Abstract: A method for controlling a heat pump system is provided with air conditioning means connected to a controller and including a plurality of valves and expansion valves connected to each other through a refrigerant line and a bypass line, a compressor, an accumulator, an evaporator, an exterior condenser, an interior condenser, and an HVAC module having a PTC heater and a door at a warming mode, a cooling mode, a dehumidification mode, a dehumidification/defrosting mode, or an extremely low temperature dehumidification/defrosting mode according to selection of a driver.

Abstract: A door for a refrigerated merchandiser including a case that defines a product display area. The door includes a frame and a first glass pane coupled to the frame. The first glass pane has heat-absorbing glass and is configured to be positioned adjacent an ambient environment surrounding the refrigerated merchandiser to absorb radiation from the ambient environment. The door also includes a second glass pane coupled to the frame and configured to be positioned adjacent the product display area. The second glass pane includes a conductive coating. The door further includes a third glass pane positioned between and spaced from the first glass pane and the second glass pane, and has a low emissivity coating.

Abstract: A method of defrosting a transcritical vapor compression system having a compressor for compressing a refrigerant, a first heat exchanger for cooling the refrigerant during a cooling mode, an expansion valve for decreasing the pressure of the refrigerant, and a second heat exchanger for cooling a space during the cooling mode. The method includes attaining a superheated refrigerant condition in a defrost mode of the transcritical vapor compression system and defrosting the second heat exchanger in the defrost mode by directing the superheated refrigerant to the second heat exchanger without bypassing the first heat exchanger.

Abstract: In certain example embodiments, moisture sensors, defoggers, etc., and/or related methods, are provided. More particularly, certain example embodiments relate to moisture sensors and/or defoggers that may be used in various applications such as, for example, refrigerator/freezer merchandisers, vehicle windows, building windows, etc. When condensation or moisture is detected, an appropriate action may be taken (e.g., actuating windshield wipers, turning on a defroster, triggering the heating of a merchandiser door or window, etc.). Bayesian approaches optionally may be implemented in certain example embodiments in an attempt to improve moisture detection accuracy. For instance, models of various types of disturbances may be developed and, based on live data and a priori information known about the model, a probability of the model being accurate is calculated. If a threshold value is met, the model may be considered a match and, optionally, a corresponding appropriate action may be taken.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to portable cooling devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to compact, portable bladeless fans featuring water misting capabilities for improved cooling functionality.

Abstract: A helium management control system for controlling the helium refrigerant supply from a common manifold supplies cryogenic refrigerators with an appropriate helium supply. The system employs sensors to monitor and regulate the overall refrigerant supply to deliver an appropriate refrigerant supply to each of the cryogenic refrigerators depending on the computed aggregate cooling demand of all of the cryogenic refrigerators. An appropriate supply of helium is distributed to each cryopump by sensing excess and sparse helium and redistributing refrigerant accordingly. If the total refrigeration supply exceeds the demand, or consumption, excess refrigerant is directed to cryogenic refrigerators which can utilize the excess helium to complete a current cooling function more quickly.

Abstract: A refrigerated display unit (1), having an open-fronted cabinet providing a product display space (3) accessible through an access opening (39) provided by the open front. Cooling means (27) produces cold air to refrigerate items in the product display space (3). A cold air curtain is provided across the access opening (39) using a forwardly-positioned discharge outlet (5) communicating with a supply duct (45) and a forwardly-positioned return inlet (7) in communication with a return duct (41) receiving air from the air curtain (9). The air curtain (9) is substantially unsupported by any supplementary cooling airflow supplied into the product display space (3) separately from the air curtain (9).

Abstract: A CPU 110 compares the extracted outside air temperature with a first low pressure saturation temperature. When the outside air temperature is lower than the first low pressure saturation temperature, the CPU 110 switches a first three-way valve 22 and a second three-way valve 23 so that a second outdoor heat exchanger 25 is used as a condenser and that a first outdoor heat exchanger 24 is not used. When the outside air temperature is higher than a second low pressure saturation temperature which is the first low pressure saturation temperature to which a predetermined temperature is added, the CPU 110 switches the first three-way valve 22 and the second three-way valve 23 so that the first outdoor heat exchanger 24 is used as a condenser and that the second outdoor heat exchanger 25 is not used.

