Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure generally relate to comprehensive, expandable substrate inspection systems. The inspection systems include multiple metrology units adapted to inspect, detect, or measure one or more characteristics of a substrate, including thickness, resistivity, saw marks, geometry, stains, chips, micro cracks, crystal fraction, and photoluminescence. The inspection systems may be utilized to identify defects on substrates and estimate solar cell efficiency of a solar cell produced with the substrate, prior to processing a substrate into a solar cell. Substrates may be transferred through the inspection system between metrology units on a track or conveyor, and then sorted based upon inspection data.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining a configuration for an optical element positioned in a collection aperture during wafer inspection are provided. One system includes a detector configured to detect light from a wafer that passes through an optical element, which includes a set of collection apertures, when the optical element has different configurations thereby generating different images for the different configurations. The system also includes a computer subsystem configured for constructing additional image(s) from two or more of the different images, and the two or more different images used to generate any one of the additional image(s) do not include only different images generated for single collection apertures in the set. The computer subsystem is further configured for selecting one of the different or additional configurations for the optical element based on the different images and the additional image(s).

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of display technology and discloses a detection-evaluation method for moiré pattern, comprising steps of: S1, detecting luminances at a plurality of continuous positions in a predetermined region of a display panel which is displaying a full white picture, so as to obtain a luminance curve; and S2, judging whether a graphics including peaks and valleys exists in the luminance curve, if the graphics exists, determining that the moiré pattern exists. The present invention further discloses a detection-evaluation device for moiré pattern. The present invention realizes an effective and accurate detection for moiré pattern, and overcomes shortcomings in visual inspection.

Abstract: A method and system are presented for use in optical measurements on patterned structures. The method comprises performing a number of optical measurements on a structure with a measurement spot configured to provide detection of light reflected from an illuminating spot at least partially covering at least two different regions of the structure. The measurements include detection of light reflected from said at least part of the at least two different regions comprising interference of at least two complex electric fields reflected from said at least part of the at least two different regions, and being therefore indicative of a phase response of the structure, carrying information about properties of the structure.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a pattern test apparatus includes a light source configured to apply test light to a test sample, a polarizing beam splitter which reflects or transmits the test light, an imaging device which receives light which has been reflected by the test sample and transmitted through or reflected by the polarizing beam splitter, an optical system which forms a Fourier transform plane of the test sample between the test sample and the polarizing beam splitter, and a polarizing controller disposed in the Fourier transform plane. The polarizing controller includes a first region which lets the test light through, and a second region which is greater than the first region and lets the light reflected by the test sample through, and the each regions have different retardation quantities.

Abstract: There is provided an X-ray nondestructive testing device which irradiates X-rays to an article, the article including a substrate having a predetermined X-ray absorption coefficient and a measurement target object disposed therein and having another X-ray absorption coefficient differing from that of the substrate, the device including: an X-ray source configured to irradiate the X-rays to the article; a detector configured to detect the transmission amounts of the X-rays passed through the article at at least paired different locations; a detection position specifying designator configured to specify the paired different locations as a set of paired locations based on a pre-stored design information; a driving mechanism configured to move the detector to the set of paired locations; and an operation calculator configured to calculate the thickness of the measurement target object based on the transmission amounts of the X-rays detected by the detector.

Abstract: A device for testing a tyre (2) for representing tomographical images of sections of a casing of the tyre includes a source (11) of ionizing radiation arranged outside the tyre (2) and a detector (12) for receiving the radiation. The detector (12) is situated opposite the source (11) with respect to at least one section of the casing. The axis (X-X) of the tyre runs parallel to a sectional plane (P) passing through the focus (F) of the source (11) and the detector (12). The tyre and the source-detector assembly are moved with rotational motion relative to one another about an axis of rotation (Z-Z) perpendicular to the sectional plane (P), according to a predetermined angular excursion range. The detector (12) is disposed in a central internal zone (20) of the tyre (2) during the testing cycle.

