and parallel to the base to reduce the overall height of the platform. Pivot means allow the support frames to pivot relative to the base between the various positions. Suitable load transfer means are provided to effectively transfer any applied loading forces from the support frames to the base.

Abstract: The invention relates to a security box (100) for valuable objects (1) which can be received in a receiving element. Said security box comprises a protection device (110) for the valuable objects (1), which can be placed in different reinforcing modes according to different situations of the security box (100) and can be automatically released in at least one of the reinforcing modes, in order to devalue the valuable objects (1), and a receiving device (112) which is used to capture signals which influence parameters which respectively determine the necessary reinforcing mode. The receiving device comprises an optical capturing unit (112) which capture signals which are emitted by an optical emitter of the receiving element which contains the security box (100).

Abstract: In a transportation tube for particulate fuel material such as coal to a combustion chamber there is provided an auger mounted in the tube including a shaft and a flight mounted on the shaft. The tube has therein three flat abutment bars fixedly mounted on an inside surface of the tube at the 2-oclock, 5-oclock and 7-oclock positions and extending longitudinally of the tube with an inside surface of the abutment bars located inwardly of the inside surface of the tube and with the flight having an outside edge sitting on the bottom bars and spaced slightly inwardly of the upper bars to help prevent rotation of the material with the flight in the tube to reduce blockages.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to combustion catalysts, including processes for achieving increased thermal output from combustion processes, processes for improved combustion in boilers and furnaces, processes for reducing the emission of undesirable pollutants, and processes for increasing the combustion of carbon.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for direct conversion of a used or waste material into a burnable fuel and to burnable fuels derived therefrom.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a seed planting system and method of the present invention are configured to receive a seed sample and split the seed sample into three or more substantially equal divisions for delivery to a seed planting device. In particular, the seed planting system and method of the present invention split the seed sample by first dividing the seed sample into a plurality of subsamples equal to a whole number multiple of the number of desired divisions and then symmetrically recombining the subsamples into the equal divisions. The divisions are then delivered to respective individual row planters of the seed planting device. By dividing the seed sample into a plurality of subsamples and then symmetrically recombining the subsamples, the seed planting system and method of the present invention may generate substantially equal divisions irrespective of the orientation or tilt of the seed planting device.

Abstract: A seed furrow closing wheel has a generally dish-shaped body defined by a central portion and a notched outer flange portion that circumscribes the central portion and projects obliquely outwardly from the plane thereof. The notched flange portion is configured to present a series of circumferentially spaced, non-radial, obliquely projecting teeth that function to fragment and squeeze together opposite sidewalls of the seed furrow when a pair of the wheels are rolled along opposite sides of the furrow outboard of the furrow itself, crumbling the sidewalls and covering the seeds.

Abstract: A cap frame includes an annular cap frame body detachably attachable to a feed mechanism of an embroidery sewing machine and holds a cap so that a predetermined part of the cap is embroidered. The cap frame further includes a pressing member which has a proximal end mounted on the cap frame body so that the pressing member is pivotally movable thereby to be switchable between a pressing position where the pressing member presses a vicinity of the predetermined part of the cap from outside and an open position where the pressing member allows the cap to be attached to or detached from the cap frame, and a guide member which guides the pressing member so that the pressing member is prevented from being caught on another member of the cap frame, when the pressing member is switched between the pressing position and the open position.

Abstract: A hydrofoil section comprises first and second faces that create, in operation at speeds above a ventilation speed, a ventilated cavity defined by a first cavity face which departs from the first hydrofoil face and a second cavity face which departs from the second hydrofoil face. Each cavity face represents a free surface and each face separating from the said free surface at a discontinuity on that surface, the separated faces forming a continuation of the faces of arbitrary shape and enclosed by the free surfaces without contacting the said free surfaces. Below the speed at which full ventilation occurs the arbitrarily shaped portion of each face is configured to provide a modified flow configuration resulting in changed lift and or drag and or pitching moment under partial, or unventilated operation.

Abstract: A balance maintaining equipment for a floating body includes a driving device for rotating a driving shaft; a first eccentric rotating body positioned at one side of the driving device and connected to the driving shaft to rotate around the driving shaft by the rotation thereof; and a second eccentric rotating body positioned at the other side of the driving device and connected to the driving shaft to rotate around the driving shaft by the rotation thereof, while having a phase difference of 180 degrees from the rotation of the first eccentric rotating body. The balance maintaining equipment generates the moment in the opposite direction to the roll of the floating body. Furthermore, when the roll period of the floating body is changed, the balance maintaining equipment varies the angular velocity of the driving shaft to interwork with the roll period of the floating body.

