Abstract: An infant body supporting crawling assistance harness comprising: a torso support at a bottommost portion of the crawling assistance harness, where the torso support extends between a head portion and a bottom portion and where the torso support rests beneath the body of the infant; a plurality of straps attached around the torso support, where the plurality of straps wrap around the infant; a plurality of securing means positioned at a distal end of the plurality of straps; and a handle fastened to the plurality of straps with the plurality of securing means, where the handle enables an adult user to lift the infant while resting in a crawling position within the crawling assistance harness.

Abstract: A fuel-fired water heater has a tank which holds a reserve of water to be heated by a burner located in a sealed combustion chamber disposed under a bottom heat transfer wall of the tank. A combustion gas exhaust flue extends vertically through the center of the tank in contact with the water therein. A restrictive baffle is secured inside the gas exhaust flue to retard hot gases rising in the flue from the combustion chamber whereby to increase heat transfer from the hot gases to the water in contact with the exhaust flue. A draft inducing blower is secured in a top end of the exhaust flue above the top wall of the tank. A heat exchanger is in communication with a heat exchange section of the flue above the top end of the exhaust flue to extract further heat from residual hot gases in the exhaust flue.

Abstract: An oil recovery process entails recovering an oil-water mixture from an oil bearing formation and separating the oil-water mixture to produce an oil product and produced water. The produced water includes suspended and dissolved solids and is subjected to treatment which removes suspended and dissolved solids therefrom. The treated water is then directed to a forced circulation steam generator that includes a furnace having a burner, water cooled walls and an evaporator unit. The treated water is pumped through the water cooled walls and the evaporator unit. The water passing through the water cooled walls and evaporator unit are heated to produce approximately 10% to approximately 30% quality steam in both the water cooled walls and the evaporator unit. The steam is collected and separated from a water-steam mixture to produce high quality steam, on the order of 95% or greater quality steam.

Abstract: The present invention is an engine, including two banks of cylinders in a flat, opposed cylinder arrangement and a crankshaft having a plurality of paired throws, the two throws of each respective pair of throws being disposed adjacent to each other and coplanar with respect to each other.

Abstract: A coolant circuit for cooling of an engine in a power system. The coolant circuit includes an inlet line and an outlet line. The coolant circuit further includes a heat exchanger with a plurality of heat exchanging elements. The coolant circuit also includes a bypass line disposed in parallel to the heat exchanger, between the inlet line and the outlet line. A control valve is disposed in the coolant circuit regulating the flow of a coolant, such that the coolant flows through the heat exchanger and the bypass line when the control valve is in a fully open position.

Abstract: An exhaust fan chamber is defined with a belt cover and a fan cover provided over the belt cover, and an exhaust fan is accommodated in the exhaust fan chamber. The fan cover has an air intake port for sucking air within an engine cover into the exhaust fan chamber and an exhaust outlet port for discharging air within the exhaust fan chamber to outside of the exhaust fan chamber. The exhaust outlet port is in communication with an exhaust opening formed in an upper portion of the engine cover so that the air discharged through the exhaust outlet port is discharged to outside of the engine cover through the exhaust opening.

Abstract: A mechanical combustion engine coolant pump for pumping a coolant for an internal combustion engine includes a stationary cylindrical support body. A rotatable driving wheel is supported by a driving wheel roller bearing at the stationary cylindrical support body. The rotatable driving wheel is configured to be driven by the internal combustion engine. A pump wheel is arranged at a rotatable rotor shaft. The pump wheel is supported by a shaft roller bearing at the stationary cylindrical supporting body. A switchable friction clutch is configured to couple the rotatable driving wheel with the pump wheel. The stationary cylindrical support body integrally comprises an inner ring of the driving wheel roller bearing. The stationary cylindrical support body integrally comprises an outer ring of the shaft roller bearing.

Abstract: An engine includes an engine cover, a blower fan, and a recoil starter having a cover. The engine cover includes an inlet aperture and is configured to house working components of the engine. The blower fan is configured to disperse air received through the inlet aperture to cool the working components of the engine. The recoil starter cover has an opening for air to pass through and is fastened to the underside of the engine cover.

