Abstract: A system (1) for determining blood component concentration in vivo, the system (1) comprising: a probe (3) having an optical component and an electrical component, said optical component comprising a light source (9) for illuminating tissue (5) of a subject, said tissue (5) including a light absorbing blood component of interest, and a light detector (11) configured to detect light that has been emitted by said source (9) and has passed through said tissue (5); said electrical component comprising electrodes (13, 15) for applying an electric field across said tissue (5); and a control module (4) configured to receive signals from said light detector (11) that are representative of the intensity of light detected by the detector (11) and to receive signals from said electrodes (13, 15) that are representative of the capacitance of said tissue (5); wherein the amplitude of said signals varies periodically with the subject's cardiac cycle, and said control module (4) comprises a processor (35) operable to determ

Abstract: A psychological stress index measuring system and its analysis method comprise a pulse generator, a transmission-based photo sensor, a signal converter & amplifier, a filter and a processing platform. At first, the transmission-based photo sensor fixed on a user depends on a light transmitting mechanism to detect analog SpO2 (oxyhemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry) signals. Then, it will be processed and transformed to digital signals and further exported to the processing platform for extraction of PPGA & HBI. Finally, it will pass a median filter, normalization, and development of Psychological Stress Index which is based on the normalized PPGA & HBI as one convenient method to evaluate psychological health.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to multi-purpose sensors for monitoring a plurality of physiological parameters. According to certain embodiments, the multi-purpose sensors may include optical elements for determining oxygen saturation and regional saturation. In additional embodiments, such sensor may include multiple electrodes that are configured for bispectral index monitoring. In particular embodiments, portions of the multi-purpose sensors may be removed and discarded when no longer needed.

Abstract: In a blood information acquisition mode for obtaining an oxygen saturation level of hemoglobin in a blood vessel, preliminary imaging and main imaging are performed. In the preliminary imaging, a normal internal body part is imaged. A blood information calculation section calculates an oxygen saturation level of each pixel. A changing section corrects standard reference data in accordance with a difference between an average of the oxygen saturation levels obtained in the preliminary imaging and a predetermined standard value of the oxygen saturation level. In the subsequent main imaging, corrected reference data is used to calculate an oxygen saturation level of each pixel corresponding to an internal body part being observed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for analyzing sublingual microcirculation perfusion and identifying particular nerve tracts. In exemplary embodiments, a digital micro-mirror device is configured to direct a reflected light to a subject area and a controller is configured to alter a parameter of the reflected light.

Abstract: A physiological signal collection unit is for use with a physiological signal measuring apparatus to measure physiological signals from an anatomical part of a test subject, in which the anatomical part is covered with hair. The physiological signal collection unit includes a detector and a wearable member. The detector includes a circuit substrate defining a substrate-through-hole to permit hair strands to extend through, an electrical connector, and at least one signal collecting component. The wearable member is to be worn on the anatomical part of the test subject, and is formed with a through-hole having a size smaller than size of the circuit substrate. The through-hole permits the hair strands extending through the circuit substrate to extend through the wearable member.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sensor (2) including: a microelectrode assembly (21); and ?-pancreatic cells (23) or islets (230) of Langerhans in culture on the microelectrode assembly (21); characterized in that the microelectrode assembly (21) is designed to measure dynamically, continuously and in real time, electrical signals (V) produced by the ?-pancreatic cells (23) or the islets of Langerhans (230) upon physiological activation. The invention also relates to the field of devices that can be implantable in the body of a patient, and including an insulin dispenser for dispensing an amount of insulin. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing such a sensor and to such a device and a use of such a sensor.