Abstract: A folding chock for recreational boats and the like has a flush-mounted body member, a foldable chock member and a detent mechanism. The flush-mounted body member has facilities for mounting on an associated boat surface, requiring only screw-diameter holes drilled in the boat surface. The foldable chock member lies flat when not in use, and upright when extended for holding a rope. A detent mechanism keeps the foldable chock member in either the extended or retracted position until it is changed by a force exerted on the foldable chock member.

Abstract: An offshore fresh water reservoir disposed a distance from the mouth of a river. The reservoir includes a flotation portion in the salt sea that supports a downwardly extending tubular skirt that defines a barrier. A transverse intermediate-density interface having a bulk density greater than fresh water and less than salt water is provided. The interface floats on the salt water and sinks in fresh water. In an embodiment the interface includes a plurality of balls filled with a liquid having a density corresponding to a mixture of salt water and fresh water. The reservoir is anchored in position, and includes a pumping means. In a reservoir system a curtain assembly directs the fresh water effluent to a floating blanket assembly, which further directs the effluent to a pipe that transports the effluent to the reservoir.

Abstract: A modular dock unit and system for making large modular dock systems is disclosed. The dock unit includes a molded floatation shell, a molded decking piece and a molded dri-loc retainer ring. The floatation shell has column supports molded therein suitable for holding support members. In use, support member are placed in flanges molded into the support columns and the floatation shell rim. The dri lock retainer is placed on the side support members and the decking piece is opposed to the dri-loc retainer. Mounting aids such as tongue and groove members are molded in opposing pieces of floatation shell, retainer and deck and secured where necessary. The dock unit also includes a boat bumper system that mates with the dock units to surround the modular dock system. When assembled, the dock unit comprises a water-tight flotation cavity protecting the internal components and providing buoyancy to the dock unit.

Abstract: The floating foundation supporting framework according to the invention for offshore structures comprises a plurality of buoyancy elements which are arranged on the outside of a bar-type supporting framework which, in turn, is connected to ballast elements via cables (8, 9, 10). This design results in a simple construction and low construction costs.

Abstract: A system for deploying a wave energy converter including a submersible structure having a buoyancy chamber sufficiently large that when filled with gas it enables the submersible structure to float. The wave energy converter is transported to a site on the submersible structure and launched by releasing the gas from the buoyancy chamber. The system also includes three tethers operatively coupled to the submersible structure for tethering the wave energy converter to the submersible structure; and a docking station provided in connection with the submersible structure for mechanically coupling the wave energy converter to the submersible structure during transportation.

Abstract: A folding push-pole holder for recreational boats and the like has a flush-mounted body member, a foldable hook member and a detent mechanism. The flush-mounted body member has facilities for mounting on an associated boat surface, requiring only screw-diameter holes drilled in the boat surface. The foldable hook member lies flat when not in use, and upright when extended for holding a pole. A detent mechanism keeps the foldable hook member in either the extended or retracted position until it is changed by a force exerted on the foldable hook member.

Abstract: A gas-containing unit and a water vehicle including the same are disclosed. The gas-containing unit includes a pair of reinforcement boards that are positioned in line with each other, a tube member that is positioned between the reinforcement boards and is capable of gas injection, and a support frame that is furnished along the outer circumference of the pair of reinforcement boards to connect the pair of reinforcement boards to each other. It is possible to prevent damage such as scratching and tearing of a soft tube material due to external shock, and to improve overall structural strength.

Abstract: Collapsible/inflatable boats are disclosed. A collapsible/inflatable boat includes a collapsible hull formed from a plurality of panels that extend from a first end to a second end of the collapsible/inflatable boat. Each of the panels is connected with at least one the other panels. The collapsible hull is configurable between a collapsed configuration and an expanded configuration. A collapsible/inflatable boat can have one or more interior members that are inflatable to support the collapsible hull in the expanded configuration. A collapsible/inflatable boat can have one or more removable solid seats that when installed support the collapsible hull in the expanded configuration. A collapsible/inflatable boat can have an inflatable exterior member connected with the hull such that the exterior member, when inflated, extends around at least a portion of a perimeter of the hull when the hull is in the expanded configuration.

Abstract: The present invention is generally in the field of measuring and indicating techniques and relates to a time-temperature indicator and methods of manufacturing and use thereof. More specifically, the time-temperature indicator comprises at least one metal layer or metal containing layer, and in direct contact to the metal layer or to the metal containing layer at least one pad member affixed onto a pad carrier layer, wherein the pad member comprises a pad made of an absorbent material and a dopant medium, whereby the dopant medium comprises a liquid medium or a viscous medium or a viscoelastic medium which is doped with a dopant that destroys the metal/metal containing layers such as an acid, a base or a salt or a photolatent acid or a photolatent base.