Abstract: The invention relates to a camshaft for an internal combustion engine with a shaft and at least one cam joined therewith, which is connected via a joining surface on the cam side with a joining surface on the shaft side. The joining surface on the cam side and alternatively or additionally the joining surface on the shaft side may be constructed such that they have a predefined roughness. Hereby, the friction between the shaft and the cam can be increased. The invention further relates to a cam for such a camshaft and a method for the manufacture of such a camshaft or respectively of such a cam.

Abstract: A camshaft for a combustion engine has a shaft and at least one cam thermally joined to a joining surface on the shaft side via a joining surface on the cam side. The shaft is embodied as a drawn and not additionally worked tube. Because of this the production of commercial vehicle camshafts can be realised in a more cost-effective manner since these do not have to be additionally ground or turned.

Abstract: A camshaft phaser includes a housing. A harmonic gear drive unit is disposed within the housing and includes a circular spline and a dynamic spline, a flexspline disposed within the circular spline and the dynamic spline, a wave generator disposed within the flexspline, and a rotational actuator connectable to the wave generator. One of the circular spline and the dynamic spline is fixed to the housing. A hub is rotatably disposed within the housing and attachable to the camshaft and fixed to the other of the circular spline and the dynamic spline. A lock pin is provided for selective engagement with a lock pin seat such that engagement of the lock pin with the lock pin seat prevents relative rotation between the circular spline and the dynamic spline.

Abstract: A controller for a variable valve device of an internal combustion engine includes a hydraulic valve timing changing mechanism that changes the valve timing VT of an intake valve, a valve timing locking mechanism that locks the valve timing VT to an intermediate phase, and an electronic controller that controls the operation of the valve timing changing mechanism. The electronic controller limits the variable range of the valve timing VT in accordance with the composition of hydraulic oil, when the operational state of the valve timing changing mechanism is a phase-unlocked state in which the valve timing VT can be changed.

Abstract: A fluid brake device has a brake shaft which penetrates a case. The case provides a fluid chamber for a magneto-rheological fluid. A magnetic seal has a magnetic seal sleeve which holds a small amount of the magneto-rheological fluid by magnetic flux. In addition to the magnetic seal, an axially pumping element is provided on an axial outside of the magnetic seal. The axially pumping element is provided by a shaft helical groove formed on an opposing wall of the brake shaft and/or a case helical groove formed on a surrounding wall. As the brake shaft rotates, the helical groove pushes the magneto-rheological fluid back to the magnetic seal. A combination of the magnetic seal and the axially pumping element may reduce leakage of the magneto-rheological fluid.

Abstract: Disclosed is an engine control system which is designed to allow homogeneous-charge compression ignition combustion to be performed in an HCCI region (R) defined as an engine operating region including at least a partial-load range of an engine. In a low load zone (R1) of the HCCI region (R), a lift amount of an intake valve (11) is set to a first predetermined value, and an exhaust valve (12) is allowed to start being opened during an intake stroke at a given timing later than an opening timing of the intake valve (11). Further, in the medium load zone of the HCCI region, the lift amount of the intake valve (11) is gradually increased up to a second predetermined value greater than the first predetermined value, along with an increase in an engine load. The engine control system is capable of adequately controlling an amount of burned gas to be introduced into a cylinder, depending on the engine load to allow the HCCI combustion to be adequately performed in a wider engine load range.

Abstract: A camshaft adjuster (1) having a drive element (2), an output element (3), and a cover element (4), the cover element (4) being joined to the drive element (2) or to the output element (3) and having defined, deformable zones (5) that deform under the action of a force F, resulting in a deformation of the cover element (4), whereby the cover element (4) can be disassembled from or assembled to the drive element (2) or the output element (3).

Abstract: A control valve, in particular a proportional valve for controlling a device for adjusting the rotation angle position of a camshaft with respect to a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine, including a hollow-cylindrical valve housing (1), which has a plurality of openings (2) that are arranged circumferentially in a radial plane for connecting to a pressure medium connection (P) and can be closed via a non-return valve (4) designed as a curved spring band (3). According to the invention, the openings (2) arranged in a radial plane are arranged at different angle distances to each other, and the shape and the rotation angle position of the curved spring band (3) serving as a non-return valve (4) is matched thereto.