Abstract: A refrigerator as disclosed herein may include a refrigerator body having a freezing compartment and a refrigeration compartment, a cooling circuit including a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator to cool the freezing compartment and the refrigeration compartment using a first refrigerant, and a thermosyphon that includes a pipe for a second refrigerant to flow. The pipe may have a first section having a first prescribed shape for condensing refrigerant and a second section having a second prescribed shape for vaporizing refrigerant. A valve may be provided at the pipe to operate the thermosyphon. The cooling circuit and the thermosyphon may be operated independently. The thermosyphon may provide auxiliary cooling for the refrigeration chamber when the cooling circuit is not operational.

Abstract: Provided is an air-conditioning and hot water supply combination system capable of maintaining a high hot water supply capacity and achieving high efficiency even under high-temperature outside air conditions by appropriately controlling the degree of superheat and the degree of subcooling of a heat exchanger. In an air-conditioning and hot water supply combination system, when an evaporating pressure or an evaporating temperature calculated from the evaporating pressure reaches a first predetermined value or higher, the degree of superheat of a refrigerant on a low-pressure gas side of a subcooling heat exchanger or the degree of subcooling of the refrigerant on a high-pressure liquid side of the subcooling heat exchanger is controlled by the opening degree of a low-pressure bypass pressure reducing mechanism, such that the evaporating pressure or the evaporating temperature calculated from the evaporating pressure is less than or equal to the first predetermined value.

Abstract: A refrigerated display cabinet having novel door and shelf system configured to minimise any rise in cabinet temperature during door opening. The door and shelf system can have the effect of deflecting refrigerated air into an alternative circulation pattern when doors are open. In this way, cabinet efficiencies are maintained during the time in which the doors are opened.

Abstract: An object is to provide a cooling unit which can reduce influence of radiation heat from a work piece having high temperature on members surrounding the work piece, prevent leak of coolant and vacuum leak, reduce cost, and prevent turning angle of a work piece conveying mechanism from being limited. The cooling unit is attached to the work piece conveying mechanism in the state that the outer wall part is in close contact with the to-be-cooled surface. The coolant stored in the lower space is evaporated by the heat transmitted from the to-be-cooled surface P via the outer wall part, and the to-be-cooled surface is cooled via the outer wall part by the heat of evaporation lost at the time of the evaporation of the coolant. The vapor in the lower space (coolant container) is discharged to the vacuum chamber by the vapor exhaust unit when the pressure of the vapor in the lower space reaches the fixed value or higher.

Abstract: The cooling apparatus (10) for electronic-device exhaustion includes an evaporator unit (201), a fluid piping (306) and a vapor piping (305). A plurality of evaporator units (201) is disposed in a rack (100) in the height direction, and have a dimension in height of any of 2 U, 3 U, and 4 U with 1 U being 44.45 mm. The evaporator unit causes a coolant fluid thereinside to vaporize and produce a coolant vapor by heat of the exhaust air from an electronic device loaded in the rack (100), and cools the exhaust air. The fluid piping (306) is a supply route of the coolant fluid to the evaporator units (201), the vapor piping (305) is a discharging route of the coolant vapor from the evaporator units (201), and both are commonly connected to the plurality of evaporator units (201).

Abstract: Device and system for producing instant cooling, particularly for lowering the temperature of liquids and beverages contained in bottles. The same device can be used, by means of appropriate positioning of the diffusers in specific trays, for cooling foods. Moreover, the diffusers appropriately positioned in insulated containers act as portable refrigeration cabinet for foods, beverages and any product or material that requires to be preserved at low temperatures. The particular characteristic consists in the fact that the device makes use of a container having parts suitable to be filled with gas. Said container has one part acting as a chamber which stores the dry ice formed by the gas and one part made of sintered metal through which heat exchange is triggered when in contact with the product to be cooled.

Abstract: A refrigerator is provided. The refrigerator may include two compressors and two condensers disposed in a machinery compartment. The refrigerator may employ a single fan, also provided in the machinery compartment, to blow air to the two compressors and the two condensers.

Abstract: A rapid beverage chilling apparatus includes an inner reservoir, an electrical compartment, an impeller, a control wire cord, an outer reservoir, and a plurality of attachments. The inner reservoir includes a concentrically positioned beverage cavity and a plurality of drain holes. The electrical compartment, which includes a battery and a motor, is electrically connected with the wire cord. The electrical compartment also connected with the impeller and connected within the beverage cavity by the plurality of attachments. In order to chill a beverage container, the beverage container has to be positioned within the beverage cavity and placed on top of the impeller. When the rapid beverage chilling apparatus is switched on, the battery powers the motor which rotates the impeller. The impeller transports cold water from the outer reservoir, through the plurality of drain holes, into the beverage cavity to chill the beverage container.

