Abstract: The invention relates to: a pre-treatment method for plant biomass hydrolysis reaction raw materials characterized in comprising a process for mixing a solid catalyst and solid substrate beforehand and grinding same simultaneously (grinding process); a plant biomass hydrolysis reaction raw material pre-treated by said pre-treatment method; and a plant biomass saccharification method comprising a process for hydrolyzing said hydrolysis reaction raw material. The invention provides an efficient and practical pre-treatment method for plant biomass hydrolysis reaction raw materials that can improve the saccharification yield and saccharide concentration of plant biomass hydrolysis reactions, a plant biomass hydrolysis reaction raw material obtained therefrom, and a plant biomass saccharification method.

Abstract: An atomizing nozzle of an electronic atomizing inhaler, comprising tubular casing body, provided with a closure wall at the open front end of said casing body, with a gas-outlet aperture on said closure wall; and provided with a rear closure at the opening of the rear end of said casing body, with a gas-inlet aperture on said rear closure; a liquid-container and a heater are provided in the cavity formed by said casing body, said closure wall and said rear closure, an airflow-passage is provided between casing body and liquid-container; a liquid-guiding device plugs the mouth part of said liquid-container, no liquid-storage medium being provided in the liquid-container; the connection-passage is provided between said liquid-guiding device and said rear closure; a heater is provided on the top of the rear closure, contacting the lower surface of said liquid-guiding device, at least part of said heater is located in said connection-passage.

Abstract: In various arrangements, a nebulizer element of a nebulizer may be energized with a drive signal. A phase offset of the drive signal may be measured. A phase delta may be determined. The phase delta may indicate a difference between a target phase offset and the measured phase offset. The target phase offset may indicate a non-zero target phase difference between the voltage of the drive signal and the current of the drive signal. A frequency of the drive signal may be changed to decrease the phase delta.

Abstract: A methodology for administering topical formulations of olopatadine for treatment of allergic or inflammatory disorders of the nose in children is disclosed. Moreover, an ophthalmic product is provided for practicing the methodologies.

Abstract: A nebulizer system includes a bottle that has a bottle mouth on top thereof and stores liquid therein, a heater device that is connectable to the bottle mouth, and a nebulizer adapter that is connectable to the heater device. The bottle includes a dip tube that is dipped into the liquid stored therein. An upper end portion of the dip tube is disposed inside a circumferential wall of the bottle mouth with a clearance communicating between an interior and an exterior of the bottle via the bottle mouth. The nebulizer adapter includes a nozzle member that has an orifice for injecting gas, and an aerosol-forming member in a corresponding position with the orifice, the aerosol-forming member sucking up the liquid in the bottle via the dip tube and heater device by a stream of gas injected from the orifice, and generating fine aerosol from the sucked liquid.

Abstract: An adapter for fitting to a drug delivery device, the adapter including: an outlet for communication with the mouth of a patient; an air flow path through the adapter along which air is drawn to the outlet by inhalation by the patient; an inlet adapted for connection to a mouthpiece of said drug delivery device; and an air flow rate indicator operable to indicate when the air flow rate along the air flow path is at or above a predetermined minimum level suitable for delivery of the drug to the patient. A drug delivery device having, in its body, an air flow rate indicator operable to indicate when the air flow rate along the air flow path is at or above a predetermined minimum level suitable for delivery of the drug to the patient.

Abstract: An oropharyngeal airway for use during diagnostic and surgical procedures, comprising a body with a proximal and a distal end. The distal end is sized for insertion through a protective bite block disposed in a patient's mouth. Both sides of the distal end are tapered to a curved distal edge. A flange is transversely opposed at the proximal end, preventing the proximal end from moving through the protective bite block and into the patient's mouth. An elliptically-arched channel in the shape of a lingual contour extends from the proximal end to the distal end. The channel includes a pair of tapered upstanding walls that guide the passage of a surgical instrument through the space between them. The oropharyngeal airway can be constructed of recyclable or biodegradable materials and is compatible with protective bite blocks of all sizes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an emergency oxygen supply mask adapted for rescuing a passenger of an aircraft in an emergency situation, comprising: an oxygen mask having a mask body with a first opening for covering mouth and/or nose of the passenger and with a second opening connecting said first opening for providing breathable supply air. According to the invention the emergency oxygen supply mask comprises a physical reaction component connected to the mask body for receiving air, adapted for converting said air into supply air by a physical reaction between said air and a physical reaction material in said physical reaction component to produce oxygen-enriched air, and for supplying said oxygen-enriched air as the supply air to the first opening of the mask body and the physical reaction component is, in particular releasable, connected to a pressurized reservoir or manifold of air.

