Abstract: The present invention provides an automated analyzer that can effectively reduce contamination of a diluted low-concentration specimen resulting from a high-concentration specimen not being diluted. The automated analyzer includes a specimen nozzle that performs both the function of pipetting a specimen from a specimen container accommodating the specimen and the function of pipetting a specimen diluted by the analyzer, and means for washing the specimen nozzle with a predetermined detergent. When a pipetting process of a high-concentration specimen not being diluted and a pipetting process of a low-concentration specimen diluted by the analyzer are consecutively performed for the same specimen by the specimen nozzle, between the pipetting process of a high-concentration specimen and the pipetting process of a low-concentration specimen, the analyzer performs a washing processing in which the specimen nozzle is washed with the predetermined detergent.

Abstract: A microchip includes a reagent placement area to fix an anaerobic antibody therein. An inlet and outlet of the microchip that communicate with a channel having the reagent placement area are closed by thin plate sections and a sealing member. The sealing member is made from a silicone gel and possesses a self-repairing capability. To supply the reagent to the microchip, a fluid releasing unit having an aperture and a fluid recovering unit having an aperture are caused to penetrate the thin plate sections and the self-repairable sealing element, and enter a space including the reagent placement area. The free end of the fluid releasing unit is shaped like an injection needle, and the aperture serves as a fluid release opening. The free end of the fluid recovering unit is shaped like an injection needle, and the aperture serves as a fluid recovery opening.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a MEMS sensor module package. The MEMS sensor module package according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes: a printed circuit board (PCB); an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) stacked on the PCB, one side of the ASIC being wire-bonded to the PCB; a MEMS sensor stacked on the ASIC; and a molding encapsulating the MEMS sensor and the ASIC with a resin. Accordingly, the electrical connection distance between a MEMS sensor and an ASIC is shortened so that electrical characteristic may be improved. Further, a sensor module package may be implemented in an ASIC size, so that size reduction may be achieved to meet the requirements of mobile devices.

Abstract: The present invention relates to metrological rotary devices, such as anemometers and the like. Specifically, the present invention relates to a mechanical coupling for the same, whereby an anemometer cup-rotor or like device, can be replaced without the use of a tool. The present invention seeks to provide a coupling device which makes a mechanical coupling between a first and a second member such that the locking together and release action is positive, without likelihood of failure, and can be conducted simply and quickly without the use of a tool. Further objects of the invention are to provide couplings in which a positive axial and rotational location of shaft as first member and mating bore in a second member are obtained which do not cause damage to either of the sliding surfaces when excessive force is applied, and which are capable of transmitting a torque, such couplings being suitable for attaching a rotor to an anemometer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring athletic performances include determining “flight time,” e.g., the amount of time both feet are off the ground, and optionally “flight time” resulting from different types of activities, such as jogging, running, sprinting, jumping, etc. “Flight time” may help a player or coach better understand the effort the athlete is putting out, compare efforts of two or more players, gauge the athlete's performance change over time, and/or identify conditioning needs and/or areas for improvement. Such systems and methods also may generate and display various athletic performance metrics, such as: instantaneous flight time; average flight time; cumulative flight time during an athletic performance or other time period; instantaneous jump height; average jump height; cumulative jump height during an athletic performance or other time period; and comparisons of any flight time and/or jump height metric(s) of one player against another player and/or against himself/herself; etc.

Abstract: A measurement device for measuring and adjusting at least one control element of a model helicopter includes an electronic measurement unit (2), and a fastening unit (7) which is or can be connected rigidly to the electronic measurement unit (2) and which is to be mounted on the control element to be measured. To make available a measurement device with which other control elements of a model helicopter can be measured and adjusted, the measurement device (20) is provided for measuring and adjusting the tilt of a swash plate of the model helicopter. The fastening unit (7) can be placed flat at least in some areas on the top and/or the bottom of the swash plate.

Abstract: A vehicle sensor system consisting of video, radar, ultrasonic or laser sensors, oriented to obtain a 360 degree view around the vehicle for the purpose of developing a situation or scene awareness. The sensors may or may not have overlapping field of views, or support the same applications, but data will be shared by all. Orientation of the sensor to the vehicle body coordinates is critical in order to accurately assess threat and respond. This system describes methods based on measuring force and rotation on each sensor and computing a dynamic alignment to first each other, then second to the vehicle.