Abstract: A food product dispenser has removably-mounted self-aligning and self-orienting e.g. trapezoidal or triangular legs which, when mounted to the dispenser, tilt the top frontwardly, and/or a lid, hinged at the rear of the receptacle, which can be converted between a self-closing lid and a lid which is not self-closing and which can be retained open by gravity, including while the dispenser is in the frontwardly-tilted orientation. The dispenser tilting frontward such that a first imaginary plane extending across the receptacle, rear to front, at the top of the receptacle, intersects a second imaginary plane extending through the bottoms of the legs, in front of the receptacle, the hinge structure, the lid, and the receptacle as a whole, including the legs, cooperate to enable the lid to be opened at a sufficiently great angle relative to the tilted top of the receptacle, that the lid can be held open by gravity.

Abstract: Normal operation of an oxygen liquefaction system (100) may be established responsive to a deviation in current supplied thereto. Current being supplied to a compressor (118) included in the oxygen liquefaction system may be monitored. The compressor may be deactivated responsive to commencement of a current level deviation event in the monitored current. The compressor may be energized responsive to cessation of the current level deviation event in the monitored current. Performance characteristics of the oxygen liquefaction system may be identified.

Abstract: Biogas is converted to a vehicle fuel equivalent to compressed natural gas high in methane in a simple, low cost process involving steps of refrigeration, non-regenerative activated carbon purification and carbon dioxide removal using low-pressure membrane technology.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating air in which the recovery rate of an oxygen product is increased by increasing the liquid to vapor ratio in a lower pressure column connected to a higher pressure column in a heat transfer relationship. A crude liquid oxygen column bottoms stream produced in the higher pressure column is partially vaporized against condensing argon-enriched vapor of the lower pressure column which is fed back to an argon stripping section of the lower pressure column. A supplemental nitrogen-rich reflux stream and an oxygen-enriched stream having a greater oxygen content than the crude liquid oxygen stream are fed into the lower pressure column. These streams are formed from a two phase stream produced, at least in part, from the crude liquid oxygen stream after the partial vaporization thereof.

Abstract: A frame member has two spaced apart parallel rings that are fixed to one another at a first location. At a second location diametrically opposed to the first location of the spaced apart parallel rings provide a seat for an ornamental article. A securing ring is disposed in the space between the parallel rings of the frame member and is fixed to the frame member by a pivot pin that is located nearer to the second location than to the first location. The securing ring is provided with a rigid wire that is aligned with the securing ring and is configured complimentary to a surface of the ornamental article for securing the ornamental article on the seat of the frame member. The securing ring pivots about the pivot pin to allow placement of the ornamental article on the seat and the removal of the ornamental article from the seat.

Abstract: A modified princess cut diamond and method of forming a modified princess cut diamond into a symmetrical shape possessing a hearts and arrows pattern characteristic of the true hearts and arrows pattern in a round cut diamond.

Abstract: A method of making an insulating glass (IG) window unit includes: having a coated article including a multi-layered low-E coating on a glass substrate; at least two flexible protective sheets adhered to a top surface of the low-E coating via at least an adhesive layer, and a protective coating over the low-E coating and/or over at least one of the flexible protective sheets in order to substantially fill one or more gaps formed between the low-E coating and the flexible protective sheet(s) and/or between the flexible protective sheets; and following cutting, edge seaming, and/or washing, removing at least part of the temporary protective coating by peeling the protective sheets off and removing at least part of the protective coating when peeling off the protective sheets.

Abstract: In certain example embodiments, a coated article includes respective layers including hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) and zirconium nitride before heat treatment (HT). During HT, the hydrogenated DLC acts as a fuel which upon combustion with oxygen produces carbon dioxide and/or water. The high temperature developed during this combustion heats the zirconium nitride to a temperature(s) well above the heat treating temperature, thereby causing the zirconium nitride to be transformed into a new post-HT layer including zirconium oxide that is very scratch resistant and durable.

Abstract: The method for tempering a glass sheet of the present invention comprises a heating step of heating the glass sheet to a temperature close to the softening point of the glass sheet, a quenching step of blowing a cooling medium to both surfaces in the thickness direction of the heated glass to cool it, and a pre-quenching step between the heating step and the quenching step and further has an internal heating substep of selectively heating the vicinity of the center portion in the thickness direction of the glass sheet at least in the quenching step, to create such a state that when the temperature at the center portion in the thickness direction of the glass sheet is close to the tempering point, the temperature at the surfaces in the thickness direction of the glass sheet is not higher than the annealing point.