Abstract: A dosing device for supplying a gas, preferably oxygen, to a breathing person under physical strain and/or during recovery from physical strain, which dosing device is portable, and includes: a gas conduit comprising a connector configured to connect to a gas supply, a gas nozzle adapted to be held in front of the mouth and/or nose of the breathing person; a breathing cycle detector configured to detect the occurrence of inhalation and/or exhalation phase and exhalation phase in the breathing cycle; a gas flow controller, and a control unit configured to control the gas dosage supplied to the person dependent on values obtained from the breathing cycle detector, so that gas is supplied during the inhalation phase of the breathing cycle at a point in time and for a time period.

Abstract: The present inventions provide respiratory therapy apparatus that introduce water into the pressurized air delivered to a user during various positive airway pressure therapies and corresponding methods. The respiratory therapy apparatus may be configured to administer one or more positive airway pressure therapies, including: continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP), bi-level positive airway pressure therapy (BPAP), auto positive airway pressure therapy (autoPAP), proportional positive airway pressure therapy (PPAP), and/or other positive airway pressure therapies. The respiratory therapy apparatus may include a user interface that defines an interface passage to communicate pressurized air to the user for inhalation and a humidifier that introduces water into the pressurized air generally at the interface passage. Methods according to the present inventions may include introducing water into the interface passage at one or more humidifier ports disposed about the interface passage.

Abstract: A device and a process for the heating and humidification of gas, especially respiratory gas. Fluid from a fluid reservoir is supplied to a sprinkling type chamber where, for the purpose of humidification, it is moved through the gas. The point is that the fluid is heated by a temperature controlled heater to a preset temperature. In addition to the description of the device, a description of the process underlying the operation of the device is described.

Abstract: A breath-powered, dry powder inhaler, a cartridge, and a pulmonary drug delivery system are provided. The dry powder inhaler can be provided with or without a unit dose cartridge for using with the inhaler. The inhaler and/or cartridge can be provided with a drug delivery formulation comprising, for example, a diketopiperazine and an active ingredient, including, peptides and proteins such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 for the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity. The dry powder inhaler is compact; can be provided in various shapes and sizes, colors, and comprises a housing, a mouthpiece, a cartridge placement area, and a mechanism for opening and closing the medicament cartridge. The device is easy to manufacture, provides a pre-metered single unit dose, it is relatively easy to use, and can be reusable or disposable.

Abstract: An improved inhalation device is provided for facilitating inhalation by a patient of powder medicaments contained in a receptacle. The inhalation device includes a staple assembly comprising a plunger and staple that are securely and robustly coupled to one another. Embodiments of the inhalation device have a cap that prevents or reduces the amount of dust and grime entering into the device. The cap is additionally configured to prevent or reduce inadvertent and unintentional operation of the device. The body portion and first casing portion of certain embodiments of the inhalation device are sealably coupled, restricting or reducing undesirable flow pathways that have an adverse effect on the operation of the device.

Abstract: The invention refers to an inhalation device provided with a dose ring intended for storage and release of substances in powder form such as a drug, comprising a plurality of substantially circular recesses or powder chambers for storing a respective dose of a preloaded powdery substance, and an air channel or uncovering device for dispensing one dose at a time, wherein an advancing mechanism is arranged to feed the dose ring in its direction of rotation one powder chamber at a time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a breathing assistance device for a patient, the device including: a source of respiratory pressurised gas; a gas transmission duct comprising a distal end coupled to said source and a proximal end coupled to the patient; a gas regulating valve interposed in the gas transmission duct at a proximal location, comprising a leakage orifice and an obstruction means capable of varying the opening of the leakage orifice upon signal of controlling means and allowing a bidirectional gas flow through the leakage orifice in both expiration and inspiration phases.