Abstract: A probe comprising a tubular member arranged substantially in a plane within a perimeter fitting into the sublingual or postlabial area of a human patient. The tubular member is made preferably of silicone rubber or a material permeable for gases, particularly for carbon dioxide, and forming a barrier against body fluids. The tubular member has consecutive curved sections communicating with each other and form a continuous flow pass. Ends of the tubular member have connection tubes adapted for delivering the fluid inside the lumen of the tubular member directly or indirectly to a measuring apparatus. The connection tubes are made preferably of a material substantially impermeable for carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The invention provides an implantable membrane for regulating the transport of analytes therethrough that includes a matrix including a first polymer; and a second polymer dispersed throughout the matrix, wherein the second polymer forms a network of microdomains which when hydrated are not observable using photomicroscopy at 400× magnification or less. In one aspect, the homogeneous membrane of the present invention has hydrophilic domains dispersed substantially throughout a hydrophobic matrix to provide an optimum balance between oxygen and glucose transport to an electrochemical glucose sensor.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a neural probe comprises a substrate comprising elongated shanks for penetrating neural tissue, each comprising a proximal end and a distal end; at least one optical source integral to the neural probe for illuminating the neural tissue; and microelectrodes located proximate the distal end of the elongated shanks for monitoring neuronal activity. In certain embodiments, a method of monitoring neuronal activity comprises implanting the neural probe into a test subject such that the elongated shanks protrude into neural tissue of the test subject; illuminating the neural tissue with the at least one optical source; and measuring neuronal activity in response to illuminating the neural tissue. In certain embodiments, a device comprises a semiconductor chip; at least one optical source integral to the semiconductor chip; and sensor elements integral to the semiconductor chip for collecting data responsive to light emitted from the at least one optical source.

Abstract: An optical electrode having a plurality of electrodes, including a recording electrode having a roughened surface and an optical light source configured to emit light, wherein at least a portion of the light impinges on the recording electrode. Also disclosed are methods of producing an optical electrode and an opto-electronic neural interface system.

Abstract: This document discusses, among other things, brain stimulation models, systems, devices, and methods, such as for deep brain stimulation (DBS) or other electrical stimulation. In an example, volumetric imaging data representing an anatomical volume of a brain of a patient can be obtained and transformed to brain atlas data. A patient-specific brain atlas can be created using the inverse of the transformation to map the brain atlas data onto the volumetric imaging data and a volume of influence can be calculated using the patient-specific brain atlas. In certain examples, the volume of influence can include a predicted volume of tissue affected by an electrical stimulation delivered by an electrode at a corresponding at least one candidate electrode target location.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for automated optimization of muscle stimulation energy. In some embodiments the disclosure optimizes stimulation parameters and/or stimulation location.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a lesion is provided. The apparatus includes an extracting unit configured to extract at least one tissue region from an image of tissue regions, a setting unit configured to set at least one of the at least one extracted tissue region as a lesion detection candidate region, and a detecting unit configured to detect a lesion from the lesion detection candidate region.

Abstract: A system and method for generating time-resolved 3D medical images of a subject includes acquiring a time series of two-dimensional (2D) data sets from a portion of the subject using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system and reconstructing the time series of 2D data sets into a 2D time series of images of the subject having a given frame rate. The process also includes acquiring a time-independent, 3D volume of the portion of the subject and combining the 2D time series of images of the subject with the time-independent 3D volume of the subject to generate a set of time-dependent 3D volume images of the portion of the subject at the given frame rate.

Abstract: A method includes accepting a plurality of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data points of a cardiac chamber, acquired over multiple phases of at least one cardiac cycle. A simulated surface of the cardiac chamber is constructed by processing the MRI data points. Measurements of a parameter, acquired at respective points on a surface of the cardiac chamber, are accepted from an intra-cardiac probe. The measurements are overlaid on the simulated surface constructed from the MRI data points, so as to produce a map of the parameter on the surface.

Abstract: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is the most common type of inflammation of the thyroid gland and accurate diagnosis of HT would be advantageous in predicting thyroid failure. The application presents a three tier architecture for image-based diagnosis and a monitoring application using a network cloud. The presentation layer is run on the tablet (e.g., a mobile device), while the business and persistence layers run on a single network cloud or distributed on different network clouds in a multi-tenancy and multi-user application. Such three tier architecture is used for automated data mining application for diagnosis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) Disease using ultrasound.

Abstract: The present invention discloses Near Infrared (NIR) fluorescent albumin nanoparticles having a structure selected from a core structure or a core-shell structure. Also disclosed are a process of preparing these NIR fluorescent albumin nanoparticles, and a method of in vivo detection of pathologies, in particular cancer pathology, by using administering these NIR fluorescent albumin nanoparticles to a patient.