Abstract: In a valve actuation apparatus of a multi-cylinder engine employing a drive shaft rotatably arranged to extend over a plurality of cylinders, a drive cam attached to the drive shaft, and a motion transmitter provided for each of the cylinders for converting a rotary motion of the drive cam into an oscillating motion, a rockable-cam structural member is provided for each of the cylinders in a state where a shaft is inserted through inner peripheries of the rockable-cam structural members, for operating engine valves by the transmitted oscillating motion. A plain bearing is provided in at least one axial position between the axially-spaced rockable-cam structural members. An inner periphery of the plain bearing is in contact with an outer periphery of the shaft, whereas an outer periphery of the plain bearing is in contact with an inner periphery of a bearing portion mounted on the engine.

Abstract: A lubricating composition comprising: (a) a 2 mm2/s to about 12 mm2/s light neutral base oil; (b) 0 to 20 weight percent of a heavy neutral base oil or a brightstock with a viscosity of above about 12 mm2/s to about 40 mm2/s; and (c) at least one performance additive comprising: a polymeric thickener, a dispersant, an antiwear agent, a detergent or mixtures thereof, wherein the polymeric thickener when present has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of more than 8000 and is present in an amount to provide a total viscosity of the composition of about 12 mm2/s to about 29 mm2/s; the dispersant or detergent when present imparts basicity to said lubricating composition; and the composition has a total base number of at least about 10 mg KOH/g. The invention further provides a method of making the compositions and its use for lubricating an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In accordance with exemplary embodiments, a variable air intake system and method is provided for a vehicle. The system comprises an engine a controller coupled to the engine. The controller also couples to and controls an air intake system including a first air inlet port and a second air inlet port having a valve operable to move between a closed position and an open position responsive to the controller to provide air to the engine via a filter. A sensor is disposed between the filter and the engine to communicate with the controller for controlling the valve. The method comprises determining engine speed and air flow for an engine of a vehicle and comparing via the engine speed and air flow to a respective high threshold and low threshold. A valve within a second (controlled) air inlet port is opened when the engine speed and air flow each exceed the respective high threshold and closed when the engine speed and air flow each are below the respective low threshold.

Abstract: An oil squirter includes a housing in fluid communication with a source of oil pressure, a first nozzle in fluid communication with the housing, and a second nozzle in fluid communication with the housing. The oil squirter also includes a mechanism arranged within the housing and configured to open the first nozzle and close the second nozzle when the oil pressure is below a threshold value. The mechanism is also configured to open the second nozzle and close the first nozzle when the oil pressure is at or above the threshold value. An engine having a cylinder defined by a cylinder bore, a piston configured to reciprocate within the cylinder bore, and the oil squirter, along with a vehicle having such an engine, is also disclosed. In the engine, the first nozzle sprays oil onto the cylinder bore and the second nozzle sprays oil at the underside of the piston.

Abstract: The present invention relates to internal combustion engines and more particularly reciprocating piston engines utilising Scotch yokes to translate rectilinear movement to rotary motion. In particular, the piston and/or pistons of the engine of the present invention can be placed in their topmost position for a period of time for the effective ignition and combustion of the air/fuel mixture for a given fuel charge, hence therefore providing an increased efficiency of the piston engine with a more efficient coupling between the piston and/or the power shaft driving the crank.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a cylinder block defining a cylinder and a crankshaft rotatably received by the cylinder block. The crankshaft includes a crankshaft gear and is configured to rotate along a longitudinal axis of the crankshaft. The engine further includes a piston configured to reciprocate within the cylinder between spaced stroke termination points defining a stroke of the piston. The engine also includes a connecting rod operably coupled to the piston. The connecting rod includes a gear configured to engage the crankshaft gear, wherein the crankshaft gear and the gear of the connecting rod are configured to engage one another, such that as the piston travels within the cylinder, the connecting rod rotates the crankshaft via engagement between the crankshaft gear and the gear of the connecting rod.

