Abstract: The invention relates to a target arrangement comprising a tubular-shaped carrier element and a hollow-cylindrical target having at least one target material, said target comprising at least one one-piece tube segment which at least partially surrounds the carrier element. Said carrier element and the tube segment are partially interconnected in a material fit by at least two plastically deformable compensating means. The invention also relates to a method for producing said type of target arrangement and a tubular segment.

Abstract: A sputtering target for producing a metallic glass membrane characterized in comprising a structure obtained by sintering atomized powder having a composition of a ternary compound system or greater with at least one or more metal elements selected from Pd, Zr, Fe, Co, Cu and Ni as its main component (component of greatest atomic %), and being an average grain size of 50 ?m or less. The prepared metallic glass membrane can be used as a substitute for conventional high-cost bulk metallic glass obtained by quenching of molten metal. This sputtering target for producing the metallic glass membrane is also free from problems such as defects in the metallic glass membrane and unevenness of composition, has a uniform structure, can be produced efficiently and at low cost, and does not generate many nodules or particles. Further provided is a method for manufacturing such a sputtering target for forming the metallic glass membrane.

Abstract: The object of this invention is to provide a high quality titanium target for sputtering capable of reducing the impurities that cause generation of particles and abnormal discharge, which is free from fractures and cracks during high power sputtering (high rate sputtering), and capable of stabilizing the sputtering properties and effectively suppressing the generation of particles upon deposition. This invention is able to solve foregoing problems using a high purity titanium target for sputtering containing, as additive components, 3 to 10 mass ppm of S and 0.5 to 3 mass ppm of Si, and in which the purity of the target excluding additive components and gas components is 99.995 mass percent or higher.

Abstract: A vacuum coating apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a cathode target, a plurality of anodes, a transiting device, a pulsed arc discharge device, and a pulsed laser device. The plurality of anodes is placed on the transiting device and successively passes though a working position by the transiting device. The pulsed arc discharge device is electrically connected to the cathode target and the anode at the operable position to form plasma in a vacuum chamber for film coating. The pulsed laser device is located outside of the vacuum chamber and provides a pulsed laser beam onto the surface of the cathode surface to serve as a plasma trigger. A coating method for the vacuum coating apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of measuring an analyte in a biological fluid comprises applying an excitation signal having a DC component and an AC component. The AC and DC responses are measured; a corrected DC response is determined using the AC response; and a concentration of the analyte is determined based upon the corrected DC response. Other methods and devices are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the corrosion-protective pretreatment of metal components, which at least partially comprise metal surfaces made of iron, using a chromium-free aqueous treatment solution, which contains fluoro-complexes of zirconium and/or titanium and phosphate ions in a specific ratio range to one another, and a metal component which is pretreated accordingly, and the use thereof for the application of further corrosion-protective coatings and/or lacquer systems. The method is suitable in particular as a pretreatment for electrophoretic painting of metal components, which are provided in the form of non-closed hollow bodies.

Abstract: Prolongation of the lifetime for reduced water is attempted. Production water that presents alkalinity is produced by utilizing raw water with ionized metallic minerals being dissolved therein and hydrogen gas H2. When inpouring the hydrogen gas together with the raw water into an electromagnetic portion in the apparatus, the hydrogen gas is bubbled and ionized to produce ions. The gas bubbles of the ionized hydrogen-ions are miniaturized. By making a metallic mineral as a core, hydrides (H?), which are negative ions in the hydrogen ions, coordinate on the periphery of that core. The metallic minerals which are complex-ionized (complex-ionized metallic minerals) based on a fact that the hydrides coordinate are dissolved in the water stably for long period of time, so that production water which presents alkalinity, that is, reduced water can be obtained. The reduced water can be utilized as drinking water. A metal container is preferable for a refilling container.

Abstract: An electrochemical desalination system includes a first and a second electrochemical device and a controller. The first and second electrochemical devices each comprises a electrochemical desalination module comprising at least one pair of electrodes and a compartment between each pair of electrodes for receiving an electrolyte solution. Each of the first and second electrochemical desalination devices comprises a plurality of successive operation cycles. Each cycle comprises a charging mode of operation for charging each pair of electrodes and for adsorbing ions in the electrolyte solution on the electrodes, and a discharging mode of operation for discharging the pair of electrodes and for desorbing ions from the pair of electrodes. The controller is configured to control the system that the first and second electrochemical desalination devices have interleaved charging and discharging modes of operation.