Abstract: An image-guide therapy system comprises a thermal treatment device (e.g., an ultrasound transducer) configured for transmitting a therapeutic energy beam, and The system further comprises an imaging device (e.g., a magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) device) configured for acquiring images of the target tissue mass and the thermal treatment device. The system further comprises a controller configured for controlling thermal dose properties of the thermal treatment device to focus the energy beam on a target tissue mass located in an internal body region of a patient, and a processor configured for tracking respective positions of the thermal treatment device and the target tissue mass in a common coordinate system based on the acquired images. The system may optionally comprise a display configured for displaying the acquired images.

Abstract: A thigh compression device and technique to control, time, delay and/or prevent excessive early venous enhancement relative to arterial enhancement and thereby improve and/or enhance MRA images, including peripheral MRA images, is disclosed. In one embodiment, the present invention uses a curved strip of material which is longer on the superior edge and shorter along the inferior edge. When wrapped around the conical shape of the thigh of a subject, for example, a human, the thigh compression device more uniformly conforms to and/or fits around the thigh, providing more even/uniform compression as well as reducing, minimizing and/or eliminating significant movement of the thigh compression device towards the knees of the subject. A snug fit on the thighs may also enable the thigh compression device to be inflated with less fluid, which is faster and less cumbersome for the operator.

Abstract: A method for integrating multiple data sources into an X-ray image referential includes generating an X-ray image of a subject. The method also includes collecting information from sensors of a catheter disposed within the subject. The method further includes generating the X-ray image referential on a coordinate system by merging a model of an anatomy and the collected information from the sensors of the catheter to the X-ray image, wherein the X-ray image referential includes a display of a trace of a catheter. In addition, the method includes displaying the X-ray image referential on a display.

Abstract: An apparatus and related methods using a variety of heterogeneous sensors to accurately track, in real time, the location of the tip of a surgical instrument inside the human body. The system accounts for real time changes in the surrounding environment during surgery, and when integrated with noninvasive image-guided surgery (IGS), this invention makes IGS possible and safe without tedious offline calibration. Sensors include, but are not limited to, optical, electromagnetic (EM), and sonar.

Abstract: Provided are a proximity imaging type PET apparatus and a system which include a part-specific PET scanner disposed in proximity to a specific part of a measurement target and a whole-body PET scanner which is capable of radiographing the whole body of the measurement target, the PET apparatus and system being capable of bringing PET detectors into close proximity to the specific part of the measurement target so as to ensure higher sensitivity and imaging a wide field of view.

Abstract: Provided are an image diagnosis apparatus and an image diagnosis method using the same. The image diagnosis apparatus includes an X-ray image tomosynthesis device fixing an object using an object fixing unit, the X-ray image tomosynthesis device generating an image tomosynthesis signal by irradiating a plurality of X-rays into the object, a photoacoustic image device fixing the object using the object fixing unit, the photoacoustic image device generating an ultrasonic signal by scanning the object using a photoacoustic light source, an image processing device for processing image signals transmitted from the X-ray image tomosynthesis device and the photoacoustic image device to generate a three-dimensional (3D) image, and a display device for displaying the 3D image generated from the image processing device. The image diagnosis apparatus may realize internal tissues of the object into a clear 3D image.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for medical imaging using diffusive optical tomography and fluorescent diffusive optical tomography are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for medical imaging comprises, scanning a tissue volume with near-infrared light to obtain structural parameters, wherein the tissue volume includes a biological entity, scanning the tissue volume with near-infrared light to obtain optical and fluorescence measurements of the scanned volume, segmenting the scanned volume into a first region and a second region, and reconstructing an optical image and a fluorescence image of at least a portion of the scanned volume from the structural parameters and the optical and fluorescence measurements. In another embodiment an apparatus for medical imaging is disclosed.

Abstract: A medical fluid injector device injecting a patient with a mixed medical fluid provided by a plurality of medical fluids and capable of simply setting injection conditions for the mixed medical fluid. A medical fluid injector (100) includes an injector head (110) injecting a diluted contrast medium into a patient and a controller unit (50). The controller unit (50) performs a process of receiving an input relating to an injection rate of the diluted medical fluid, a process of receiving an input relating to a mixture ratio by an operator, a process of calculating an injection rate of a contrast medium based on the mixture ratio, and a process of calculating an injection rate of physiological saline based on the mixture ratio. The injector head (110) injects the contrast medium and the physiological saline at the calculated injection rate of the contrast medium and the calculated injection rate of the physiological saline, respectively.