Abstract: A system (10) configured to prompt a subject (12) to consciously alter one or more breathing parameters during childbirth. The system includes a pressure generator (14) that generates a pressurized flow of breathable gas for delivery to an airway of the subject during childbirth and a processor (22) that controls the pressure generator to adjust one or more gas parameters of the gas in the pressurized flow of breathable gas to provide breathing cues to the subject in accordance with a breathing regime associated with labor contractions, wherein the breathing cues prompt the subject to consciously alter one or more breathing parameters of respiration.

Abstract: Automated methods provide a ventilation sufficiency assessment to evaluate patient respiration. In some embodiments, a ventilation histogram maybe determined from a measure of patient respiratory flow. Based on the histogram or associated ventilation data, hypoventilation or hyperventilation occurrences may be detected. For example, a kurtosis index and/or skewness index may be calculated with the data associated with the ventilation histogram and may be evaluated as an indication of hypoventilation or hyperventilation. An assessment of the number of peaks and other features of the ventilation histogram, such as in the case of a bimodal ventilation histogram, may be implemented to detect an occurrence of ventilation insufficiency or sufficiency. The detection methodologies may be implemented by a specific purpose computer, a detection device that measures a respiratory airflow or a respiratory treatment apparatus that provides a respiratory treatment regime based on the detected ventilation sufficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oxygen supply device for aircraft inhabitants, comprising a first On-Board Oxygen System (OBOGS) unit connected to a first set of oxygen masks, wherein a second On-Board Oxygen System (OBOGS) unit connected to a second set of oxygen masks.

Abstract: Internal nose filter mounting devices, methods and kits are provided. The nose filter mounting device includes two substantially parallel elongated members having first and second ends, a first connecting member joining the two elongated members at or near the first ends, a second connecting member joining the two elongated members at or near the second ends, and first and second magnets connected to the first and second connecting members, wherein the first and second magnets are configured to mate with filter elements in the nostrils of a user. The device may be implanted in the nasal septum of a patient.

Abstract: A mask system and an air delivery conduit (200) for use in the treatment of respiratory disorders. The air delivery conduit (200) may comprise a textile (220) having an airtight arrangement. A support structure (240) may be provided to the conduit to provide form.

Abstract: A tracheotomy tube set is provided with a tracheotomy tube including a cannula including a connecting member at a proximal end and a bellows member joining to the connecting member, a balloon cuff formed proximal to a distal end of the cannula, a first wing extending from one side of one end of the balloon cuff, a second wing extending from the other side of one end of the balloon cuff, a first wedge balloon formed between the first wing and an insertion section between the balloon cuff and the distal end of the cannula, an opposite second wedge balloon formed between the second wing and the insertion section, and a line having one end communicating with both the first and second wedge balloons; and a fixation device including a split flange, a hole through the flange, and two slots formed at both sides of the fixation device respectively.

Abstract: A condom including a polymeric sheath, and one or more features including a polymeric composition disposed thereon, the one or more feature optionally having a color different than that of the polymeric sheath, is disclosed. Apparatus and methods for manufacturing a textured condom are also disclosed.

Abstract: A mouthpiece includes a first body configured to be secured over one or more teeth of a user. The first body comprises a frame for location about at least one of a molar or a premolar of user, as a first bite pad between upper teeth and lower teeth. The first bite pad is molded in the frame while in situ in the mouth of the user and the first bite pad is formed by a PVS material. The first bite pad is in contact with at least one of a molar or a premolar of user, and the first bite pad defines an exterior shape of at least a portion of the teeth of a user. There is a similar second body with a connector between the first body and the second body and together these form the appliance for the user.

Abstract: Methods for treating sleep apnea. A method includes implanting at least first and second elongated implants in a tongue or soft palate of a patient, wherein each of the first and second implants is configured to have a first, expanded configuration and a second, contracted configuration, wherein implanting comprises implanting the first and second implants having their first, expanded configurations. The invention also provides systems for treating sleep apnea that can be used with the methods.