Abstract: An electrochemical-codeposition method for forming a carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced metal nanocomposite includes providing a reaction vessel having an anode and a cathode and a plating solution therein, where the plating solution includes at least one acid, at least one surfactant, a plurality of CNTs, and a plurality of metal cations that include at least one metal. The plating solution has a pH between 2 and 4.5 and at least a portion of the plurality of CNTs are positively charged CNTs in the plating solution. A power supply is connected between the anode and cathode. The positively charged CNTs and metal cations are both electrochemically-codeposited onto the cathode to form the nanocomposite, wherein the metal provides a continuous metal phase for the nanocomposite.

Abstract: The invention relates to various embodiments of an environmentally beneficial method for reducing carbon dioxide. The methods in accordance with the invention include electrochemically or photoelectrochemically reducing the carbon dioxide in a divided electrochemical cell that includes an anode, e.g., an inert metal counterelectrode, in one cell compartment and a metal or p-type semiconductor cathode electrode in another cell compartment that also contains an aqueous solution of an electrolyte and a catalyst of one or more substituted or unsubstituted aromatic amines to produce therein a reduced organic product.

Abstract: Apparatus and operating methods are provided for controlled atmosphere furnace systems. In one possible embodiment, hydrogen is injected from a hydrogen source to an enclosure. The hydrogen is circulated within the enclosure from a gas inlet to a gas outlet. A temperature is raised within the enclosure to a predetermined threshold. Hydrogen is pumped from the gas outlet to the gas inlet with an electrochemical hydrogen pump. The electrochemical hydrogen pump has a first electrode in fluid communication with the gas outlet, and a second electrode in fluid communication with the gas inlet. An electrical potential is provided between the first and second electrodes, wherein the first electrode has a higher electrical potential with respect to zero than the second electrode. Various methods, features and system configurations are discussed.

Abstract: A feed control method for wire cutting electrochemical discharge machining is disclosed. The method determines whether a contact event has occurred using a wire electrode, based on variations in wire tension when being cut. A wire is cut with an ideal feed speed when the wire electrode is not in contact with a workpiece.

Abstract: A method of electrically machining a hole in a conductive work piece may include providing a tool having a conductive tool head in close proximity to the conductive work piece. A voltage may be applied across the tool head and the work piece to create an electric field in the hole at the tool head. The electric field may be asymmetric with respect to the centerline of the hole. The orientation of the hole may be altered by removing material from the work piece using the asymmetric electric field.

Abstract: The present invention provides a linker for joining an electrode and a capture probe on a biochip, and a biochip comprising the linker. The impedance baseline of the linker of the present invention is three orders lower than the conventional long chain thiol linker when adopting in a fadaraic impedance biochip construction. With lower impedance baseline, the device designed to measure the signal of the biochip of the present invention could be further simplied on the electrical circuit design and be made in lower cost, compacter size and get the potential to be used in point-of-care applications. The present invention also provides a method of quantitatively detecting a concentration of a target analyte in a fluid sample by adopting the biochip and the linker of present invention.

Abstract: A method using an electrolytic cell to electrolyze urea to produce at least one of H2 and NH3 is described. An electrolytic cell having a cathode with a first conducting component, an anode with a second conducting component, urea and an alkaline electrolyte composition in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode is used to electrolyze urea. The alkaline electrolyte composition has a hydroxide concentration of at least 0.01 M.

Abstract: A crude product composition is provided comprising hydrocarbons that have a boiling range distribution between about 30° C. and 538° C. (1,000° F.) at 0.101 MPa, the hydrocarbons comprising iso-paraffins and n-paraffins with a weight ratio of the iso-paraffins to n-paraffins of at most 1.4.

Abstract: It has been determined that sealant fluid formulations comprising a lubricant oil derived from Fischer-Tropsch waxes demonstrate performance comparable to sealant fluid comprising lubricants derived from polyalphaolefins (PAO's). The sealant fluids of the current invention can provide excellent performance properties similar to those provided by PAO based sealant fluids, but at lower cost.