Abstract: A drive ram for use with a medical fluid injector may include a central, longitudinal reference axis. First and second gripper members may be pivotally interconnected with a plunger engaging end of the drive ram. Each of the first and second gripper members may be pivotable about a common pivot axis that intersects the reference axis. Each of the gripper members may further include a first end that is remote from the common pivot axis. In some embodiments, the first and second gripper members may be pivotable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the first ends of the gripper members may be spaced apart by a first distance, while in the second position, they may be spaced apart by a second distance that is greater than the first distance.

Abstract: An ultrasonic diagnosis device wherein, in order to reliably stop the movement of a display unit by a simple mechanism during transportation of the device, a display unit restraint mechanism is provided with: a fixed portion which has a receiving groove for receiving a handle main unit provided on the display unit; and a rotation portion which moves rotationally in relation to the fixed portion. When the rotation portion is rotated with the handle main unit received in the receiving groove, the upper side of the handle main unit becomes covered with a cover portion. In this state, a hook member protrudes outward from the rotation portion and is engaged with an upper end portion to serve as a strut.

Abstract: An ultrasound diagnostic apparatus is provided. The ultrasound diagnostic apparatus includes a physical quantity calculating unit configured to calculate a physical quantity related to elasticity of biological tissue, based on echo signals obtained by transmission/reception of ultrasound to and from a subject, and a three-dimensional elastic image data generating unit configured to generate three-dimensional elastic image data by volume rendering processing that projects data related to the physical quantity in a three-dimensional region of the subject in a predetermined visual line direction to thereby obtain data of respective pixels on a projection plane, wherein the three-dimensional elastic image data generating unit is configured to obtain data corresponding to the number of data related to the physical quantity in a prescribed range of elasticity in the visual line direction as the data of the respective pixels.

Abstract: The method of one embodiment for ultrasound image computation of cardiac events comprises obtaining a first set of ultrasound data and a first electrocardiogram signal, obtaining a second set of ultrasound data and a second electrocardiogram signal, processing the first and second sets of ultrasound data to obtain first and second processed ultrasound signal events, relating the first and second processed ultrasound signal events to the first and second electrocardiogram signals in time, and determining a relative timing between the first and second processed ultrasound signal events.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed for creating, in a coordinated manner, graphical images of a body including vascular features from a combination of image data sources. The method includes initially creating an angiographic image of a vessel segment. The angiographic image is, for example, either a two or three dimensional image representation. Next, a vessel image data set is acquired that is distinct from the angiographic image data. The vessel image data set comprises information acquired at a series of positions along the vessel segment. An example of such vessel image data is a set of intravascular ultrasound frames corresponding to circumferential cross-section slices taken at various positions along the vessel segment. The angiographic image and the vessel image data set are correlated by comparing a characteristic rendered independently from both the angiographic image and the vessel image data at positions along the vessel segment.

Abstract: An ultrasonic observation apparatus is provided with a signal amplifier which amplifies a signal of an ultrasonic wave received from a sample with an amplification factor according to a receiving depth in order to use the signal in generating a B-mode image, a B-mode image data generator which generates B-mode image data in which the amplitude of the signal of the ultrasonic wave amplified by the signal amplifier is converted into brightness for display, an amplification corrector which performs correction to cancel the influence of the amplification by the signal amplifier in order to make the amplification factor constant with respect to the signal of the ultrasonic wave amplified by the signal amplifier regardless of the receiving depth, a frequency analyzer which calculates a frequency spectrum by analyzing the frequency of the signal of the ultrasonic wave corrected by the amplification corrector, and a feature data extractor which extracts feature data of the sample by performing an approximation proces

Abstract: To obtain ambient sound velocity of a subject with high accuracy in a ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus. In an ambient sound velocity obtaining method that transmits ultrasonic waves from an ultrasonic probe, receives reflected waves reflected by a subject to obtain received signals, performs a receive focusing process on the received signals using receive delay times based on a plurality of sound velocity settings to obtain in-phase sum signals with respect to each sound velocity setting, and obtains an ambient sound velocity of the subject based on the in-phase sum signals with respect to each sound velocity setting, the in-phase sum signals with respect to each sound velocity setting is separated into an in-phase sum signal corresponding to a boundary portion in the subject and an in-phase sum signal corresponding to portions other than the boundary portion, an index is obtained based on at least either one of the in-phase sum signals, and the ambient sound velocity is obtained based on the index.