Abstract: Handheld imaging systems and methods for using such systems to create a 3D image of a desired object using scattered radiation are described. The handheld imaging apparatus can contain a housing, a radiation source for irradiating an object with a fan beam or cone beam, and multiple detector elements for detecting backscattered radiation from the object, where each detector element has a different view of the object and collects an image of the object that is different than the other detector elements. Alternatively, the handheld imaging apparatus can contain a housing, a radiation source for irradiating an object with a pencil beam of radiation, and a detector configured to detect backscattered radiation from the object, wherein the detector and the radiation source are oriented off-axis relative to each other.

Abstract: There is described a method and apparatus for collecting Tomographic inspection data of objects using Compton scatter radiation. The apparatus is of size and weight for portable use within industrial facilities and may be used for assessing integrity of infrastructures in terms of material density, missing materials, thickness of materials, and identification of foreign materials.

Abstract: A combined handheld XRF and LIBS system and method includes an XRF subsystem with an X-ray source operated at a fixed medium voltage and configured to deliver X-rays to a sample without passing through a mechanized filter and a detector for detecting fluoresced radiation from the sample. The LIBS subsystem includes a low power laser source for delivering a laser beam to the sample and a narrow wavelength range spectrometer subsystem for analyzing optical emissions from the sample. The X-ray source is operated at the fixed medium voltage to analyze the sample for a first group of elements, namely, transition and/or heavy metals.

Abstract: A method of analyzing press-forming of a press-forming material including analyzing press-forming, analyzing springback and analyzing a change in shape of the press-forming material. The analyzing press-forming may include setting an initial temperature distribution for the heated press-forming material and performing a press-forming analysis by combining temperature analysis and structural analysis to obtain shape information, temperature distribution, stress distribution, and strain distribution. The analyzing springback may occur with and without consideration of contact heat transfer between a press-forming tool and the press-forming material. The method may further include modifying the temperature distribution obtained in the analyzing springback and then re-analyzing the change in shape of the press-forming material. The analyzing the change in shape may be performed until a temperature distribution in the press-forming material is within the range of ±5° C.

Abstract: A device for ascertaining a measure of a calorific value of a gas, having a membrane arranged between a first and a second electrode a controllable voltage/current source for generating a control voltage/current between the first and second electrode, and an analyzing device for ascertaining the measure of the calorific value of the gas. By applying the control voltage/current to the first and second electrode, oxygen is transported from an oxygen-containing reference gas into the gas through the membrane and is combusted with combustible components of the gas. The analyzing device ascertains the measure of the calorific value of the gas dependent on the generated control voltage/current a temperature of the membrane, or dependent on an impedance of the membrane.

Abstract: A voltage measuring apparatus is configured to measure voltage between a positive terminal and a negative terminal of a device, and the voltage measuring apparatus includes: a PTC thermistor that is connected to one of terminals of the device; and a measuring circuit that measures voltage of one of the terminals through the PTC thermistor with respect to a specified reference potential and voltage of the other of the terminals with respect to the reference potential. The voltage measuring apparatus detects temperature abnormality of the device or components associated with the device.

Abstract: Detecting TIM between a heat sink and an integrated circuit, the heat sink including TIM detection points, each TIM detection point adapted to receive TIM upon installation of the heat sink, each TIM detection point including a TIM detection device configured to be activated upon contact with TIM, including: receiving, upon installation of the heat sink on the integrated circuit and the TIM, TIM in one or more of the TIM detection points; activating, by the TIM in each of the one or more TIM detection points receiving the TIM, a TIM detection device; and determining, by a TIM detection module in dependence upon the activations of the TIM detection devices, sufficiency of the TIM between the heat sink and the integrated circuit.

Abstract: A method for operation of an electronic device and an electronic device are provided. The method includes determining if an object is detected at a first terminal and a second terminal among a plurality of terminals of an ear jack. If the object is detected, the impedance of the second terminal is calculated, and a type of the object is determined according to the calculated impedance.