Abstract: High molecular weight naphthenic tetra-acids are added to a base crude oil to prevent and/or reduce fouling of crude oil refinery equipment. The method includes adding an effective amount of a high molecular weight naphthenic tetra-acid to the base crude oil to form a crude oil mixture and feeding the crude oil mixture to a crude oil refinery component. Particularly, the high molecular weight naphthenic tetra-acids include ARN acids.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feed is passed to a first zone of a vaporization unit to separate a first vapor stream and a first liquid stream. The first liquid stream is passed to a second zone of the vaporization unit and contacted intimately with a counter-current steam produce a second vapor stream and a second liquid stream. The first vapor stream and the second vapor stream are cracked in the radiant section of the steam cracker to produce a cracked effluent. The second liquid stream is thermally cracked in a coking drum to produce a coker effluent and coke. The coker effluent is separated into a coker gas and a coker liquid. The coker liquid is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce a hydroprocessed product. The hydroprocessed product is separated into a gas product and a liquid product. The liquid product is fed to the vaporization unit.

Abstract: Methods for reducing sulfides from fluid streams are provided. The methods comprise adding secondary amine-formaldehyde adduct (SAFA) scavengers to fluid streams. The SAFA scavengers added comprise less than about 40 wt % N-methyl secondary amines of the total weight of SAFA scavengers. Methods for distilling N-methyl secondary amines from secondary amine-formaldehyde adduct (SAFA) scavengers are also provided. Purified SAFA scavengers are also disclosed.

Abstract: A single stage process for treating pyrolysis gasoline containing acetylene, diolefins, sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds to react a sufficient amount of said acetylene and diolefins with hydrogen to produce saturated products and hydrogen sulfide to provide a pyrolysis gasoline product suitably for use as gasoline blending stock comprising: feeding pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen at a mol ratio of hydrogen to pyrolysis gasoline of at least 0.5:1 and preferably in the range of 1:1 to 3:1 to a hydrodesulfurization zone containing a hydrodesulfurization catalyst such as cobalt/molybdenum under vapor phase conditions at a pressure in the range of 200 to 500 psig at a temperature in the range of 550° F. to 850° F. The operating temperature is at least above the dew point of the mixture of pyrolysis gasoline and hydrogen, preferably in a range 50 to 400° F. above said dew point.

Abstract: Sulfur-containing compounds, including specifically thiophenic compounds, in a liquid hydrocarbon feedstream are catalytically oxidized by combining the hydrocarbon feedstream with a catalytic reaction mixture that includes a peroxide that is soluble in water or in a polar organic acid, at least one carboxylic acid, and a catalyst that is a transition metal salt selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2WO4, (NH4)6W12O40.H2O, Na2WO4, Li2WO4, K2WO4, MgWO4, (NH4)2MoO4, (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, MnO0 and NaVO3; the mixture is vigorously agitated for a time that is sufficient to oxidize the sulfur-containing compounds to form sulfoxides and sulfones; the reaction mixture is allowed to stand and separate into a lower aqueous layer containing the catalyst and an upper hydrocarbon layer that is recovered and from which the oxidized sulfur compounds are removed, as by solvent extraction, distillation or selective adsorption.

Abstract: Trace element levels of heavy metals such as mercury in crude oil are reduced by contacting the crude oil with an iodine source, generating a water soluble heavy metal complex for subsequent removal from the crude oil. In one embodiment, the iodine source is generated in-situ in an oxidation-reduction reaction, by adding the crude oil to an iodine species having a charge and a reductant or an oxidant depending on the charge of the iodine species. In one embodiment with an iodine species having a positive charge and a reducing reagent, a complexing agent is also added to the crude oil to extract the heavy metal complex into the water phase to form water soluble heavy metal complexes which can be separated from the crude oil, for a treated crude oil having reduced levels of heavy metals.

Abstract: Solvent regeneration to recover a polar hydrocarbon (HC) selective solvent substantially free of hydrocarbons (HCs) and other impurities from a solvent-rich stream containing selective solvent, heavy HCs, and polymeric materials (PMs) generated from reactions among thermally decomposed or oxidized solvent, heavy HCs, and additives is provided. A combination of displacement agent and associated co-displacement agent squeezes out the heavy HCs and PMs from the extractive solvent within a solvent clean-up zone. Simultaneously, a filter equipped with a magnetic field is positioned in a lean solvent circulation line to remove paramagnetic contaminants. The presence of the co-displacement agent significantly enhances the capability of the displacement agent in removing the heavy HCs and PMs from the extractive solvent.