Abstract: Actual ultrasound attenuation in tissue is used to calculate gain compensation profiles which are used to create a uniform image. Axial, lateral, elevation gain profiles are used to correct the attenuation and ultrasound variation in each direction. In addition, automatic activation of the automatic gain compensation is described.

Abstract: There are provided embodiments for measuring an inclination angle of an ultrasound probe to correct a Doppler angle in real time. In one embodiment, by way of non-limiting example, an ultrasound system comprises: an inclination measuring unit configured to measure an inclination angle of an ultrasound probe at a predetermined cycle to form measuring information including the inclination angle, wherein the inclination measuring unit is mounted inside or outside of the ultrasound probe; and a processing unit configured to calculate a Doppler angle correction value corresponding to the inclination angle based on the measuring information and calculate a corrected Doppler angle based on the Doppler angle correction value.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an improved combination sensor tip that includes an ultrasound transducer and a pressure sensor both disposed at or in close proximity to the distal end of the combination sensor tip. The present invention also provides for an improved connector to couple a guide wire to a physiology monitor that reduces torsional resistance when maneuvering the guide wire.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ultrasonic diagnosis device which is provided with a shutter mechanism. The shutter mechanism conceals an opening portion (a passage for a rotation shaft member), which is uncovered behind an operation panel when the operation panel moves forward, so as to enhance the appearance and safety. The shutter mechanism has a pair of first shutter plates and a pair of second shutter plates, the pairs overlapping each other. Each shutter plate rotates about a predetermined rotational shaft which does not slide back and forth. Each shutter plate has a pin slot into which a slide pin is inserted. A pair of slide pins are provided on a member that slides back and forth. When the pair of slide pins move forward, the contact relationship between the pair of slide pins and a plurality of pin slots causes the pair of first shutter plates to start closing first, and subsequently the pair of second shutter plates start closing.

Abstract: An ultrasound catheter is described herein for insertion into a cavity such as a blood vessel to facilitate imaging within a vasculature. The catheter comprises an elongate flexible shaft, a capacitive microfabricated ultrasonic transducer, and a sonic reflector. The elongate flexible shaft has a proximate end and a distal end. A capacitive microfabricated ultrasonic transducer (cMUT) is mounted to the shaft near the distal end. The reflector is positioned such that a reflective surface redirects ultrasonic waves to and from the transducer. In other embodiments, the catheter comprises a plurality of cMUT elements and operates without the use of reflectors. In further embodiments, integrated circuitry is incorporated into the design.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an improved combination sensor tip that includes an ultrasound transducer and a pressure sensor both disposed at or in close proximity to the distal end of the combination sensor tip. The present invention also provides for an improved connector to couple a guide wire to a physiology monitor that reduces torsional resistance when maneuvering the guide wire.

Abstract: A mechanism of quantitative dual-spectrum IR imaging (QDS-IR) system for examining the breast cancer is reported. The major mechanism of the system is a pair of long-wave Infra-red (LIR) and middle-wave Infra-red (MIR) cameras with the keen temperature sensitivity and the high spatial resolution. The optical axes of cameras are calibrated by the help of two calibration makers set up on the seat for carrying an object to make them parallel to each other and locate on the same level. The design provides an imaging system with the high reproducibility supported by 7 free degrees and the high adjustability. The proposed system could ensure the positions of the object and two cameras are the same at the different time points and find the best relative positions between the seat and two cameras for the objects with different body types. Therefore, it has potential ability to detect breast cancer or monitor the effect of chemotherapy.