Abstract: An atmometer system based on an analog floating-gate structure and circuit. The floating-gate circuit includes a floating-gate electrode that serves as a gate electrode for a transistor and a plate of a storage capacitor. A conductor element exposed at the surface of the integrated circuit is electrically connected to the floating-gate electrode; reference conductor elements biased to ground are also at the surface of the integrated circuit. In operation, the transistor is biased and moisture is dispensed at the surface. The drain current of the transistor changes as the floating-gate electrode discharges via the surface conductors and a conduction path presented by the moisture. The elapsed time until the drain current stabilizes indicates the evaporation rate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pressure sensor that outputs a temperature change caused in an electrical resistor according to a pressure of a gas, as a resistance change in the electrical resistor. The pressure sensor includes: a base substrate including a recess formed therein, a floating film formed on the base substrate, a heater formed on a surface of the floating film and configured to heat the floating film when a current flows therein, and a temperature sensor formed as the electrical resistor on the surface of the floating film. The temperature sensor changes a voltage drop with respect to a current flowing therein according to the temperature of the floating film.

Abstract: A semiconductor gas sensor device includes a first cavity that is enclosed by opposing first and second semiconductor substrate slices. At least one conducting filament is provided to extend over the first cavity, and a passageway is provided to permit gas to enter the first cavity. The sensor device may further including a second cavity that is hermetically enclosed by the opposing first and second semiconductor substrate slices. At least one another conducting filament is provided to extend over the second cavity.

Abstract: A sensing device includes a pair of contactless electrodes for placement on a coating on a surface of a structure or within or between one or more coatings on or over the surface of the structure. The electrodes function as sensors when activated to generate a current flow through the electrodes at multiple different frequencies. The sensing device also includes contactless control circuitry co-located with or separate from the electrodes that transmits impedance data generated from the activated electrodes. The impedance data is associated with corrosion condition information of the structure and/or the one or more coatings. A data collection system and display system useable with the sensing device are also described.

Abstract: Sensors for detecting at least one electrolyte in a conductive solution are described. The sensors may include a dielectric substrate and a resonator having a resonance characteristic and configured to generate a signal in response to an interrogation signal. The resonator may include a conductive layer in contact with the dielectric substrate, at least one layer of nanotubes provided on the conductive layer, and a dielectric layer at least partially encapsulating the nanotubes.

Abstract: A detector for detecting sodium hypochlorite concentration includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a processing unit. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed opposite each other, and are soaked in a sodium hypochlorite solution under detection. An electrical path is formed among the first electrode, the sodium hypochlorite solution and the second electrode. The processing unit, electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode, measures a plurality of ions in the sodium hypochlorite solution transmitted in the electrical path to obtain a conductivity of the sodium hypochlorite solution and to accordingly calculate concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution. Compared to a conventional measurement apparatus adopting an optical detector, the invention not only can be fabricated at low production costs, but also can instantly obtain the detected concentration without involving analysis of an externally connected computer.

Abstract: A detector for detecting urine includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a processing unit. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed opposite each other, and are soaked in urine under detection. An electrical path is formed among the first electrode, the urine and the second electrode. The processing unit, electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode, measures a plurality of ions in the urine transmitted in the electrical path to obtain a conductivity of the urine and to accordingly determine a kidney function status associated with the urine. Compared to a conventional urine test strip, the invention not only provides a precise detection value but also offers advantages of repeatable usage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a protein-immobilized membrane (14) including a cell membrane homologous layer (14A) and a protein (14B) immobilized to the cell membrane homologous layer (14A), where the protein contains cytochrome or a cytochrome complex. The present invention also relates to a method for forming a protein-immobilized membrane (14), and an enzyme-immobilized electrode and a biosensor (X1) provided with a protein-immobilized membrane (14). Preferably, the cell membrane homologous layer (14A) may contain a phospholipid polymer, and the protein (14B) may be CyGDH including an ? subunit having a glucose dehydrogenase activity and cytochrome C having a function of electron transfer.

Abstract: A biosensor system determines analyte concentration from analytic and/or secondary output signals. The biosensor system adjusts a correlation for determining analyte concentrations from output signals with one or more index functions extracted from the output signals. The index functions determine at least one slope deviation or normalized slope deviation from one or more error parameters. The slope-adjusted correlation between analyte concentrations and output signals may be used to determine analyte concentrations having improved accuracy and/or precision from output signals including components attributable to bias.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for measuring an analyte concentration in a fluidic sample. Such methods allow one to correct and/or compensate for confounding variables such as hematocrit, salt concentration and/or temperature before providing an analyte concentration. The measurement methods use response information from a test sequence having at least one DC block, where DC block includes at least one excitation pulse and at least one recovery pulse, and where a closed circuit condition of an electrode system is maintained during the at least one recovery pulse. Information encoded in the excitation and recovery pulses are used to build within- and across-pulse descriptors to correct/compensate for hematocrit, salt concentration and/or temperature effects on the analyte concentration. Methods of transforming current response data also are disclosed. Further disclosed are devices, apparatuses and systems incorporating the various measurement methods.