Abstract: Methods for extracting bitumen from bituminous material through the use of a polar solvent. The method may include a primary leaching or extraction process that separates most of the bitumen from a material comprising bitumen and produces first solvent-wet tailings. A polar solvent is added to the first solvent-wet tailings in order to remove the first solvent (plus any entrained bitumen) from the tailings. A mixture of polar solvent and first solvent produced by the addition of the polar solvent to the first solvent-wet tailings may be phase separated by maintaining the polar solvent-first solvent mixture for a period of time. Alternatively, the polar solvent and first solvent may leave the tailings in a phase separated state. Phase separation may occur due to the presence of water in the polar solvent-first solvent mixture. Water may also be added to the mixture of solvents to serve as an antisolvent and initiate phase separation. The separated solvents may then be recovered and reused in the method.

Abstract: A vent assembly is described for use in an extracorporeal fluid unit. A vent structure adjacent to a micro-porous membrane forms the assembly. The vent structure is porous and changes color when the vent structure becomes wet, thereby providing a visual indication that the vent structure has been exposed to liquid.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for enhanced electrocoagulation processing using enhanced membrane aeration are disclosed for effluent treatment. The apparatus has an enrichment means for establishing an ion rich air/gas stream and a membrane aerator for receiving the ionized air/gas stream and effluent to be treated. An ionized air/gas rich effluent feed stream flows out of the membrane aerator and is received at an electrocoagulation processing assembly for diffused ion enhanced electrocoagulation treatment.

Abstract: A filtration and dispensing system that is particularly suitable for underdeveloped parts of the world is provided for storing, filtering, and dispensing rainwater, surface water, or groundwater. The system includes a bank of ceramic filters, a water retention container for holding water to be dispensed by the system, and at least one header tank to which water supplied from the water retention container is fed. A pump is utilized to withdraw water from a lower portion of the water retention container and supplied to the header tank. The withdrawn water is distributed by way of piping from the header tank to individual ceramic filters in the bank of ceramic filters, and a collection tank receives filtered water discharged from the bank of ceramic filters. Trickle feed nozzles or other discharge elements are used to discharge the filtered water from the collection tank for use.

Abstract: A method of flow baffle installation is disclosed herein. The method, in various aspects includes the steps of orienting a side support at a specified elevation about a sidewall of a sump using a leveling support, bolting the side support to the sidewall of the sump following the step of orienting a side support at a specified elevation about a sidewall of a sump using a leveling support, orienting an opposing side support at the specified elevation about the sidewall of the sump using a corresponding leveling support, bolting the opposing side support to the sidewall of the sump following the step of orienting an opposing side support at the specified elevation about the sidewall of the sump using a corresponding leveling support, adjusting an adjustable cross-member to span between the side support and the opposing side support. This Abstract is presented to meet requirements of 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) only.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for capturing and removing oil from a body of water with equipment using rod and film technology, which includes a streamlined oil tank that moves in the water and collects surface oil from an attached skimmer, arrays of inverted funnels lowered into the water to concentrate oil for removal, and containment tents to capture leaking fuel or cargo oil from a sunken ship or any underwater oil leak and channel it into a partially submerged rod and film storage tank at the surface.

Abstract: A reactor for anaerobically purifying waste water, such as waste water from the paper industry, includes a reactor vessel that has at least one inlet for supplying waste water to be purified into the reactor, at least one outlet for discharging purified water, at least one sediment filter and at least two multi-phase separator devices arranged on top of one another.

Abstract: A strainer wall structure includes curved sections, a method of manufacturing the same, and a filtering method using the strainer wall structure to provide a substantially larger effective filtering area in the same length and width, substantially reducing foreign substances covering a suction surface and flow resistance of the foreign substances, and reducing pressure drop at a cooling water pass corresponding thereto. The strainer wall structure includes an inlet side through which cooling water is introduced and an outlet side through which the filtered cooling water is discharged, includes a body having openings in directions of the inlet side and the outlet side, and a first filter plate inserted into the body and including curved sections formed by alternately bending a first punched plate having filtering holes in opposite directions and at a predetermined interval.