Abstract: A spring-mass system including a support, a mass mobile with respect to the support, at least one first and one second spring connecting the mass to the support allowing a displacement of the mass relative to the support along a first direction, the first spring being the symmetrical of the second spring with respect to an axis, each first and second spring comprising at least first and second series-connected beams arranged in zigzag, and a first closed frame surrounding the mass, at a distance from the mass and the support, each first beam having a first end connected to the support and a second end attached to the first frame and each second beam having a third end attached to the first frame and a fourth end connected to the mass.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) sensor module package. The MEMS sensor module package includes: an MEMS sensor; a base part formed so as to encapsulate the MEMS sensor with a resin; an external terminal provided on one surface of the base part; a through mold via (TMV) provided in the base part to electrically connect the external terminal and the MEMS sensor to each other; and an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) stacked on the MEMS sensor. Compared to a MEMS sensor module package structure according to the prior art, the present invention is to reduce the entire size and implement electric shielding.

Abstract: A capacitance-to-frequency converter is configured to convert a difference between first and second capacitances produced of a teeter-totter capacitive transducer as a result of a rotational force being applied to the teeter-totter capacitive transducer to a first signal having a first frequency that is a function of the rotational force, and to convert a sum of the first and second capacitances produced as a result of an acceleration force to a second signal having a second frequency that is a function of the acceleration force.

Abstract: A method and system for determining the mode of motion or conveyance of a device, the device being within a platform (e.g., a person, vehicle, or vessel of any type). The device can be strapped or non-strapped to the platform, and where non-strapped, the mobility of the device may be constrained or unconstrained within the platform and the device may be moved or tilted to any orientation within the platform, without degradation in performance of determining the mode of motion. This method can utilize measurements (readings) from sensors in the device (such as for example, accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc.) whether in the presence or in the absence of navigational information updates (such as, for example, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or WiFi positioning). The present method and system may be used in any one or both of two different phases, a model building phase or a model utilization phase.

Abstract: A handheld controller includes a three-axis, linear acceleration sensor that can detect linear acceleration in three directions, i.e., the up/down direction (Y-axis), the left/right direction (Z-axis), and the forward/backward direction (X-axis). A programmed object adjustment process adjusts a falling object to decrease the velocity v at which the object is moving in response to detected tilt changes in a first direction, and to increase the velocity v at which the object is moving in response to detected tilt changes in a second direction different from the first direction.

Abstract: A device is provided for checking a probe for measuring the pressure of a flow, the probe comprising an internal volume and at least one orifice communicating with the outside of the volume. The device comprises: an acoustic transmitter and an acoustic receiver; connection means to connect the device to the probe, such that the transmitter transmits an acoustic signal propagated in the internal volume, and such that the receiver picks up an acoustic signal observed in the internal volume; processing means suitable for comparing the observed signal to a reference signal. The connection means are configured in such a way that an incorrect connection of the probe disturbs the propagation in the internal volume of an acoustic signal transmitted by the transmitter. The processing means are configured to detect an incorrect connection of the probe by comparing the acoustic signal observed in the internal volume with the reference signal.

Abstract: A method for detecting the blocking of a drain hole of a pressure measurement probe by means of an acoustic checking device, the probe comprising an internal volume provided with at least one drain hole communicating with the outside of the volume, the checking device being able to be connected to the internal volume of the probe and comprising means for measuring an acoustic imprint of the internal volume. The method comprises: measuring an acoustic imprint by plugging the at least one drain hole from the outside of the volume; measuring an acoustic imprint without plugging the at least one drain hole from the outside of the volume; and comparing the two measured acoustic imprints.

Abstract: A device is provided for checking a probe for measuring the pressure of a flow, the probe comprising: an internal volume; at least one orifice communicating with the outside of the volume; an acoustic loudspeaker, comprising an enclosure and a membrane sealing an opening of the enclosure; the opening being intended to be connected to the internal volume of the probe, so that the loudspeaker transmits an acoustic signal that is propagated through the opening into the internal volume; an acoustic receiver positioned in the enclosure of the loudspeaker that makes it possible to pick up an acoustic signal originating from outside the enclosure and passing through the membrane; and means for comparing the acoustic signal observed in the enclosure to a reference acoustic signal.

Abstract: A scanning mechanism includes a movable portion to which a scanning target object is attached, and an X-Y actuator to scan the movable portion in an X direction and a Y direction perpendicular to the X direction. The X-Y actuator is symmetrical with respect to a straight line parallel to the Y direction and asymmetrical with respect to a straight line parallel to the X direction.