Abstract: A bicycle lock set includes a main part and a connection member wherein an operation unit is located between the main part and the connection member. A shackle is movably connected to a first end of the main part and has two notches. A frame is linearly movable in the main part and has a first contact portion. A number wheel is rotatably connected to the frame and has a second contact portion which is engaged with the first contact portion. The operation unit includes an operation member which is driven and rotated by the frame and has a stud for being engaged with one of the notches when the shackle is moved toward the main part. A receiving space is defined in the operation member and a bead is partially received in the receiving space or pushed to protrude out from the main part.

Abstract: A locking device includes a shaft, a locking head joined to the shaft, and a lock body having a lock opening for receiving a locking end of the shaft. A latch member is disposed within the lock body and includes a shaft aperture for receiving the locking end of the shaft therethrough. The shaft aperture includes an edge portion spring biased radially inward of the lock opening to engage the recessed portion with the edge portion when the locking end of the shaft is disposed in the lock opening. A locking member is disposed within the lock body. Rotation of the locking member from a locked condition to an unlocked condition moves the edge portion of the shaft aperture out of engagement with the recessed portion of the shaft to permit withdrawal of the shaft from the lock opening.

Abstract: A latch has a displaceable latching element in a housing for engagement with a separate striker arm to be latched behind an engagement shoulder of the latching element. The housing mounts a cylinder lock to receive a key from the front: A rotor is mounted on the rear of cylinder lock and rotation of the key rotation the rotor to drive a locking element to engage and lock the latching element. The rotor may also be axial displaceable against spring biasing responsive to a rear unit pushing element whereby unlocking from a rear cylinder lock may rotate the rotor to unlock and pushing causes the latching element to be displaced against its biasing to release the striker arm.

Abstract: A lock includes a deadbolt assembly having a deadbolt and a deadbolt actuator. The lock also includes a latch assembly discrete from the deadbolt assembly. The latch assembly includes a shoot bolt and a shoot bolt actuator. A blocking element may block actuation of the shoot bolt from an unlocked position to a locked position when the deadbolt is in a retracted position. Alternatively or additionally, the blocking element may block actuation of the shoot bolt from a locked position to an unlocked position when the deadbolt is in an extended position.

Abstract: The bio-product includes a mixture of bark composts comprising up to 80% dried screened, aged-wood barks composts with up to 20% dehydrated and pasteurized agricultural residues from manure, potato and/or fish waste sources. The particle sizes, moisture content and pH of the bio-product is adjusted to satisfy three main markets; bio-fertilizers; turf top-dressings and peat moss substitute/amendment. The pH of the product is adjusted naturally by selecting and including therein bark composts from softwood and/or hardwood species.

Abstract: A fertilizer derived from an organic source and a method of making are provided. The fertilizer of the present invention advantageously has a Nitrogen content greater than 4%. The method of making the fertilizer also produces potable water.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling operation of a tandem rolling mill which enables large reduction rolling in the latter-stage stand of the tandem rolling mill necessary for manufacturing fine-grained steel, and so on. The method comprises: a step of determining a first exit-side sheet thickness in rolling a constant portion of a material to be rolled; and a step of determining a second exit-side sheet thickness in rolling a front end portion of the material, such that a pre-tightening load becomes a set value or less; the material is rolled into the second exit-side sheet thickness, until the front end portion is fed into the stands; the constant portion is rolled by the stand given a pre-tightening load into the first exit-side sheet thickness; and the second exit-side sheet thicknesses of the stands given the pre-tightening load are made larger than the first exit-side sheet thickness.

Abstract: Equipment for supplying lubricant for a rolling mill 20 of a rolling mill of a flat shaped metal material M comprises a plurality of spray nozzles 1a and 1b which spray a lubricant toward a rolling roll together with a gas in a particulate or atomized state, a lubricant feed device 2, 3, and 4 which feeds the spray nozzles a lubricant, and a gas feed device 5 and 6 which feeds the spray nozzles a gas. In the present invention, the amount of lubricant supplied from the side spray nozzles among the spray nozzles are made larger than the lubricant feed rate from the center spray nozzle. Further, the amount of lubricant supplied from the spray nozzles between these side spray nozzles and center spray nozzle are made not more than the amount of lubricant supplied from the side spray nozzles and not less than the lubricant feed rate from the center spray nozzle. Due to this, uneven wear and roughness is kept from occurring at the rolling roll in the axial direction of the rolling roll.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for drawing components from a blank (1) made of metal using a drawing punch (2) and a die (3), the drawing punch (2) having a cutting edge (4) for trimming the blank (1) during the drawing procedure and a run-in contour (5) being provided in the die (3). The invention also relates to a method for drawing a blank using the device according to the invention and to a use according to the invention of the method. The run-in contour (5) of the die (3) is configured such that the cutting edge (4) and the run-in contour (5) are only in cutting engagement in certain regions in the drawing punch position at the start of the cutting procedure along the cutting line (7).