Abstract: A liquid filter cartridge comprising an outer casing defining an inside volume containing a filter element that separates the inside volume into an upstream space and a downstream space, the casing having an end wall defining a liquid inlet passage communicating with the upstream space, and a liquid outlet passage communicating with the downstream space, the casing being adapted for mounting on a support that includes a liquid inlet channel designed to communicate with the inlet passage, a liquid outlet channel designed to communicate with the outlet passage, and a drain channel communicating with the inlet passage. The cartridge includes a closure member fastened to the end wall of the casing and adapted to close the drain channel when the cartridge is mounted on the support.

Abstract: The present disclosure is generally directed to devices and methods of treating aqueous solutions to help remove or otherwise reduce levels, concentrations or amounts of one or more contaminants. The present disclosure relates to a apparatus including a substantially self-contained housing or container which is adapted to receive components including at least one counterelectrode (e.g. cathode) and at least one photoelectrode (e.g. anode) provided or arranged around at least one UV light source, and/or receive, contain and/or circulate fluid or aqueous solution.

Abstract: A hydrocyclone (10) having a tank (12) including a fluid inlet (14), a filtered fluid outlet (16), an effluent outlet (18), a process fluid outlet (20) and an inner peripheral wall (22) enclosing three vertically aligned chambers (24, 30, 32) including a vortex chamber (24) in fluid communication with the fluid inlet through a fluid pathway (28) adapted for receiving an incoming fluid flow and generating a vortex fluid flow about a filter assembly (26) which is located within the vortex chamber which encloses a filtrate chamber (66) which is in fluid communication with the filtered fluid outlet (16). An effluent separation chamber (30) is located bellow the vortex chamber and is in fluid communication with the vortex chamber and the effluent outlet. A process fluid chamber is located bellow the effluent separation chamber and is in fluid communication with the effluent separation chamber and the process fluid outlet.

Abstract: A method enhancing biological digestion of wastewater sludge is provided. The method uses chlorine dioxide to accelerate and improve the efficiency of aerobic or anaerobic digestion.

Abstract: A non-blocking filtration system wherein the suspension filtered continuously scrubs the filter, keeping it free of deposits of solid deposits while the filtrate is removed in a variety of biological and chemical applications, substantially reducing the cost of unit operations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are diatomaceous earth products containing reduced soluble metal levels, processes for reducing soluble metal levels in diatomaceous earth products, and methods of using the same. In particular, diatomaceous earth products are disclosed that have been treated with at least one surface metal blocking agent, and then subjected to at least one thermal treatment process to reduce the level of soluble metals associated therewith. Such diatomaceous earth products containing reduced soluble metal levels may be useful for various applications including, but not limited to, as filter aid materials.

Abstract: A new process for ion exchange softening of water used in Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) by recovering and using the salt content of the blowdown water from the OTSG to regenerate the softener resin is provided, thus eliminating the cost for commercial regenerant salt that would otherwise be needed. Further, the very high purity of the salt recovered in the blowdown inherently results in the production of softened water with hardness leakage levels that are an order of magnitude lower than can be attained using commercial salt, thus reducing scale deposit potential and improving operating efficiency and reliability of the OTSG.

Abstract: A method for conducting maintenance on a chromatography column (1; 51), said column comprising a column tube (32), a top end cell (20) and a bottom end cell (26), where during chromatography said column tube (32) is secured between said top end cell (20) and said bottom end cell (26). Said method comprises the step of rotating at least the top end cell (20) 180 degrees around a horizontal axis before maintenance is conducted to the top end cell (20).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating water charged with colloidal impurities, either dissolved or suspended, in a treatment plant, wherein said method comprises: the step of contacting said water, in an advanced oxidation area, with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of at least one transition-metal salt; a flocculation step that comprises contacting said water, in a flocculation area, with at least one flocculation additive and with at least one ballast comprising at least one non-soluble granular material denser than water and used as a biomass carrier; the step of feeding the water and floc mixture thus obtained into a settling area; the step of separating the treated water at the upper portion of said settling area from a mixture of sludge and ballast resulting from the settling of said flocs; the step of extracting the sludge and ballast mixture at the lower portion of said settling area; and the step of recycling at least a portion of the sludge into said advanced oxidation area.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for removing radium from drinking water using a natural zeolite.