Abstract: A sensor for sensing a target substance in a target substance is provided, the sensor comprising: a sensing element disposed to be exposed to the gas stream, the sensing element comprising: a working electrode; a counter electrode; and a layer of ion exchange material extending between the working electrode and the counter-electrode; whereby contact of the ion exchange layer with the gas stream firms an electrical contact between the working and counter electrodes.

Abstract: A gas sensor controller (100) controls a gas sensor element (10) which has a first pump cell (111), a second pump cell (113), and an oxygen concentration detection cell (112). The controller includes first chamber control means (51) to (53) which pumps oxygen out of or into a first measurement chamber MR1 such that a concentration voltage Vs becomes equal to a target voltage Vr; target voltage changing means S72, S75 which changes the target voltage Vr from a first target voltage Vr1 to a second target voltage Vr2; current detection means (55) which detects the magnitude of a concentration current Ip2 flowing between first electrode (145) and second electrode (147); and deterioration determination means S7 which determines the deterioration state of the gas sensor element from a change which occurs in the concentration current Ip2 due to the change in the target voltage Vr.

Abstract: A limiting-current type gas sensor includes: an Si substrate (1); a micro heater (2) formed on the Si substrate (1); a solid electrolyte layer (4) having ion conductivity formed on the Si substrate (1); a pair of positive and negative porous electrodes (5a, 5b) adhesively formed on the solid electrolyte layer (4); and a detection circuit (8) configured to detect predetermined gas density in measured gas with a limiting current method by applying voltage between the pair of the positive and negative porous electrodes (5a, 5b). There are provided the limiting-current type gas sensor which can reduce power consumption, a fabrication method of such a limiting-current type gas sensor, and a sensor network system.

Abstract: A gas sensor for measuring a concentration of carbon dioxide in a gas environment (GE) is provided. The gas sensor includes a graphene layer having a side facing towards the gas environment (GE), an electrode layer including a plurality of electrodes electrically connected to the graphene layer, and a chalcogenide layer covering at least a part of the side of the graphene layer facing towards the gas environment (GE).

Abstract: A calibration method for blood glucose of a blood sample includes steps of: applying a first voltage to a blood sample to obtain a first blood glucose level; applying a second voltage to the blood sample to obtain a second blood glucose level; applying a third voltage to the blood sample to obtain a hematocrit index of the blood sample; and processing the hematocrit index and calibrating the second blood glucose level. The third voltage is higher than the first voltage. Through this disclosure, user can obtain a sensing current corresponding to the blood glucose level and a hematocrit index corresponding to blood sample by applying at least three-stage voltages within specific ranges to the blood sample, and further calibrate the blood glucose concentration according to the hematocrit index.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an aging device includes an operation and measurement unit, and a control unit. The operation and measurement unit is configured to perform application of potential between at least any one of a counter electrode and a reference electrode provided in a constant-potential electrolytic gas sensor and a working electrode provided in the constant-potential electrolytic gas sensor and measurement of an electric current flowing between the working electrode and the counter electrode. The control unit is configured to calculate the potential at a start of the flow of the electric current between the working electrode and the counter electrode and control the operation and measurement unit such that potential higher than the potential at the start of the flow of the electric current is applied between at least any one of the counter electrode and the reference electrode and the working electrode.