Abstract: Any of various features of a workpiece are forged by a common set of tools. The feature is incrementally forged as the tool set is moved to successive forging locations on the surface of the workpiece. One of the tools is used to plasticize and extrude a portion of the workpiece while one or more of the other tools are used to form dams that contain and shape the extruded portions.

Abstract: Press tool assemblies involve separable holder and tip portions. Self-seating structure is incorporated in these assemblies, and can stem from one or both of the separable portions of the assemblies. In use, the self-seating structure facilitates proper positioning and seating of the separable portions in relation to each other, and in some cases, can be used in operatively coupling the portions together. Advantages relating to assembly and disassembly of the tool assemblies, as well as improved structural properties result as a consequence of using the self-seating structure.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to accurately diagnose an abnormality of a fuel property detection apparatus that detects a fuel property based on a capacitance between electrodes. The abnormality detection apparatus for a fuel property detection apparatus of the present invention detects an abnormality of a fuel property detection apparatus that detects a fuel property based on a measurement value of a capacitance between a pair of electrodes installed on a fuel supply channel of an internal combustion engine that can use a fuel that includes a predetermined fuel component that has a characteristic such that a permittivity thereof changes according to a frequency of an electric field.

Abstract: An index error estimating apparatus used for an index error calibrating apparatus that has a grating disk supported by a rotation shaft and four detectors arranged on the grating disk. The index error estimating apparatus includes a detected value synthesizer that calculates a linear sum by multiplying by a predetermined coefficient each of detected values obtained from each of the at least four detectors; and a Fourier component identifier that uses a Fourier component of the linear sum and identifies a Fourier component of the index error.

Abstract: A sensor control device is adapted for an engine including an exhaust passage along which an exhaust purification catalyst and a particulate matter detection sensor are disposed. The exhaust purification catalyst 14 purifies a given gas component included in exhaust gas. The particulate matter detection sensor includes an attaching part, to which conductive PM included in exhaust gas is attached, PM including more than one component. The particulate matter detection sensor outputs a detection signal that is in accordance with a weight of PM attached to the attaching part. The particulate matter detection sensor includes an upstream detection sensor that is disposed on an upstream side of the exhaust purification catalyst in a flow direction of exhaust gas. The device includes a particle number calculation unit that calculates a particle number of PM in exhaust gas based on the detection signal outputted by the upstream detection sensor.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system for screening the content of the air proximate to a target for the presence of one or more illicit substances by using a chemical detector, a metal detector and a radiation detector all houses within a portable detection unit that may be carried by hand to detect threat substances on a target. The system also comprises a support module that is coupled either wirelessly or though a conduit to the portable detection unit to support the operations of the portable detection unit by proving processing and analysis of the detected results and power. The system also comprises a vacuum source for drawing air proximate to the target into the portable detection unit for vaporization and analysis. The vacuum source may be within the support module and drawing air through a hose in the conduit, or may be within the portable detection unit itself.

Abstract: In a gas sensor element of a gas sensor, reference oxygen chamber (113) assumes the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped. A reference electrode (111) is disposed on a surface of a third solid electrolyte body (73) which is exposed to the reference oxygen chamber (113). A second outer electrode (117) is disposed opposite the reference electrode, on a surface of a second solid electrolyte body (77) which is exposed to the reference oxygen chamber. Further, a porous, insulative protection layer (165) is formed so as to cover the entire surface of the second outer electrode. A gap (167) is present between the reference electrode and the insulative protection layer. The thickness of the gap is greater than that of the insulative protection layer.

Abstract: A single-cylinder internal combustion engine includes a knock sensor mounted thereto to suppress a temperature increase of the knock sensor and at the same time detect knocking with high accuracy. The engine includes a cylinder block having a cylinder provided therein, and a cylinder head connected to the cylinder block. On a surface of the cylinder block and the cylinder head, one or more fins protruding from the surface are provided. On the surface of the cylinder block, a sensor mounting boss protruding from the surface and being continuous with a portion of the one or more fins is provided. A knock sensor arranged to detect knocking is mounted to the sensor mounting boss.