Abstract: A method for removing heavy metals from contaminated water, comprising collecting metal salt precipitates from a water softening process, drying said precipitates, contacting water having a concentration of one or more heavy metals with said precipitates, and collecting water having a reduced concentration of said heavy metal(s).

Abstract: A method of treating water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), by: surrounding a reaction chamber, in which the ClO2 is generated, with water, wherein the water surrounding the reaction chamber is simultaneously the water to be treated; and passing a reaction solution comprising the ClO2 formed in the reaction chamber out of the reaction chamber through an outlet directly into the water, thus treating the water.

Abstract: A solid-liquid separating apparatus is provided with: a separating roll which has a substantially cylindrical shape with a plurality of through holes, which penetrate between an inner surface and an outer surface in radial direction thereof, and is rotatable in circumferential direction thereof; and a pair of separating filter cloths which is endless belts capable of traveling in a rotation direction of the separating roll and are wound around the outer circumference of the separating roll so as to overlap each other, wherein a material supplied between the pair of filter cloths is squeezed by being rolled together with the pair of filter cloths therebetween on the outer circumference of the separating roll, and the material is dehydrated by ventilating via each through hole.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for separating a fluid, with the apparatus including an inner drum wall disposed around and coupled to a shaft. The apparatus also includes an outer drum wall disposed around the inner drum wall, the outer drum wall being configured to rotate to separate a higher-density component of the fluid from a lower-density component of the fluid. The apparatus further includes a first radial vane disposed between the inner drum wall and the outer drum wall and having first contours configured to turn the fluid in at least one of a radially-inward direction and a radially-outward direction. The apparatus also includes a housing at least partially surrounding the outer drum wall and configured to receive the high-density component of the fluid therefrom.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a printed circuit board enables a metal residue between wirings to be removed inexpensively without side etching of a copper layer while having sufficient insulation reliability for micro wiring working. The method includes forming a base metal layer directly at least on one face of an insulator film without an adhesive, and a copper coat layer formed on the base metal layer to form adhesiveless copper clad laminates, then forming a pattern on the adhesiveless copper clad laminates by an etching method. The etching method includes a process of etching treatment for the adhesiveless copper clad laminates with an iron (III) chloride solution or a copper (II) chloride solution containing hydrochloric acid and then, a process of treatment with an acid oxidant containing potassium permanganate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing plastic metallized 3D circuit includes the steps of providing a 3D plastic main body; performing a surface pretreatment on the plastic main body; performing a metallization process on the plastic main body to deposit a thin metal film thereon; performing a photoresist coating process to form a photoresist protective layer on the thin metal film; performing an exposure and development process on the photoresist protective layer to form a patterned photoresist protective layer; performing an etching process on the exposed thin metal film to form a patterned metal circuit layer; stripping the patterned photoresist protective layer; and performing a surface treatment on the patterned metal circuit layer to form a metal protective layer. With the method, a 3D circuit pattern can be directly formed on a 3D plastic main body without providing additional circuit carrier to thereby meet the requirement for miniaturized and compact electronic devices.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium, includes, in the order recited, the steps of forming a mask protective film composed of carbon on a magnetic layer; forming a resist with a predetermined pattern on the mask protective film; forming a protective mask by etching the mask protective film using the resist as a mask; forming protrusions and recesses on a magnetic layer by etching the magnetic layer using the resist and the protective mask as masks; removing the protective mask, including removing the mask protective film comprised of carbon, using ultraviolet light with a principal wavelength not longer than 340 nm; and forming a protective layer on the magnetic layer having the protrusions and recesses formed thereon.

Abstract: The invention is directed to the provision of a method for manufacturing a crystal oscillator manufacturing method that can achieve a highly precise fine adjustment without applying unnecessary external force to a crystal oscillator, and that can adjust a plurality of crystal oscillators in a collective manner. More specifically, the invention provides a method for manufacturing a crystal oscillator includes a first etching step for forming a prescribed external shape, an electrode forming step for forming an electrode at least in a portion of a surface of the external shape, a leakage amount measuring step for measuring leakage amount associated with leakage vibration of the external shape, and a second etching step for etching the external shape by an amount that is determined based on a measurement result of the leakage amount measuring step so as to adjust balance.