Abstract: A haptic system which utilizes a combination of tactile and kinesthetic sensing allows a visually impaired person to sense visual and graphical information, such as graphs, figures, and images, on computer displays or printed material. An optical sensor is positioned on a person's hand, e.g., on the person's finger or fingers, or on the person's palm, or is positioned on a stylus used by the person. The optical sensor is traced over an image. When the sensor passes over or follows a location of color or an edge or point of contrast of the graphical information or image, e.g., a line graph, bar graph or pie chart, tactile feedback is provided to the user. The combination of the mechanical stimulation in the same area of the hand used in the sensing (i.e., being kinesthetic ally concordant) will allow the user to more easily and quickly ‘sense’ the shape or image presented on the display or paper.

Abstract: A sheet wafer growth system includes a crucible for containing molten material and an afterheater positioned above the crucible. The afterheater has an inner surface disposed toward the crucible. The system further includes one or more shields adjacent to the inner surface of the afterheater. The afterheater and the shield(s) are configured to allow a sheet wafer to pass adjacent to the shield(s). Each shield has two or more substantially different thermally conductive regions such that the two or more regions are configured to control the temperature profile of the growing sheet wafer.

Abstract: In the Na flux method, a target semiconductor layer is separated from a sapphire substrate of a template substrate. The template substrate formed of the sapphire substrate and a GaN layer is placed in a Ga—Na molten mixture. The temperature the molten mixture and the nitrogen pressure are adjusted to 850° C. and 2.5 MPa, respectively. Under the conditions, a part of the GaN layer is melted back until the surface of the sapphire substrate is exposed, so that the remaining portion of the GaN layer is left in the form of a plurality of upright columns. Then, the pressure is elevated to 3 MPa, whereby a target GaN layer is grown on the processed GaN layer. Through lowering temperature, stress due to the difference in linear expansion coefficient and lattice constant between sapphire and GaN is generated, to thereby generate cracks in the processed GaN layer. By virtue of the cracking, the target GaN layer is separated from the sapphire substrate.

Abstract: A nonlinear optical crystal having a chemical formula of YiLajAlkB16O48, where 2.8?i?3.2, 0.8?j?1.2, i and j sum to about four, and k is about 12 is provided. The nonlinear optical crystal is useful for nonlinear optical applications including frequency conversion. Nonlinear optical crystals in a specific embodiment are characterized by UV blocking materials (e.g., some transition metals and lanthanides) at concentrations of less than 1,000 parts per million, providing high transmittance over portions of the UV spectrum (e.g., 175-360 nm).

Abstract: A silicon carbide single crystal manufacturing apparatus includes a pedestal on which a seed crystal is disposed and a heating crucible disposed on an upstream side of a flow channel of source gas with respect to the pedestal. The heating crucible supplies the source gas to the seed crystal by introducing the source gas from an upstream end of a hollow cylindrical member and discharging the source gas from a downstream end of the hollow cylindrical member. A diameter narrowing part is disposed on the downstream end and has an opening portion that is smaller than an opening size of the hollow cylindrical member. The whole opening portion of the diameter narrowing part is included in a region that is defined by projecting an outer edge of the pedestal in a center axis direction of the heating crucible.

Abstract: Hydride vapor-phase deposition (HVPE) systems are disclosed. An HVPE hydride vapor-phase deposition system may include a reactant source chamber and a growth chamber containing a susceptor coupled to the reactant source chamber. The reactant source chamber may be configured to create a reactant gas through a chemical reaction between a solid or liquid precursor and a different precursor gas. The reactant source chamber can be configured to operate at a temperature T(M) significantly above room temperature. The reactant gas can be chemically unstable at or near room temperature. The susceptor is configured to receive a substrate and maintain the substrate at a substrate temperature T(S). The growth chamber includes walls can be configured to operate at a temperature T(C) such that T(M), T(S) are greater than T(C).

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a oriented substrate for forming an epitaxial thin film thereon, having a more excellent orientation than that of a conventional one and a high strength, and a method for manufacturing the same. The clad textured metal substrate includes a metallic layer and a copper layer bonded to at least one face of the above described metallic layer, wherein the above described copper layer has a {100}<001> cube texture in which a deviating angle ?? of crystal axes satisfies ???6 degree. The substrate has an intermediate layer on the surface of the copper layer, to form the epitaxial thin film thereon.