Abstract: A desired effective voltage can be ensured with certainty in a preheating control. An operation control part 52 reads a correction value c with respect to a battery voltage Vb at the time of performing correction based on preliminarily stored correlation between a battery voltage Vb of a vehicle-use battery and a correction value c (S104, S106), and compensates for lowering of an effective value of a pulse voltage by adding a correction value c to a duty ratio calculated by a predetermined arithmetic expression thus ensuring a desired effective voltage with certainty in a preheating control.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for measuring an analyte concentration in a fluidic sample. Such methods further allow one to provide an error code or correct and/or compensate for interferents such as an antioxidant before providing an analyte concentration. The measurement methods utilize information obtained from test sequences having at least one DC block, where DC block includes at least one recovery potential, and where a closed circuit condition of the electrode system is maintained during the DC block. The methods use information relating to status of a redox mediator during the electrochemical analysis to provide a statistical antioxidant failsafe using either a classifier or a discriminator to determine whether the antioxidant is interfering with the analyte concentration. Also disclosed are devices, apparatuses and systems incorporating the various measurement methods.

Abstract: A capillary unit includes a reservoir capable of retaining a liquid. A capillary having a linear shape has one end secured on a bottom-end portion of the reservoir. The capillary extends from the bottom-end portion in a direction away from an opening of the reservoir. A nozzle connector is provided between a bottom of the reservoir and the one end of the capillary, and provides liquid-tight removable connection with a nozzle for injecting the liquid into the capillary from a portion adjacent to the reservoir.

Abstract: Translocation events are sensed using composite nanopore assemblies including nanopores formed in graphene sheets. Single molecule detection and characterization and multi-molecule characterization and identification are provided using such assemblies. Multiple electrodes associated with nanofluidic sensors facilitate detection of ionic current through a nanopore as well as tunneling currents. Current signals of individual molecules are estimated from the combination of an ionic current signal through the nanopore and tunneling current signals obtained at specific locations within the nanopore.

Abstract: Digital microfluidic devices, and methods for the control and fabrication thereof, and provided in which an integrated nanostructured electrodeposited electrode is provided such that the digital microfluidic array can be actuated to contact a droplet with the nanostructured electrodeposited electrode. In some embodiments, digital microfluidic devices are provided having an integrated electrochemical sensor, where the working electrode is provided in the form of a nanostructured electrodeposited electrode. Various methods of fabricating such integrated device are described, including methods that employ a lift-off process that exposes an underlying base electrode for the electrodeposition of a nanostructured electrodeposited electrode, while providing a hydrophobic surface for droplet transport.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and devices for determining a recommended magnet for an external unit of an implantable medical device. An example diagnostic device includes a primary sensor configured to measure a characteristic of a magnetic field generated by a magnet included in an implantable unit of an implantable medical device. The diagnostic device also includes an output component and a processor component. The processor component is configured to receive one or more measurement signals from the primary sensor. Each measurement signal includes information indicative of the measured characteristic. The processor is also configured to, based on the measured characteristic included in each of the one or more measurement signals, determine a magnet characteristic. The processor component is further configured to cause the output component to output information indicative of the magnet characteristic.

Abstract: A method of identifying a direction of a multilayer ceramic capacitor includes the steps of transporting a plurality of multilayer ceramic capacitors in one line before each of a magnetism generator and a magnetic flux density measurement instrument, measuring a magnetic flux density with the magnetic flux density measurement instrument at the time when each of the plurality of multilayer ceramic capacitors passes before the magnetic flux density measurement instrument, and identifying a direction of stack of the multilayer ceramic capacitors based on the magnetic flux density measured in the step of measuring a magnetic flux density.

Abstract: Sensitivity of thin film bulk acoustic resonance (TFBAR) sensors is enhanced by mass amplification and operating a high frequency.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for sensing one or more odorants are disclosed. The device may include an oscillator crystal coated with a polymer. The oscillator crystal may typically oscillate at a known first frequency. The coated crystal may respond to exposure to an odorant by oscillating at one or more alternative frequencies. The coated crystal response may depend on the polymer composition, polymer concentration, coating geometry, and/or odorant to which it may be exposed. The system may include one or more oscillator crystals, each coated with a different polymer composition, polymer concentration, and/or coating geometry. The system may include non-coated crystals. The system may also include additional electronics to measure the frequencies of the one or more coated or non-coated crystals and to analyze their frequencies. The method may include the use of such devices and/or systems to identify and/or determine the concentration of one or more odorants.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for nonlinear ultrasonic testing. In one aspect there is provided a method, which may include generating at least one ultrasonic wave to enable the at least one ultrasonic wave to propagate through a solid; detecting the at least one ultrasonic wave propagating through the solid; and determining a stress of the solid based on at least one of an imaginary component of a wavenumber, a wave amplitude, a wave strength, a statistical moment in a time domain, or a statistical moment in a frequency domain of the at least one ultrasonic wave.