Abstract: Provided is the following static elimination member for analysis. In precision analysis such as analysis involving using an atomic force microscope, the static elimination member for analysis can be sufficiently attached to the periphery of a sample to be analyzed, and can suppress the charging of the periphery of the sample to be analyzed without contaminating the sample to be analyzed or its surrounding environment. Even when a metal is present around the sample to be analyzed, the member eliminates the possibility of a spark. The member enables the analysis of the sample while the sample is covered with a chamber. The member enables the analysis thereof under a high-temperature environment or a vacuum environment without problems. The static elimination member for analysis of the present invention includes a fibrous columnar structure including a plurality of fibrous columnar objects.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a test socket that is disposed between a blood test device and a test apparatus to electrically connect a terminal of the blood test device and a pad of the test apparatus with each other. Conduction units that are arranged at positions corresponding to the terminal of the blood test device and show conductivity in a thickness direction have: conduction units that are arranged in such a manner that multiple conductive particles are arranged in the thickness direction in an elastic insulating material; and an insulating support unit that supports and insulates each of the conduction units. The conductive particles are provided with through-holes bored through one surface and another surface other than the one surface, and the through-holes are filled with the elastic insulating material.

Abstract: A socket is electrically connected to a test carrier. The test carrier includes a film-shaped first member on which at least one internal terminal, which contacts at least one electrode of an electronic device, is provided; and at least one external terminal which is electrically connected to the internal terminal. The socket includes: at least one contactor which contacts the external terminal; and a first pusher which pushes a portion of the first member where the internal terminal is provided and a portion of the first member surrounding the internal terminal. The first pusher includes: a bag member which has a sealed space within the bag member; and a fluid which is housed in the sealed space.

Abstract: A socket is electrically connected to a test carrier. The test carrier includes: a film-shaped first member on which at least one internal terminal, which contacts at least one electrode of an electronic device, is provided; and at least one external terminal which is electrically connected to the internal terminal. The socket includes: at least one contactor which contacts the external terminal; and a first pusher which pushes a portion of the first member where the internal terminal is provided and a portion of the first member surrounding the internal terminal. The first pusher has an elastic member which becomes softer in stages or gradually with distance to the first member.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spring contact structure for contacting an electronic assembly and at least one contact element of an electric or electronic component, wherein the contact element is a projecting metallically conducting element and the electronic assembly has at least one resilient contact element which is supported by the contact element in an electrically conducting manner when force is applied to it. The invention also relates to a measuring device and a battery device.

Abstract: A medium or high voltage arrangement with a cable connection terminal and a voltage sensor is disclosed, wherein the voltage sensor has a resistive voltage divider and shielding electrodes. In order to enhance the accuracy of voltage measurement at medium or high voltage pole parts, the voltage sensor can be applied as a voltage sensor module, which can be integrated in a further cable connection terminal, and the shielding electrodes can be an integral part of the voltage sensor module or an integral part of an insulating housing part of the further cable connection terminal.

Abstract: A current detection apparatus includes two magnetic detectors that are arranged oppositely on a front surface and a back surface of a board which is located above a current path in order to detect a strength of a magnetic field, an electromagnetic shielding frame member that is mounted on the current path so that the two magnetic detectors and a part of the current path are accommodated inside the electromagnetic shielding frame member, and a control circuit that determines whether a failure which occurs in either of the two magnetic detectors from a difference between magnetic fields detected by the two magnetic detectors, respectively. Sensitivities of the two magnetic detectors are made adjusted so that current values outputted from the two magnetic detectors depending on detected magnetic fields are identical to each other in a normal state.

Abstract: Methods of operating a system on chip including a first power domain and a second power domain are provided. The method includes measuring at least one of a voltage and a current, which are applied to the first power domain in analog mode to obtain a measurement result; calculating a first power consumed in the first power domain based on the measurement result; calculating a second power consumed in the second power domain in digital mode based on an activity of the second power domain; and controlling a total power of the system on chip based on the first power and the second power. At least one of the measuring, calculating a first power, calculating a second power and controlling are performed by at least one processor.