Abstract: A simple surgical drape system of generally flat shape for male urology procedures that provides full isolation of top versus bottom surface by a sealing fenestration surrounding the meatus area. It is achieved by manually forming the flat drape to a tent-like shape around the penis with a fenestration aperture smaller than glans diameter, supported by and sealing to the glans tip, and then attaching a penile clamp to hold the drape. This allows a simplified safer antibacterial preparation and less chance of infection complications. The sealed design permits better management of urology liquids, and can use absorption pad on drape top side. The drape wrinkles act as a penile position stabilizer, reducing need for extended use of the one operator hand for penile support. Drape is removable with catheter in place.

Abstract: Sensors (40) are described which comprise a reflective layer (52), a detection layer over the reflective layer (52), a semi-reflective layer (50) over the detection layer (48), and a masking layer (57) affixed to the reflective layer with a high Tg adhesive.

Abstract: A retractable protective respiratory mask including disposable filters, which protects the respiratory system, covering the nose and mouth during inhalation while breathing in an atmosphere polluted by different agents, such as infectious, virulent, or pathogenic agents, or other toxic substances. The mask also protects non-infected persons from persons infected with a virus, as saliva and sputum expelled when coughing, breathing-out, and/or talking can be deposited inside the mask. The mask can include a collection-container filter, allowing a viral-infected wearer to breathe in a polluted atmosphere, to talk, to cough, to sneeze and/or to deposit saliva and sputum. The mask can be used as any other type of filter mask and/or disposable environmental air mask for industry in general, and also providing protection in rarefied natural atmospheres. The mask can be used as a container or packaging for drugs administered by means of bronchial airways, or as medical or rescue masks.

Abstract: The present invention is a restraining glove that includes a base glove with a mitt portion and a bottom portion, a hook and loop strap with a hook portion and a loop portion and a belt loop disposed on the bottom portion of the base glove. The restraining glove also includes a crease disposed on the hook and loop strap, the crease is accommodated and received by the belt loop when the hook and loop strap is wrapped around the belt strap and a mesh portion that covers the top of the mitt portion of the base glove, the mesh portion provides a high degree of comfort to the user.

Abstract: A cigar holder operable to retainably engage a cigar. The cigar holder may include a cigar retention member and a clamping assembly. The cigar retention member may be positionable with respect to the clamping assembly to supportably retain a cigar therein when the clamping assembly is secured to a number of different support structure orientations. In an embodiment, the jaw assembly may comprise a base support structure for supportably engaging the cigar holder on a surface.

Abstract: The invention is related to an electronic cigarette which is equipped with a universal serial bus (USB) connector. The electronic cigarette includes a cigarette body and a connecting device. The connecting device is retractably disposed in the cigarette body so as to be hidden therein, and the connecting device includes a connector and a conductor of which a length is extendable. When not in use, the conductor is foldably retracted to be hidden within the cigarette body together with the connector, while the connecting device is in use, the connecting device is pulled away and the conductor extends to a predetermined length to electrically connect the electronic cigarette to an external electronic device or power. Because the USB connector and the conductor are disposed in the electronic cigarette, the electronic cigarette is capable of being used conveniently and assembled quickly.

Abstract: This invention relates to an acoustic control electronic cigarette case and an electronic cigarette device. The electronic cigarette case comprises a battery device, an audio sensor, a memory module, an audio processing module connecting with the audio sensor and generating an electric detecting instruction during the predetermined period of time when the predetermined type acoustic signals is detected, an electric quantity detecting module, a display control module and a display module. The acoustic control electronic cigarette case and the electronic cigarette device of the present invention through disposing the audio sensor, the audio processing module generating an electric detecting instruction during the predetermined period of time when the predetermined type acoustic signals is detected, the electric quantity detecting module, the display control module and the display module achieve technical effects of being easily and conveniently to display the electric quantity, durable, and rapidly response.

Abstract: Disclosed are filters, smoking devices, related articles and apparatus, and related methods. The filters include porous masses that have an active particle and a binder particle, wherein the active particle comprises carbon and the porous mass has a carbon loading of at least about 6 mg/mm and an encapsulated pressure drop of about 20 mm of water or less per mm of porous mass.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a system of delivering a solvent to the nail for the removal of polish, gel nails, gel polish, soak-off gel nails, soak-off gel polish or acrylic nails existing on the nail. The system may also be used for the delivery a multitude of substances such as oils, moisturizers, or medicines to the nail or fingertip of a user. The present invention employs the use of a synthetic cap to cover the fingertip to the middle phalanx, or the toe to ensure a substantially air-tight environment for effective delivery of solvents, oils, moisturizers, or medicines. The cap is hypoallergenic, multi-use and can be easily used by a single user (i.e., placing the caps on one hand and also the other).