Abstract: Provided is a combustion chamber applied in a gas engine including: a main combustion chamber including, at a central portion of its ceiling, an auxiliary combustion chamber; and a piston. A peripheral portion of a top surface of the piston is a flat surface. A raised portion, which has a curved surface and which is a solid of revolution, is formed at a central portion of the top surface, the raised portion being joined to the flat surface of the peripheral portion via a curved surface. When the piston is positioned at a top dead center, nozzle holes of the auxiliary combustion chamber jet out flame jets to a portion at which the raised portion of the top surface of the piston and the flat surface of the peripheral portion of the top surface of the piston are joined together.

Abstract: A diesel engine piston having a combustion chamber may include a profile surface that protrudes toward a center axis of the combustion chamber from an inner wall thereof and includes a protrusion on the inner wall, the protrusion extending from the inner wall with a predetermined length, wherein the protrusion divides a spray fuel, which may be sprayed and atomized onto the protrusion, into a fuel flow at an upper portion of the combustion chamber and a fuel flow at a lower portion of the combustion chamber, respectively.

Abstract: Fuel management system for efficient operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder of the engine. A fuel management microprocessor system controls injection of the anti-knock agent so as to control knock and minimize that amount of the anti-knock agent that is used in a drive cycle. It is preferred that the anti-knock agent is ethanol. The use of ethanol can be further minimized by injection in a non-uniform manner within a cylinder. The ethanol injection suppresses knock so that higher compression ratio and/or engine downsizing from increased tubocharging or supercharging can be used to increase the efficiency of the engine.

Abstract: An engine includes: a cylinder block with a piston being able to reciprocate therein; a carburetor configured to supply an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder block; a crankcase formed with a crank chamber; a reed valve made of a magnetic material and provided in an air-fuel mixture passage through which the air-fuel mixture passes; an electromagnet including an iron core having at least two magnetic pole pieces facing the reed valve, and a coil wound around a portion of the iron core; and a control unit configured to control the electromagnet.

Abstract: In order to provide an ignition control device 30 which can efficiently control timing of thermal ignition of gaseous mixture in a combustion region 10, the peak estimation part 32, the ignition timing determination part 33, the control timing determination part 34, and the plasma control part 35 control timing of thermal ignition of the gaseous mixture in the combustion region 10 by controlling the pulse generator 36, the electromagnetic wave oscillator 37, the mixer circuit 38, and the spark plug 15 so as to increase the amount of OH radicals in the combustion region 10 during a low-temperature oxidation preparation period that occurs prior to a peak of a heat release rate before the thermal ignition of the gaseous mixture.

Abstract: Improving tradeoffs between noise, fuel consumption, and emissions in future diesel engines are facilitated by the development of increasingly flexible fuel injection systems which can deliver more complex injection profiles. Piezoelectric injectors have the ability to deliver multiple, tightly spaced injections in each cycle. Closed-loop control is useful for this technology, and is assisted by on-line estimation of the injected fuel flow rate to be realized. Estimator results are compared against both open-loop simulation and experimental data for a variety of profiles at different rail pressures, and show improvement, particularly for more complex multi-pulse profiles. Internal states of the estimator are used to evaluate pulse-to-pulse interaction phenomena. Some embodiments include the use of estimations of actual transient fuel pulses, and the use of such estimations to achieve closed-loop control of the quantity of fuel injected in a pulse, and the dwell time between adjacent fuel pulses.

Abstract: A fuel tank apparatus mounted on a hybrid vehicle being switched between an engine drive mode and an engine stop mode, includes: a fuel supply shut-off unit configured to shut off fuel supply to the engine in the engine stop state; a cup disposed inside a fuel tank body; a fuel pump configured to operate to supply fuel stored in the cup to the fuel supply pipe; and a fuel pump controlling unit configured to operate the fuel pump to perform fuel supply to the engine and to allow fuel to enter the inside of the cup in the engine drive mode, and configured to operate the fuel pump to allow fuel to enter the inside of the cup although fuel supply to the engine is shut off by the fuel supply shut-off unit, in the engine stop mode.