Abstract: A method for determining a stage of fibrosis in a liver is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (1a) obtaining input data relating to the liver, the input data being generated using a second harmonic generation based imaging system; (1b) identifying a plurality of morphological features of the liver from the input data relating to the liver; (1c) generating a plurality of measurements based on the identified plurality of morphological features; and (1d) determining the stage of fibrosis in the liver based, on the generated plurality of measurements.

Abstract: A measurement device (1) includes a probe (7) which irradiates a specific part or a specific location of a living body with excitation light and which receives fluorescence generated by irradiating the specific part or the specific location with excitation light.

Abstract: A medical device system and associated method to control a laser Doppler unit to emit light from a coherent laser light source and collect a photodetector signal produced by the laser Doppler unit by a signal processor comprising a bandpass filter. The bandpass filter is applied to the photodetector signal to determine a tissue perfusion measurement from the filtered signal. A monitoring unit is enabled to receive the tissue perfusion measurement to detect a physiological condition of the patient in response to the tissue perfusion measurement.

Abstract: Medical device or instrument for diagnosing pressure ulcers using optical reflectance spectroscopy. The device may comprise a tip and a controller. The tip is pressed against the skin of the patient and collects the optical reflectance data. The controller processes the data to determine whether there exists a pressure ulcer and, if there is one, its depth. The tip may also include a pressure sensor for sensing the pressure at which the tip is applied to the patient's skin.

Abstract: Devices and methods of use for identification, treatment, and/or management of heart failure and/or associated conditions. Methods may include providing a baroreflex therapy system including a blood pressure sensor and a heart rate sensor, providing an implantable measurement device proximate a blood vessel of a patient, the implantable measurement device including an electrode, providing a control system coupled to the baroreflex therapy system and the implantable measurement device, the control system programmed to automatically determine an impedance of the blood vessel with the implantable measurement device over a time period of at least one cardiac cycle, determine arterial stiffness of the blood vessel based on the impedance, determine blood pressure and heart rate, and activate, deactivate or otherwise modulate the baroreflex therapy system to deliver a baroreflex therapy based on the blood pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness.

Abstract: A cuff of a blood pressure measurement device compresses a measurement site by being wrapped therearound. A control unit evaluates the wrapping strength of the cuff, by comparing a detection amount detected based on the output of a sensor with a history of the detection amount stored in the storage unit.

Abstract: A blood pressure measurement device compresses a measurement site by a cuff being wrapped around the measurement site. A first fluid bag is provided inside an outer package of the cuff. An indicating member is provided in the cuff so as to contact the outer package and the first fluid bag. The properties of the indicating member change in a visible manner in accordance with a magnitude of a force with which the indicating member is pressed by the outer package and the first fluid bag.

Abstract: Described herein are implantable systems and devices, and methods for use therewith, that can be used to perform arrhythmia discrimination. A plurality of different sensing vectors are used to obtain a plurality of different IEGMs, each of which is indicative of cardiac electrical activity at a different ventricular region. The plurality of different IEGMs can include, e.g., an IEGM indicative of cardiac electrical activity at a first region of the patient's left ventricular (LV) chamber and an IEGM indicative of cardiac electrical activity at a second region of the patient's LV chamber. Additionally, the plurality of different IEGMs can further include an IEGM indicative of cardiac electrical activity at a region of a patient's right ventricular (RV) chamber. For each of the IEGMs, there is a determination of a corresponding localized R-R interval stability metric indicative of the R-R interval stability at the corresponding ventricular region. This can include, e.g.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to implantable systems, and methods for use therein, that can detect T-wave alternans and analyze the detected alternans to provide information regarding cardiac instabilities and predict impending arrhythmias.

Abstract: Described herein are implantable systems and devices, and methods for use therewith, that can be used to perform arrhythmia discrimination based on activation times. A plurality of different sensing vectors are used to obtain a plurality of IEGMs that collectively enable electrical activations to be detected in the left atrial (LA) chamber, the right atrial (RA) chamber, and at least one ventricular chamber of a patient's heart. For each of a plurality of cardiac cycles, there is a determination, based on the plurality of obtained IEGMs, of an LA activation time, an RA activation time, and a ventricular activation time. Arrhythmia discrimination is then performed based on the determined activation times.