Abstract: A comb for hair or fibres is discloses which comprises a rigid comb body having a spine extending along a longitudinal axis and a plurality of teeth projecting from the spine and extending transversely to the longitudinal axis, and at least one ultrasound generator connected to the spine . In the invention, the or each ultrasound generator comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer operative to apply compression waves to the spine in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the spine so as to cause surface waves to propagate along the spine and the teeth of the comb body.

Abstract: The “Small Talc'” disposable talc' tool is a disposable talc' tool designed for the hair industry and the Hair stylist/barber the “Small Talc'” disposable talc' tool is used at the end of your customer's hair Stylist services it's used to manicure the loose hair from your client/patron the main component to the “Small Talc'” talc' tool is it is disposable talc' tool its primary purpose of work is to absorb, smooth, And remove it absorbs any liquid and body oils, while smoothing the skin with the talc' powder and lastly it removes the hair from the head, face, and neck of your client/patron

Abstract: A lash brush includes a case, a rotatable shaft, a plurality of bristles and a reciprocating transmission mechanism, the rotatable shaft is driven into reciprocal motion along an axial line by the reciprocating transmission mechanism, a first unit of the reciprocating transmission mechanism comprises an actuating surface having a plurality of spacing members, a second unit of the reciprocating transmission mechanism comprises a contacting terminal contacting against each of the spacing terminals in sequence to make the rotatable shaft vibrate back and forth instantaneously along the axial line.

Abstract: A hair curling device includes a handle member, a heating member, a PPS made connector, and a clamping arm rotatable around the heating member in 360°. A rotatable hub unit, which is made of nylon with 30% of fiberglass, coupled at the connector. An operation unit, which is made of nylon with 30% of fiberglass, includes an operation button, a rotatable clamping arm, and a button cap. The PPS made connector and the nylon made operation unit substantially reduce the heat transmitted to the handle member. A power operating arrangement is incorporated with the connector to rotate the clamping arm about the heating member at two opposite directions. When the clamping arm is rotated about the heating member, the clamping arm guides and whirls the lock of hair around the heating member neatly.

Abstract: A combination toothbrush, flossing device, and toothpick are provided in a single dental device. A first part of the dental device comprises a toothbrush connected to a stem of the first part, and a second part of the dental device comprises a toothpick attached to a first end and a flossing device connected to a second end. The first part and the second part are detachably attached to each other.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid composition for removing dental cement from the surface of non-living objects, comprising i) an inorganic base; ii) a complexing agent; iii) optionally a surfactant; and iv) an aqueous solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises a surfactant, and an aqueous solvent comprising water mixed with a polar solvent miscible with water, preferably alcohol. Said objects to be cleaned comprise workpieces and instruments used in restoration work. Said workpieces may comprise crowns, bridges, inlays, and other prostheses. Said instruments may, comprise, for example, tools used during the dental operation which contacted the cement.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for more efficiently cleaning a substrate having a notch in a plasma processing chamber configured for bevel edge cleaning. A notched plasma exclusion ring an inner periphery and an outer periphery is provided. The notched plasma exclusion ring has a ring notch formed at its outer periphery. The notched plasma exclusion ring has a notch apex dimension that is at least as large as a notch apex dimension of the substrate notch and a notch opening dimension that is at least as large as a notch opening dimension of the substrate notch. Methods for obtaining misalignment data and for subsequently rotate substrates to more efficiently clean the substrate notch are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a method and system for stripping an ion implanted resist or performing a post-ash clean using a single substrate tool. Cleaning objectives and cleaning operating variables are selected for optimization. The first step immerses the substrate in a first treatment chemical, while concurrently irradiating the substrate with UV light, the process completed in a first process time, a first flow rate, and a first rotation speed of the substrate. The second step dispenses onto the substrate a second treatment chemical at a second temperature and a second composition, the second treatment chemical dispensed at a dispense temperature, and completed in a second process time and a second rotation speed. The two or more selected cleaning operating variables comprise UV wavelength, UV power, first concentration, first rotation speed, first flow rate, second process time, second rotation speed, percentage of residue removal, and dispense temperature.