Abstract: A valve assembly includes a housing defining first, second, third, and fourth passages. The first passage channels relatively-high pressure fluid and the second passage channels relatively-low pressure fluid into the valve. The third passage connects to the second passage and releases fluid from the valve. The fourth passage connects to the first passage and the second passage and releases fluid from the valve. The valve assembly also includes a first check-valve that permits fluid flow from the second passage to the third passage and a second check-valve that permits fluid flow from the second passage to the fourth passage. The valve assembly additionally includes a nozzle that controls velocity of the relatively-high pressure fluid entering the fourth passage from the first passage. The relatively-low pressure fluid is pulled from the second passage into the fourth passage on the outer periphery of the nozzle by the relatively-high pressure fluid.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a charge-air-cooler are provided. The system may include an engine air passage, a charge-air-cooler including a plurality of heat exchange passages, and a condensate collector positioned within an interior of the charge-air-cooler, wherein the condensate collector is in fluid communication with at least one heat exchange passage and the engine air passage.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine is provided that can favorably determine a shut-off failure of an EGR valve under a high intake pressure condition in which an intake pressure becomes higher than an exhaust pressure. In a case where the high intake pressure condition and a transition condition are established at a time of a shut-off instruction on shutting off the EGR valve, it is determined that a shut-off failure of the EGR valve has occurred if an actual measurement value of the air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas detected by a main air-fuel ratio sensor is a value that is leaner by an amount equal to or greater than a predetermined lean determination value relative to a target value of the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery (WHR) system and method for regulating exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooling is described. More particularly, a Rankine cycle WHR system and method is described, including an arrangement to improve the precision of EGR cooling for engine efficiency improvement and thermal management.

Abstract: Provided is an exhaust gas recirculation apparatus of an internal combustion engine which can suppress condensed water from being generated in an EGR pipe at the upstream side of an EGR cooler, and thus can suppress the an EGR pipe from being corroded.

Abstract: A stove includes a combustion chamber for producing heat, a thermoelectric device thermally coupled to a hot source and a cold source, a battery, a fan electrically connected to the thermoelectric device and the battery, and a controller configured to monitor the battery and thermoelectric device and configured to direct the fan be operated from power provided from the battery when power produced from the thermoelectric device is insufficient to power the fan.

Abstract: A stove includes a combustion chamber for producing heat, a thermoelectric device thermally coupled to a hot source and a cold source, a battery, a fan electrically connected to the thermoelectric device and the battery, and a controller configured to monitor the battery and thermoelectric device and configured to direct the fan be operated from power provided from the battery when power produced from the thermoelectric device is insufficient to power the fan. The stove can have an associated heating plate, and the walls of the combustion chamber can be configured to reflect heat onto the heating plate.

Abstract: An oven having a cabinet and a cooktop disposed above the cabinet is provided. The cooktop includes a top frame located at a top surface of the cabinet, the top frame including at least one heater installation opening and at least two heater support brackets adjacent the installation opening, a top plate located on a top surface of the top frame, and a heater located in the installation opening, the heater including at least two heater support holders, each support holder being elastically coupled to a corresponding support bracket to movably support the heater.

Abstract: An oven is provided. The oven includes an oven chamber having an interior surface, the interior surface including a first recess at an upper portion thereof and a second recess provided in a portion of the first recess, a first heat source disposed in the first recess to provide energy for cooking food placed in the oven chamber, and a second heat source disposed in the second recess to provide energy for cooking food placed in the oven chamber.

Abstract: A door for an oven and the oven are provided. The door includes a door frame and a door panel where the door panel is coupled to the door frame. The door panel includes a front panel, a top panel bent from an upper end of the front panel to form a topside of the door, the top panel having a first bent portion spaced from the front panel to contact a top side of the door frame, and a pair of side panels, each side panel being bent from a lateral side of the front panel to form lateral sides of the door, and each side panel having a second bent portion spaced from the front panel to contact sides of the door frame.

Abstract: An oven door is provided. The oven door includes a door panel having an air discharging opening part configured to discharge air flowing in the oven door, a door frame coupled to the door panel, the coupled door panel and door frame providing at least one air introducing hole in the bottom of the door to introduce air into the door, an inner cover located between the door panel and the door frame, the inner cover having an inner opening, the inner cover and the door frame defining a space to allow airflow, an inner glass located in the inner opening of the inner cover, and a glass holder supporting the inner glass. Air introduced through the air introducing hole flows through the space between the door frame and the inner cover at both lateral sides of the glass holder.