Abstract: Techniques for controlling an energy storage device to reduce peak power demand at a site are provided. In one embodiment, instantaneous power usage at the site can be monitored, where the instantaneous power usage corresponds to power that is instantaneously imported or exported at a point of common coupling (PCC) between the site and a utility-managed energy grid. A historical power usage value for the site can then be calculated based on the monitored instantaneous power usage, and the historical power usage value can be compared with a target peak value plus a buffer value. If the historical power usage value exceeds the target peak value plus the buffer value, the target peak value can be set to the historical power usage value.

Abstract: A method in a node is disclosed. The node receives one or more radio signals. The node determines a first measurement component of the one or more radio signals. The first measurement component is associated with a first time-frequency resource type. The node determines a second measurement component of the one or more radio signals. The second measurement component is associated with a second time-frequency resource type. The node determines a relative measurement for the first measurement component associated with the first time-frequency resource type and the second measurement component associated with the second time-frequency resource type. The relative measurement may be a function of the first measurement component associated with the first time-frequency resource type and the second measurement component associated with the second time-frequency resource type. The node performs one or more radio operations using the relative measurement.

Abstract: A method, a controller unit for a bridge rectifier, and a bridge rectifier system are disclosed for detecting a shorted diode in a bridge rectifier. The method can include determining a phase-to-phase voltage between two phase inputs of the bridge rectifier, wherein a phase input is provided between the two series connected diodes of the respective phase, and indicating a shorted diode fault by determining whether the phase-to-phase voltage is zero for more than a commutation time of the bridge rectifier.

Abstract: Impedance detection methods and systems are presented for automatic computation of an electrical component impedance value at one or more specific frequencies of interest using quadrature voltage and current values generated by quadrature tracking filters based on sensed or measured voltage and current signals or values and a base frequency input.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for determining the location of a touch on a touch sensor includes receiving input signals in response to a touch proximate to a location on the touch sensor. Each input signal may have a total capacitance that includes a first capacitance associated with the touch and a second capacitance that is parasitic capacitance. The parasitic capacitance of one or more of the input signals may be adjusted to result in the second capacitance of each of the input signals being substantially equal. An average capacitance of the adjusted input signals may be calculated. The location of the touch on the touch sensor may then be determined based on a comparison of the total capacitance of each of the input signals and the average capacitance of the input signals.

Abstract: A sensor device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a gap forming member and a functional element. The first electrode is composed of a first metallic material. The second electrode is spaced apart from the first electrode, and composed of a second metallic material. The gap forming member is arranged with a gap being formed between the gap forming member and a portion of a surface of the first electrode. The functional element is configured and arranged to measure a difference in electric potential between the first electrode and the second electrode so that a state of a measurement site to be measured is measured based on the difference in electric potential as measured by the functional element.

Abstract: A system and method of detecting disconnection of a power cable of a motor that includes measuring, by a controller, a plurality of phase currents supplied to a motor via a power cable from an inverter and transforming the plurality of phase currents to a stationary reference frame to obtain a first axis current of the synchronous reference frame and a second axis current of the synchronous reference frame. In addition, the method includes calculating, by the controller, a cable open factor using the first axis current of the stationary reference frame and the second axis current of the stationary reference frame and detecting disconnection of the power cable using the cable open factor.

Abstract: There is a limit on the miniaturization of electric leakage detecting apparatuses including a ring-shaped magnetic material. Any thicker electric wires increase the size of the ring-shaped magnetic material. Additionally, it is difficult to place the ring-shaped magnetic material around the electric wires that have already been placed. In light of the foregoing, an electric leakage apparatus is provided. The electric leakage detecting apparatus is to be installed on a pair of power source lines connecting a power source and a load, and includes: a pair of holders configured to hold the power source lines, respectively; a fixing means configured to fix the holders at a predetermined interval; a pair of magnetic elements each placed on each of the holders while being parallel to the power source lines; a detecting means configured to detect a difference between magneto-resistance effects of the magnetic elements; and a driving means configured to feed a drive current to the magnetic elements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method, system, and apparatus for verifying a groundwire connection prior to transferring a fluid between a tank and a reservoir. The system may comprise a vehicle comprising a tank and a groundwire, the groundwire comprising a first communicating member, a grounding unit configured to electrically ground the vehicle when the groundwire is connected thereto, the grounding unit comprising a second communicating member, and at least one processor in communication with at least one of the first communicating member and the second communicating member. The at least one processor may be configured to determine whether the groundwire is connected to the grounding unit, and facilitate fluid transfer between the tank and the reservoir based at least partially on the determination.