Abstract: A method of removing a metal protective layer from a surface of a reactor component comprising treating the metal protective layer with one or more chemical removal agents to remove at least a portion of the metal protective layer from the reactor component. A method of removing a metal protective layer from a surface of a reactor component comprising treating the metal protective layer to remove the metal protective layer from the reactor component, and determining a thickness of the reactor component following treatment.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a surface that is deployed in an outdoor location includes mounting a wiper so as to traverse the surface along a predefined path in order to remove dirt from the surface. The wiper is driven to traverse the surface responsively to a difference between an ambient nighttime temperature and an ambient daytime temperature in the outdoor location.

Abstract: A wafer cleaning system includes a platform, a plurality of wafer holding units over the platform, a front-end rinse nozzle, and a back-end purge unit. The plurality of wafer holding units is set to define a reference plane of wafer holding. The front-end rinse nozzle is above the reference plane and configured to dispense a first rinse fluid toward the reference plane.

Abstract: An attachment for a cleaning implement having a support, such as a mop head, is disclosed. The attachment includes a base, a first wall extending away from a first end of the base, and a second wall extending away from a second end of the base. The second end of the base is opposite the first end of the base. At least a portion of the first wall is inclined toward a center of the base, and at least a portion of the second wall is inclined toward the center of the base. The attachment includes a stack of sheets wherein each sheet can be individually peeled from the stack of sheets. The attachment can be removably secured to the mop head by pressing the mop head onto the base.

Abstract: An oral care implement includes a releasable sensory material that invokes a sensory response when in contact with tissues or surfaces of a mouth of a user. In one embodiment, an element is provided that is visually indicative of the sensory response. The oral care implement may also include a soft tissue cleaner provided with the sensory material.

Abstract: A brush for dislodging impurities on steam relief screen basket within an operating vessel including at least one brush that includes an elongated support column with a brush attached to a first end of the elongated support column extends out of a seal located on a removable vessel cover of the vessel. The steps using the brush to dislodge impurities on steam relief screen basket include locating the brush comprised of a plurality of bristles adjacent to the steam relief screen basket, contacting the brush with the screen basket, extending the elongated support column through the seal, closing the removable vessel cover of the vessel to avoid pressure drop inside the vessel, and moving the brush from a first location on the screen basket to a second location on the screen basket to dislodge impurities attached to the screen basket.

Abstract: A roadway monitoring camera cleaning system includes one or more cameras for capturing images through respective viewing surfaces, which are exposed to outdoor environmental conditions. A controller coupled to the cameras receives the images and determines whether a predetermined wash threshold has been met based on any of various indicia of image degradation. Responsive to the wash threshold being met, the controller operates a supply valve to connect a wash fluid source to a conduit, and operates at least one delivery tube valve to connect the supply conduit to at least one delivery tube. Wash fluid is delivered under pressure to the dirty viewing surface as a result. Subsequently, the controller may disconnect the wash fluid source and connect a pressurized source of inert dry gas, in order to dry the viewing surface and to purge the delivery tube of wash fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus for cross-flow purging for optical components in a chamber, including: a housing with first and second axial ends, a side wall extending in an axial direction and connecting the first and second axial ends, and the chamber formed by the first and second axial ends and the side wall; an optical component disposed within the chamber and fixed with respect to the housing via at least one connecting point on the optical component; an inlet port aligned with the side wall, between the first and second axial ends in the axial direction, in a radial direction orthogonal to the axial direction and arranged to inject a purge gas into the chamber and across the optical component in a radial direction orthogonal to the axial direction; and an exhaust port aligned with the side wall in the radial direction and arranged to exhaust the purge gas from the chamber.

Abstract: A dishwashing appliance is provided that has a heating element shaped to allow a user to access a filter while avoiding contact with the heating element. The heating element is spaced apart from the filter and shaped or positioned relative to the filter such that a user may access the filter for cleaning or replacement while avoiding contact with the heating element. In one embodiment, the heating element extends in the wash chamber along the lateral direction but without crossing the centerline of the wash chamber in front of the filter.