Abstract: This discovery describes a new process to produce thermal energy through mass conversion under mild conditions by using hydride containing materials to be activated in the presence of group 10 and 11 elements causing nuclear fusion followed by disassociation of the unstable result yielding stable products and thermal energy.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for steaming a product to be cooked, in particular food which is contained in an enclosed receptacle (18, 31) of a packaging unit (20), comprising a sealable cooking compartment (2), whereby the packaging unit (20) can be introduced into the cooking compartment (2) and be heated and wherein the device (1) comprises a perforation facility (10) for perforating at least, at least in sections, an outer covering (17) of the receptacle (18, 31) of a packaging unit (20) located in the cooking compartment (2). The invention further comprises a packaging unit (20) for such a device (1) as well as a system comprising such a device (1) and such a packaging unit (20).

Abstract: A solar energy collecting module includes a frame that is assembled without using screws. The peripheral frame components are joined together using locking links and one or more ribs extend along the back side of the solar panel and are coupled to opposed sides of the frame. The ribs are coupled to the frames by an edge key fastener that includes opposed first flanges and opposed second flanges, the first flanges separated from the second flanges by a gap. The edge key fastener is inserted into an opening formed in a side wall of a frame component and rotated such that the opposed first flanges are disposed behind the side wall and within the frame and the opposed second flanges are received in a corresponding cavity formed in each of opposed ends of the rib.

Abstract: A non electric, temperature controlled system for passing or bypassing a solar water heating apparatus includes a temperature controlled water distribution valve directing water to flow from a main supply of water toward a user depending on the setting and configuration of the temperature controlled water distribution valve within the system.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for the preparation of an aerosol. More specifically the present invention provides methods for the preparation of an aerosol of immunoglobulin single variable domains wherein the amount of aggregate formation is significantly reduced. The invention further provides aerosols prepared by the methods of the invention, as well as compositions for use in the methods of the invention. The invention further relates to methods for the preparations of such compositions, to containers, kits and aerosol delivery systems comprising such compositions and to uses of the same.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of bronchoconstrictive disorders are provided. The compositions provided herein are nebulizable compositions comprising quaternary ammonium muscarinic receptor antagonists. The compositions are suitable for direct administration to a patient in need thereof via a nebulizer. Also provided are kits which comprise of the nebulizable composition of the invention in combination with a nebulizer. Also provided is a method of treating, preventing, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of bronchoconstrictive disorders by administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nebulizable composition of the invention via the use of a nebulizer to a patient in need thereof with minimal to no exposure of the nebulizable composition to the body surface of the patient.

Abstract: A liquid tank (14) for an aerosol inhalator has a reservoir channel (68) opening into air at one end thereof and containing flavor solution (L) inside; a supply pipe (48) connecting the other end of the reservoir channel (68) to an inhalation passage (4) of the aerosol inhalator and guiding the flavor solution (L) to the inhalation passage (4) through either one of inhalation pressure in the inhalation passage (4) and capillary action; and an outflow valve (26) located between the other end of the reservoir channel (68) and the supply pipe (48), for allowing only the flow of the flavor solution (L) running from the reservoir channel (68) towards the supply pipe (4) (FIG. 2).

Abstract: According to the invention there is provided a method of treating a component of a medicament dispenser device, the component having one or more surfaces which come into contact with the medicament during storage or use of the device, the method including the steps of: providing said component; and coating at least one of said surfaces by plasma deposition thereby to inhibit surface deposition or degradation of the medicament, wherein at least part of the plasma deposition is performed under DC bias control.

Abstract: Methods, systems and devices are described for new modes of ventilation in which specific lung areas are ventilated with an indwelling trans-tracheobronchial catheter for the purpose of improving ventilation and reducing hyperinflation in that specific lung area, and for redirecting inspired air to other healthier lung areas. Trans-tracheobronchial Segmental Ventilation (TTSV) is performed on either a naturally breathing or a mechanical ventilated, patient by placing a uniquely configured indwelling catheter into a bronchus of a poorly ventilated specific lung area and providing direct ventilation to that area. Typically the catheter's distal tip is anchored without occluding the bronchus. TTSV is optionally performed by insufflation only of the area, or by the application of vacuum to the area, can include elevating or reducing the pressure in the targeted area to facilitate stagnant gas removal, or can include blocking the area to divert inspired gas to better functioning areas.