Abstract: We provide arrays of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) elements having large fractional bandwidth and configured such that each array element operates both to transmit and to receive. Large fractional bandwidth is provided by venting the CMUT cavity, which provides an additional source of damping for the resonant CMUT.

Abstract: An apparatus for use with at least one associated elongated conduit having first and second axial extremities and for facilitating the identification of the location of the second axial extremity of the associated conduit when presented with the first axial extremity thereof which includes an audio generator having an emitter port having an acoustic output amplitude equal to or greater than 110 dB measured at 2 inches from said emitter port.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed for characterizing and quantifying composite laminate structures, including structures with surfaces that are curved in two and three dimensions. The embodiments take a composite laminate of unknown ply stack composition and sequence and determine various information about the individual plies, such as ply stack, orientation, microstructure, and type. The embodiments can distinguish between weave types that may exhibit similar planar stiffness behaviors, but would produce different failure mechanisms. Individual ply information may then be used to derive the laminate bulk properties from externally provided constitutive properties of the fiber and matrix, including extensional stiffness, bending-extension coupling stiffness, bending stiffness, and the like. The laminate bulk properties may then be used to generate a probabilistic failure envelope for the composite laminate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a calibration method and system for non-destructive testing and inspection (NDT/NDI). The method and system involve establishment of a reference database by conducting FMC acquisition on a first calibration block having standardly known indications with a first series of depths and under a laboratory standard calibration condition. Then phased-array operation is conducted on a second calibration block, which is substantially the same as the first block, having indications with a series of corresponding user measured depths and under a second calibration condition as close to the laboratory condition as possible. The calibration is then made with the gain compensation calculated based on the response signals from the indications of the second block, the first series of gain data from the reference database, and the user measured depths for the corresponding indications under the second calibration condition.

Abstract: Disclosed are fibers which contain identification fibers. The identification fibers can contain a one or more of chemical markers and one or more distinct features, or taggants, which may vary among the fibers or be incorporated throughout all of the fibers. The chemical markers and distinct features can be representative of specific supply chain information. The supply chain information can be used to track the fibers from manufacturing through intermediaries, conversion to final product, and/or the consumer. The disclosed embodiments also relate to the method for making and characterizing the fibers. Characterization of the fibers can include identifying chemical markers and distinct features and correlating the chemical markers and distinct features to manufacturer-specific taggants to determine supply chain information.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, methods, and kits are provided for automated mass spectrometric analysis of small volumes of liquid samples, such as biological samples. The systems, apparatus, and kits may be used in facilities where high throughput of samples, as well as reliable and repeatable assay results with little training of staff, are needed. Such facilities include hospital emergency wards.

Abstract: An autosampler includes a flow path switching valve to which a sample push unit and an analysis flow path are connected, a sample loop connected to the flow path switching valve, a sampling needle connected to the flow path switching valve, a metering pump connected to the flow path switching valve, and a control unit for controlling operations of the flow path switching valve and the metering pump. The control unit includes an injection volume addition unit for adding up injection volume of a same sample component injected into the sample loop.

Abstract: A discharge ionization current detector of the present invention is used for a detector for a gas chromatograph and suitable for analyzing high-boiling components. A discharge ionization current detector 10 is mainly constituted by a plasma generating section 20 and an ion collecting section 30. Regarding the ion collecting section 30, an ion collecting electrode 31 and a bias electrode 32 are arranged, and furthermore, an insulating member made of sapphire or aluminum oxide having a purity equal to or greater than 99.5% is arranged between the ion collecting electrode 31 and the bias electrode 32.

Abstract: A fully automated flow assisted-solid-phase microextraction (FA-SPME) is developed for the determination of chloroethers in aqueous samples. A CTC CombiPAL autosampler coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to automate the extraction process. In this method, the SPME fiber is exposed to a sample in direct immersion. After exposure, the fiber is desorbed at the injection port of GC-MS.