Abstract: A detection fixture for a connector is provided. The fixture includes a first fixing block, a second fixing block fixed on the first fixing block, a probe, a probe cable, a controlling board coupled with the probe cable, and a computer device. The probe is coupled with the prove, includes a first portion fixed to the first fixing block and the second fixing block, and a second portion exposed to the first fixing block and contacting with a plurality of pins of the connector. The probe cable is fixed on the second fixing block and is coupled with the probe. The computer device is coupled with a connector cable of the connector, and is wirelessly coupled with probe.

Abstract: De-embedding apparatus and methods of de-embedding are disclosed. A de-embedding apparatus includes a test structure including a device-under-test (DUT) embedded in the test structure, and a plurality of dummy test structures including an open dummy structure, a distributed open dummy structure, and a short dummy structure.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an automatic testing system. The automatic testing system includes a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a processor. The FPGA is preprogrammed with a digital signal protocol for testing a DUT. The FPGA generates a digital testing signal in compliance with the digital signal protocol and transmits the digital testing signal to the DUT. The FPGA receives a digital signal output generated by the DUT, analyzes the digital output signal based on the digital signal protocol and obtains a digital test result. The DAC converter generates an analog testing signal to the DUT such that the DUT generates an analog signal output. The ADC measures the analog signal output and gets an analog test result. The processor receives the digital and analog test results and determines whether the functions of the DUT are correct or not.

Abstract: The present invention includes the following steps: setting the thickness of an interposer to an initial value; determining the axial force of the interposer and the radius of curvature of the warpage caused by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the supporting substrate, the joined layer and the interposer at the set thickness; determining the absolute value of the stress on the chip-connecting surface of the interposer from the stress due to the axial force of the interposer and the stress due to the warpage using the determined axial force and the radius of curvature; determining whether or not the absolute value of the stress is within a tolerance; changing the thickness of the interposer by a predetermined value; and confirming the set thickness as the thickness of the interposer when the determined absolute value of the stress is within the tolerance.

Abstract: A method for performing contactless signal testing includes receiving, with a testing pad of an integrated circuit, a signal within an electron beam, converting an electrical current created by the e-beam to a voltage with a number of diodes connected to a positive voltage supply, extracting a digital test signal from the voltage signal with a digital inverter, and passing the test signal to digital circuitry within the integrated circuit.

Abstract: A semiconductor device measurement apparatus 1A includes a tester 2 that generates an operational pulse signal to be input to a semiconductor device 3, a light source 5 that generates light, a light branch optical system 6 that irradiates the semiconductor device with the light, a light detector 7 that detects reflected light obtained by the semiconductor device 3 reflecting the light, and outputs a detection signal, an analog signal amplifier 8 that amplifies the detection signal and outputs an amplified signal, and an analysis apparatus 10 that analyzes an operation of the semiconductor device 3 based on the amplified signal and a predetermined correction value, wherein the predetermined correction value is obtained based on a signal obtained by the analog signal amplifier 8 amplifying a signal corresponding to a harmonic of a fundamental frequency of the operational pulse signal.

Abstract: A BIST circuit is provided for testing the status of power supplies in an integrated circuit in multiple power modes including multiple circuit blocks. The BIST circuit includes a finite state machine (FSM), power monitors and a comparator. The FSM sequentially enables at least two power mode states in a predetermined order. In each power mode state, the FSM outputs power mode signals to enable the power supplies used in the corresponding power mode. Each power monitor is connected to a power input node of one of the circuit blocks, and outputs a monitor signal indicative of the voltage at the corresponding power input node when the corresponding power supply is enabled. The comparator compares each monitor signal with a corresponding reference signal and generates a set of power supply status signals.

Abstract: Various aspects of the disclosed techniques relate to using dynamic shift for test pattern compression. Scan chains are divided into segments. Non-shift clock cycles are added to one or more segments to make an uncompressible test pattern compressible. The one or more segments may be selected based on compressibility, the number of specified bits and/or the location on the scan chains. A dynamic shift controller may be employed to control the dynamic shift.

Abstract: The disclosure describes a novel method and apparatus for improving interposers that connected stacked die assemblies to system substrates. The improvement includes the addition of IEEE 1149.1 circuitry within interposers to allow simplifying interconnect testing of digital and analog signal connections between the interposer and system substrate it is attached too. The improvement also includes the additional 1149.1 controlled circuitry that allows real time monitoring of voltage supply and ground buses in the interposer. The improvement also includes the additional of 1149.1 controlled circuitry that allows real time monitoring of functional digital and analog input and output signals in the interposer. The improvement also provides the ability to selectively serially link the 1149.1 circuitry in the interposer with 1149.1 circuitry in the die of the stack.