Abstract: In a single-cylinder internal combustion engine fitted with a knock sensor, a temperature increase of the knock sensor is suppressed and prevented and the reliability of the knock sensor is improved. The engine includes a crankcase accommodating a crankshaft, a cylinder block connected to the crankcase and including a cylinder provided therein, a cylinder head connected to the cylinder block, a sensor mounting boss provided on the cylinder block, a knock sensor arranged to detect knocking and mounted to the boss, a fan to guide air to at least the sensor mounting boss, and an air shroud.

Abstract: The invention relates to accelerated mixed gas integrity testing methods, devices, and systems for integrity testing wetted single and multi-layered porous materials, whereby the testing method is non-destructive to the porous materials being tested. The accelerated mixed gas integrity test method includes one or more of the following components: i) a permeate side gas purge component; ii) a permeate side volume reduction component; and iii) a permeate side circulation component. The invention is directed towards reducing the length of time necessary to complete the integrity testing of single and multi layered porous materials, elements and membranes.

Abstract: Method for determining wettability of porous materials comprises placing a sample of a porous material into a cell of a calorimeter and contacting the sample with a wetting fluid. A heat flow into the cell is continuously measured. Based on results of the measurement and taking into account a thermal effect of the fluid compression, a first wetting contact angle of pores filled with the wetting fluid is calculated. Then, a pressure in the cell containing the sample is increased starting from an initial value until pores of the sample are completely filled with the fluid. Then, the pressure is reduced to the initial value while continuously measuring of a heat flow into the cell. The method enables calculation of a second wetting contact angle for pores completely filled with the fluid and of a third wetting contact angle for pores free from the fluid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micro viscometer comprising a body including an inlet where a fluid flows in, an outlet where the fluid flows out, a first chamber and a second chamber that is connected to the inlet and the outlet, respectively, a substrate and a cover that partition multiple micro channels that connect the first chamber and the second chamber; a first thin film that vibrates with the fluid within the first chamber and locates on the side of the first chamber; a second thin film that vibrates with the fluid within the second chamber and locates on the side of the second chamber; an actuating part that applies vibration onto the fluid within the first chamber by conducting vibration through the first thin film; a sensing part that senses vibration or pressure onto the fluid that transfers through the micro channels to the second thin film through vibration of the first thin film.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micro viscometer comprising a first chamber and a second chamber positioned with an interval; a micro channel that connects the first chamber and the second chamber; and a first thin film and a second thin film arranged on top of the first chamber and the second chamber, respectively, wherein a height of the first chamber and second chamber are substantially identical to a half wavelength corresponding a first resonant frequency of the first thin film and the second thin film, respectively, and a width of the first chamber and the second chamber are narrower than the height of the first chamber and the second chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micro viscometer comprising a substrate having a first chamber and a second chamber that are positioned at intervals; a thin film disposed on the substrate to cover the first chamber and the second chamber; an actuating part that disposed on the thin film corresponding to the first chamber; and a sensing part that disposed on the thin film corresponding to the second chamber, wherein at least one main trench is formed in between the first chamber and the second chamber.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a process for experimental determination of heavy live crude oil dynamic viscosities reliable at a constant temperature (from ambient temperature to 463 K) and pressures from 68.9 MPa to the atmospheric pressure, including the dynamic viscosity at the bubble point pressure and by below of this point, based on a simple, reliable and accurate apparatus. The apparatus used in the present invention is based on an electromagnetic concept, only using a mobile element (piston) through a fluid at a constant force. The time required for the piston to travel a fixed distance is related exactly to the dynamic viscosity of the fluid contained in a measuring chamber. When the fluid contained in the inner part of the measuring chamber is more viscous, the piston displacement will be slower.

Abstract: A system and a method are disclosed for combining a soil sample and extractant in a mixing chamber to produce a liquid extractant-soil mixture. A portion of the liquid extractant-soil mixture is directed from the mixing chamber through a sample measurement chamber coupled to the mixing chamber. The sample measurement chamber is coupled to a light source so that light propagates from the light source through the portion of the liquid extractant-soil mixture to an optical detector which generates an attenuation spectrum indicating light received by the detector at different wavelengths. The sample measurement chamber may include an attenuation cell having a specified optical path between a first measurement window and a second measurement window and angular surface directing particulates in the liquid extractant-soil mixture away from the attenuation cell.