Abstract: An integrated circuit has controller circuitry having inputs coupled to a test clock lead and to a test mode select lead, and having state outputs indicating states that include a register clock state, a register capture state, and a register update state. Register circuitry has an input coupled to a test data in lead, control inputs coupled to the state outputs of the controller circuitry, and a control output. Connection circuitry has a control input connected to the control output of the register circuitry and selectively couples one of a first serial data output of first scan circuitry and a second serial data output of second scan circuitry to a test data out lead.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing an electrical component, having a simulation unit for producing a simulation signal, a plurality of test units, and at least one electrical connecting device, whereby the simulation unit and the plurality of test units are connected or connectable to each other in an electrically conductive fashion via the at least one connecting device, and the at least one connecting device has at least one electrical switch device, which is situated to make or break an electrical connection between the plurality of test units.

Abstract: A circuit interrupter apparatus for plug-in connection to a panel board. The circuit interrupter apparatus includes a line terminal for plug-in connection with a line power member provided as part of the panel board, a load terminal for plug-in connection with a load power member provided as part of the panel board, a moveable contact moveable between a closed position, where the line terminal is electrically coupled to the load terminal, and an open position, where the line terminal is not electrically coupled to the load terminal. The circuit interrupter apparatus also includes a sensor module for a plug-in connection to a number of signal conductors provided as part of the panel board. The sensor module detects whether the moveable contact is in the closed position or the open position and output a signal to at least one of the signal conductors indicating a current position of the moveable contact.

Abstract: A method for determining an internal ohmic resistance of a first battery module includes measuring a first voltage intensity of the first battery module. The first battery module is connected to at least a second battery module. The at least second battery module is under a load current. A second voltage intensity of the first battery module is measured. The first battery module is disconnected from the at least second battery module to enable the measurement of the first voltage intensity and the connection of the first battery module.

Abstract: A charge control device includes a voltage detector that detects a voltage of a battery, a temperature detector that detects a battery temperature, a voltage setting unit that sets at least one of a charge completion voltage and an abnormality determination voltage to a high temperature time voltage that is lower than a normal voltage when the battery temperature detected by the temperature detector is or is above a high temperature determination threshold set in advance, and a charging current limiting unit that reduces a charging current a charger supplies to the battery when the battery temperature is in a temperature range between a set temperature that is lower by a predetermined temperature than the high temperature determination threshold and the high temperature determination threshold and the battery voltage detected by the voltage detector is in a voltage range between the normal voltage and the high temperature time voltage.

Abstract: The present inventions, in one aspect, are directed to techniques and/or circuitry to applying a current pulse to the terminals of the battery during a charge, measuring a voltage at the terminals of the battery, selecting a relationship of an open circuit voltage to an amount of charge in the battery using data which is representative of a state of health of the battery, calculating an open circuit voltage of the battery using the voltage measured at the terminals of the battery, a current applied to or removed from the battery and an impedance of the battery, and determining a state of charge of the battery using (i) the calculated open circuit voltage and (ii) the relationship of the open circuit voltage to the amount of charge.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining critical operating states in a fuel cell stack, consisting of single cells connected in series, wherein a low-frequency current or voltage signal is applied to the fuel cell stack, the resulting voltage or current signal is measured and the distortion factor thd is determined. According to the invention, the weighted sum of a term dependent on the membrane resistance Rm and a term dependent on the distortion factor thd is used to determine an indicator THDAdryout correlating with the drying out of the fuel cell membranes of the fuel cell stack, the membrane resistance Rm being detected by impedance measurement.

Abstract: A cell module includes a unit cell, a sensor, a calculation device, a storage device, an assessment device and a controller. The sensor is connected to the unit cell. The calculation device is for calculating a value indicating the state of the unit cell on the basis of a value measured by the sensor. The storage device is for recording calculated values calculated by the calculation device. The assessment device is for assessing illegitimate usage of the cell module. The controller is for controlling the calculation device, the storage device, and the assessment device, the control device deleting calculated values recorded in the storage device and prohibiting recording of calculated values to the storage device when the assessment device assesses that illegitimate usage has occurred.